diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index 2193598686..07e0b2b891 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ updates:
         patterns:
           - "polars"
           - "polars-*"
+      # uutils/coreutils also versions all their workspace crates the same at the moment
+      # Most of them have bleeding edge version requirements (some not)
+      # see: https://github.com/uutils/coreutils/blob/main/Cargo.toml
+      uutils:
+        patterns:
+          - "uucore"
+          - "uu_*"
   - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
     directory: "/"
     schedule:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml b/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml
index 8097b02fe6..c581e4a274 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/nightly-build.yml
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ jobs:
           extra: msi
           os: windows-latest
         - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu
           os: ubuntu-latest
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ jobs:
     # REF: https://github.com/marketplace/actions/gh-release
     # Create a release only in nushell/nightly repo
     - name: Publish Archive
-      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2.0.6
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2.0.8
       if: ${{ startsWith(github.repository, 'nushell/nightly') }}
       with:
         prerelease: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-pkg.nu b/.github/workflows/release-pkg.nu
index da2779f6d1..562f42b4a4 100755
--- a/.github/workflows/release-pkg.nu
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-pkg.nu
@@ -161,8 +161,12 @@ if $os in ['macos-latest'] or $USE_UBUNTU {
     let releaseStem = $'($bin)-($version)-($target)'
 
     print $'(char nl)Download less related stuffs...'; hr-line
+    # todo: less-v661 is out but is released as a zip file. maybe we should switch to that and extract it?
     aria2c https://github.com/jftuga/less-Windows/releases/download/less-v608/less.exe -o less.exe
-    aria2c https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jftuga/less-Windows/master/LICENSE -o LICENSE-for-less.txt
+    # the below was renamed because it was failing to download for darren. it should work but it wasn't
+    # todo: maybe we should get rid of this aria2c dependency and just use http get?
+    #aria2c https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jftuga/less-Windows/master/LICENSE -o LICENSE-for-less.txt
+    aria2c https://github.com/jftuga/less-Windows/blob/master/LICENSE -o LICENSE-for-less.txt
 
     # Create Windows msi release package
     if (get-env _EXTRA_) == 'msi' {
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index dd3371e0d3..53f22cec66 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ jobs:
           extra: msi
           os: windows-latest
         - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf
-          os: ubuntu-20.04
+          os: ubuntu-22.04
         - target: riscv64gc-unknown-linux-gnu
           os: ubuntu-latest
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # REF: https://github.com/marketplace/actions/gh-release
     - name: Publish Archive
-      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2.0.6
+      uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2.0.8
       if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
       with:
         draft: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/typos.yml b/.github/workflows/typos.yml
index 95fc51b970..98ace3be57 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/typos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/typos.yml
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4.1.7
 
       - name: Check spelling
-        uses: crate-ci/typos@v1.22.9
+        uses: crate-ci/typos@v1.23.5
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 72b7f72b3b..902210ffbc 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "encoding_rs",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
- "quick-xml",
+ "quick-xml 0.31.0",
  "serde",
  "zip",
 ]
@@ -1219,24 +1219,24 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "dirs-next"
-version = "2.0.0"
+name = "dirs"
+version = "5.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b98cf8ebf19c3d1b223e151f99a4f9f0690dca41414773390fc824184ac833e1"
+checksum = "44c45a9d03d6676652bcb5e724c7e988de1acad23a711b5217ab9cbecbec2225"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "dirs-sys-next",
+ "dirs-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "dirs-sys-next"
-version = "0.1.2"
+name = "dirs-sys"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ebda144c4fe02d1f7ea1a7d9641b6fc6b580adcfa024ae48797ecdeb6825b4d"
+checksum = "520f05a5cbd335fae5a99ff7a6ab8627577660ee5cfd6a94a6a929b52ff0321c"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
+ "option-ext",
  "redox_users",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2342,9 +2342,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.154"
+version = "0.2.155"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ae743338b92ff9146ce83992f766a31066a91a8c84a45e0e9f21e7cf6de6d346"
+checksum = "97b3888a4aecf77e811145cadf6eef5901f4782c53886191b2f693f24761847c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libflate"
@@ -2382,9 +2382,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libloading"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c2a198fb6b0eada2a8df47933734e6d35d350665a33a3593d7164fa52c75c19"
+checksum = "e310b3a6b5907f99202fcdb4960ff45b93735d7c7d96b760fcff8db2dc0e103d"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "windows-targets 0.52.5",
@@ -2868,12 +2868,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "assert_cmd",
  "crossterm",
  "ctrlc",
- "dirs-next",
+ "dirs",
  "log",
  "miette",
  "mimalloc",
@@ -2900,6 +2900,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "openssl",
  "pretty_assertions",
  "reedline",
+ "regex",
  "rstest",
  "serde_json",
  "serial_test",
@@ -2912,16 +2913,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-ansi-term"
-version = "0.50.0"
+version = "0.50.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd2800e1520bdc966782168a627aa5d1ad92e33b984bf7c7615d31280c83ff14"
+checksum = "d4a28e057d01f97e61255210fcff094d74ed0466038633e95017f5beb68e4399"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-cli"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "crossterm",
@@ -2956,7 +2957,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-cmd-base"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
  "miette",
@@ -2968,7 +2969,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-cmd-extra"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "fancy-regex",
  "heck 0.5.0",
@@ -2993,7 +2994,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-cmd-lang"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "nu-engine",
@@ -3005,7 +3006,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-cmd-plugin"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "nu-engine",
@@ -3016,7 +3017,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-color-config"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-ansi-term",
  "nu-engine",
@@ -3028,7 +3029,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-command"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "alphanumeric-sort",
  "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -3046,7 +3047,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "deunicode",
  "dialoguer",
  "digest",
- "dirs-next",
+ "dirs",
  "dtparse",
  "encoding_rs",
  "fancy-regex",
@@ -3093,7 +3094,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pretty_assertions",
  "print-positions",
  "procfs",
- "quick-xml",
+ "quick-xml 0.31.0",
  "quickcheck",
  "quickcheck_macros",
  "rand",
@@ -3138,7 +3139,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-derive-value"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "convert_case",
  "proc-macro-error",
@@ -3149,17 +3150,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-engine"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
+ "log",
  "nu-glob",
  "nu-path",
  "nu-protocol",
  "nu-utils",
+ "terminal_size",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-explore"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "ansi-str",
  "anyhow",
@@ -3184,16 +3187,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-glob"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "doc-comment",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-json"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
+ "fancy-regex",
  "linked-hash-map",
+ "nu-path",
+ "nu-test-support",
  "num-traits",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -3201,7 +3207,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-lsp"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "assert-json-diff",
  "crossbeam-channel",
@@ -3222,7 +3228,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-parser"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "bytesize",
  "chrono",
@@ -3238,16 +3244,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-path"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
- "dirs-next",
+ "dirs",
  "omnipath",
  "pwd",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-plugin"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
  "nix",
@@ -3255,6 +3261,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "nu-plugin-core",
  "nu-plugin-protocol",
  "nu-protocol",
+ "nu-utils",
  "serde",
  "thiserror",
  "typetag",
@@ -3262,7 +3269,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-plugin-core"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "interprocess",
  "log",
@@ -3276,7 +3283,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-plugin-engine"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
  "nu-engine",
@@ -3284,6 +3291,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "nu-plugin-protocol",
  "nu-protocol",
  "nu-system",
+ "nu-utils",
  "serde",
  "typetag",
  "windows 0.54.0",
@@ -3291,7 +3299,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-plugin-protocol"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "bincode",
  "nu-protocol",
@@ -3303,7 +3311,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-plugin-test-support"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-ansi-term",
  "nu-cmd-lang",
@@ -3321,7 +3329,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-pretty-hex"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "heapless",
  "nu-ansi-term",
@@ -3330,15 +3338,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-protocol"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "brotli",
  "byte-unit",
  "chrono",
  "chrono-humanize",
  "convert_case",
+ "dirs",
+ "dirs-sys",
  "fancy-regex",
  "indexmap",
+ "log",
  "lru",
  "miette",
  "nix",
@@ -3359,11 +3370,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "tempfile",
  "thiserror",
  "typetag",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-std"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "log",
  "miette",
@@ -3374,7 +3386,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-system"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "itertools 0.12.1",
@@ -3392,7 +3404,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-table"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "fancy-regex",
  "nu-ansi-term",
@@ -3406,7 +3418,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-term-grid"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-utils",
  "unicode-width",
@@ -3414,7 +3426,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-test-support"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-glob",
  "nu-path",
@@ -3426,7 +3438,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu-utils"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "crossterm_winapi",
  "log",
@@ -3452,7 +3464,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_example"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-cmd-lang",
  "nu-plugin",
@@ -3462,20 +3474,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_formats"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
+ "chrono",
  "eml-parser",
  "ical",
  "indexmap",
  "nu-plugin",
  "nu-plugin-test-support",
  "nu-protocol",
+ "plist",
  "rust-ini",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_gstat"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "git2",
  "nu-plugin",
@@ -3484,7 +3498,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_inc"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "nu-plugin",
  "nu-protocol",
@@ -3493,7 +3507,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_polars"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "chrono-tz 0.9.0",
@@ -3527,7 +3541,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_query"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "gjson",
  "nu-plugin",
@@ -3542,7 +3556,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nu_plugin_stress_internals"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "interprocess",
  "serde",
@@ -3668,7 +3682,7 @@ checksum = "830b246a0e5f20af87141b25c173cd1b609bd7779a4617d6ec582abaf90870f3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nuon"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 dependencies = [
  "chrono",
  "fancy-regex",
@@ -3765,9 +3779,9 @@ checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "open"
-version = "5.2.0"
+version = "5.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d2c909a3fce3bd80efef4cd1c6c056bd9376a8fe06fcfdbebaf32cb485a7e37"
+checksum = "61a877bf6abd716642a53ef1b89fb498923a4afca5c754f9050b4d081c05c4b3"
 dependencies = [
  "is-wsl",
  "libc",
@@ -3776,9 +3790,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.64"
+version = "0.10.66"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "95a0481286a310808298130d22dd1fef0fa571e05a8f44ec801801e84b216b1f"
+checksum = "9529f4786b70a3e8c61e11179af17ab6188ad8d0ded78c5529441ed39d4bd9c1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3817,9 +3831,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.102"
+version = "0.9.103"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c597637d56fbc83893a35eb0dd04b2b8e7a50c91e64e9493e398b5df4fb45fa2"
+checksum = "7f9e8deee91df40a943c71b917e5874b951d32a802526c85721ce3b776c929d6"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -3828,6 +3842,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "vcpkg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "option-ext"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04744f49eae99ab78e0d5c0b603ab218f515ea8cfe5a456d7629ad883a3b6e7d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-multimap"
 version = "0.7.3"
@@ -4130,6 +4150,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "plist"
+version = "1.7.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42cf17e9a1800f5f396bc67d193dc9411b59012a5876445ef450d449881e1016"
+dependencies = [
+ "base64 0.22.1",
+ "indexmap",
+ "quick-xml 0.32.0",
+ "serde",
+ "time",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "polars"
 version = "0.41.2"
@@ -4798,6 +4831,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quick-xml"
+version = "0.32.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1d3a6e5838b60e0e8fa7a43f22ade549a37d61f8bdbe636d0d7816191de969c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quickcheck"
 version = "1.0.3"
@@ -4987,9 +5029,8 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reedline"
-version = "0.32.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "abf59e4c97b5049ba96b052cdb652368305a2eddcbce9bf1c16f9d003139eeea"
+version = "0.33.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/nushell/reedline?branch=main#919292e40fd417e3da882692021961b444150c59"
 dependencies = [
  "arboard",
  "chrono",
@@ -5203,9 +5244,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rust-embed"
-version = "8.4.0"
+version = "8.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19549741604902eb99a7ed0ee177a0663ee1eda51a29f71401f166e47e77806a"
+checksum = "fa66af4a4fdd5e7ebc276f115e895611a34739a9c1c01028383d612d550953c0"
 dependencies = [
  "rust-embed-impl",
  "rust-embed-utils",
@@ -5572,9 +5613,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "shadow-rs"
-version = "0.29.0"
+version = "0.30.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a600f795d0894cda22235b44eea4b85c2a35b405f65523645ac8e35b306817a"
+checksum = "d253e54681d4be0161e965db57974ae642a0b6aaeb18a999424c4dab062be8c5"
 dependencies = [
  "const_format",
  "is_debug",
@@ -5649,9 +5690,9 @@ checksum = "f27f6278552951f1f2b8cf9da965d10969b2efdea95a6ec47987ab46edfe263a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa42c91313f1d05da9b26f267f931cf178d4aba455b4c4622dd7355eb80c6640"
+checksum = "1de1d4f81173b03af4c0cbed3c898f6bff5b870e4a7f5d6f4057d62a7a4b686e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "simplelog"
@@ -6466,9 +6507,9 @@ checksum = "673aac59facbab8a9007c7f6108d11f63b603f7cabff99fabf650fea5c32b861"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ureq"
-version = "2.9.7"
+version = "2.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d11a831e3c0b56e438a28308e7c810799e3c118417f342d30ecec080105395cd"
+checksum = "72139d247e5f97a3eff96229a7ae85ead5328a39efe76f8bf5a06313d505b6ea"
 dependencies = [
  "base64 0.22.1",
  "encoding_rs",
@@ -6625,9 +6666,9 @@ checksum = "425a23c7b7145bc7620c9c445817c37b1f78b6790aee9f208133f3c028975b60"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.9.1"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5de17fd2f7da591098415cff336e12965a28061ddace43b59cb3c430179c9439"
+checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
  "serde",
@@ -6855,7 +6896,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "63b3a62929287001986fb58c789dce9b67604a397c15c611ad9f747300b6c283"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "quick-xml",
+ "quick-xml 0.31.0",
  "quote",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 573ace795f..ce62fa745e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ homepage = "https://www.nushell.sh"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell"
-rust-version = "1.77.2"
-version = "0.95.1"
+rust-version = "1.78.0"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@ ctrlc = "3.4"
 deunicode = "1.6.0"
 dialoguer = { default-features = false, version = "0.11" }
 digest = { default-features = false, version = "0.10" }
-dirs-next = "2.0"
+dirs = "5.0"
+dirs-sys = "0.4"
 dtparse = "2.0"
 encoding_rs = "0.8"
 fancy-regex = "0.13"
@@ -115,12 +116,12 @@ mockito = { version = "1.4", default-features = false }
 native-tls = "0.2"
 nix = { version = "0.28", default-features = false }
 notify-debouncer-full = { version = "0.3", default-features = false }
-nu-ansi-term = "0.50.0"
+nu-ansi-term = "0.50.1"
 num-format = "0.4"
 num-traits = "0.2"
 omnipath = "0.1"
 once_cell = "1.18"
-open = "5.2"
+open = "5.3"
 os_pipe = { version = "1.2", features = ["io_safety"] }
 pathdiff = "0.2"
 percent-encoding = "2"
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ quote = "1.0"
 rand = "0.8"
 ratatui = "0.26"
 rayon = "1.10"
-reedline = "0.32.0"
+reedline = "0.33.0"
 regex = "1.9.5"
 rmp = "0.8"
 rmp-serde = "1.3"
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ ropey = "1.6.1"
 roxmltree = "0.19"
 rstest = { version = "0.18", default-features = false }
 rusqlite = "0.31"
-rust-embed = "8.4.0"
+rust-embed = "8.5.0"
 same-file = "1.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0", default-features = false }
 serde_json = "1.0"
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ trash = "3.3"
 umask = "2.1"
 unicode-segmentation = "1.11"
 unicode-width = "0.1"
-ureq = { version = "2.9", default-features = false }
+ureq = { version = "2.10", default-features = false }
 url = "2.2"
 uu_cp = "0.0.27"
 uu_mkdir = "0.0.27"
@@ -173,36 +174,36 @@ uu_mv = "0.0.27"
 uu_whoami = "0.0.27"
 uu_uname = "0.0.27"
 uucore = "0.0.27"
-uuid = "1.9.1"
+uuid = "1.10.0"
 v_htmlescape = "0.15.0"
 wax = "0.6"
 which = "6.0.0"
 windows = "0.54"
+windows-sys = "0.48"
 winreg = "0.52"
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-cli = { path = "./crates/nu-cli", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-cmd-base = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-base", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-cmd-plugin = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-plugin", version = "0.95.1", optional = true }
-nu-cmd-extra = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-extra", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-command = { path = "./crates/nu-command", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "./crates/nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-explore = { path = "./crates/nu-explore", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-lsp = { path = "./crates/nu-lsp/", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "./crates/nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "./crates/nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-engine = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-engine", optional = true, version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "./crates/nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-std = { path = "./crates/nu-std", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-system = { path = "./crates/nu-system", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "./crates/nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
-
+nu-cli = { path = "./crates/nu-cli", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-cmd-base = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-base", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-cmd-plugin = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-plugin", version = "0.96.2", optional = true }
+nu-cmd-extra = { path = "./crates/nu-cmd-extra", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-command = { path = "./crates/nu-command", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "./crates/nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-explore = { path = "./crates/nu-explore", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-lsp = { path = "./crates/nu-lsp/", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "./crates/nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "./crates/nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-engine = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-engine", optional = true, version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "./crates/nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-std = { path = "./crates/nu-std", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-system = { path = "./crates/nu-system", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "./crates/nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 reedline = { workspace = true, features = ["bashisms", "sqlite"] }
 
 crossterm = { workspace = true }
 ctrlc = { workspace = true }
-dirs-next = { workspace = true }
+dirs = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 miette = { workspace = true, features = ["fancy-no-backtrace", "fancy"] }
 mimalloc = { version = "0.1.42", default-features = false, optional = true }
@@ -226,13 +227,14 @@ nix = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = [
 ] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-test-support = { path = "./crates/nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-core = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-core", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "./crates/nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-core = { path = "./crates/nu-plugin-core", version = "0.96.2" }
 assert_cmd = "2.0"
-dirs-next = { workspace = true }
+dirs = { workspace = true }
 tango-bench = "0.5"
 pretty_assertions = { workspace = true }
+regex = { workspace = true }
 rstest = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 serial_test = "3.1"
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
@@ -304,11 +306,11 @@ bench = false
 # To use a development version of a dependency please use a global override here
 # changing versions in each sub-crate of the workspace is tedious
 [patch.crates-io]
-# reedline = { git = "https://github.com/nushell/reedline", branch = "main" }
+reedline = { git = "https://github.com/nushell/reedline", branch = "main" }
 # nu-ansi-term = {git = "https://github.com/nushell/nu-ansi-term.git", branch = "main"}
 
 # Run all benchmarks with `cargo bench`
 # Run individual benchmarks like `cargo bench -- <regex>` e.g. `cargo bench -- parse`
 [[bench]]
 name = "benchmarks"
-harness = false
\ No newline at end of file
+harness = false
diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f161a77f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Security Policy
+
+As a shell and programming language Nushell provides you with great powers and the potential to do dangerous things to your computer and data. Whenever there is a risk that a malicious actor can abuse a bug or a violation of documented behavior/assumptions in Nushell to harm you this is a *security* risk. 
+We want to fix those issues without exposing our users to unnecessary risk. Thus we want to explain our security policy.
+Additional issues may be part of *safety* where the behavior of Nushell as designed and implemented can cause unintended harm or a bug causes damage without the involvement of a third party.
+
+## Supported Versions
+
+As Nushell is still under very active pre-stable development, the only version the core team prioritizes for security and safety fixes is the [most recent version as published on GitHub](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/releases/latest).
+Only if you provide a strong reasoning and the necessary resources, will we consider blessing a backported fix with an official patch release for a previous version.
+
+## Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+If you suspect that a bug or behavior of Nushell can affect security or may be potentially exploitable, please report the issue to us in private. 
+Either reach out to the core team on [our Discord server](https://discord.gg/NtAbbGn) to arrange a private channel or use the [GitHub vulnerability reporting form](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/security/advisories/new).
+Please try to answer the following questions:
+- How can we reach you for further questions?
+- What is the bug? Which system of Nushell may be affected?
+- Do you have proof-of-concept for a potential exploit or have you observed an exploit in the wild?
+- What is your assessment of the severity based on what could be impacted should the bug be exploited?
+- Are additional people aware of the issue or deserve credit for identifying the issue?
+
+We will try to get back to you within a week with:
+- acknowledging the receipt of the report
+- an initial plan of how we want to address this including the primary points of contact for further communication
+- our preliminary assessment of how severe we judge the issue
+- a proposal for how we can coordinate responsible disclosure (e.g. how we ship the bugfix, if we need to coordinate with distribution maintainers, when you can release a blog post if you want to etc.)
+
+For purely *safety* related issues where the impact is severe by direct user action instead of malicious input or third parties, feel free to open a regular issue. If we deem that there may be an additional *security* risk on a *safety* issue we may continue discussions in a restricted forum.
diff --git a/benches/benchmarks.rs b/benches/benchmarks.rs
index 7a23715c8d..4efb666507 100644
--- a/benches/benchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/benchmarks.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@ use nu_plugin_protocol::{PluginCallResponse, PluginOutput};
 
 use nu_protocol::{
     engine::{EngineState, Stack},
-    PipelineData, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    PipelineData, Signals, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 use nu_std::load_standard_library;
 use nu_utils::{get_default_config, get_default_env};
-use std::rc::Rc;
+use std::{
+    rc::Rc,
+    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
+};
 
 use std::hint::black_box;
 
@@ -42,6 +45,10 @@ fn setup_stack_and_engine_from_command(command: &str) -> (Stack, EngineState) {
     };
 
     let mut stack = Stack::new();
+
+    // Support running benchmarks with IR mode
+    stack.use_ir = std::env::var_os("NU_USE_IR").is_some();
+
     evaluate_commands(
         &commands,
         &mut engine,
@@ -248,14 +255,12 @@ fn bench_eval_interleave(n: i32) -> impl IntoBenchmarks {
     )
 }
 
-fn bench_eval_interleave_with_ctrlc(n: i32) -> impl IntoBenchmarks {
+fn bench_eval_interleave_with_interrupt(n: i32) -> impl IntoBenchmarks {
     let mut engine = setup_engine();
-    engine.ctrlc = Some(std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(
-        false,
-    )));
+    engine.set_signals(Signals::new(Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false))));
     let stack = Stack::new();
     bench_command(
-        &format!("eval_interleave_with_ctrlc_{n}"),
+        &format!("eval_interleave_with_interrupt_{n}"),
         &format!("seq 1 {n} | wrap a | interleave {{ seq 1 {n} | wrap b }} | ignore"),
         stack,
         engine,
@@ -443,9 +448,9 @@ tango_benchmarks!(
     bench_eval_interleave(100),
     bench_eval_interleave(1_000),
     bench_eval_interleave(10_000),
-    bench_eval_interleave_with_ctrlc(100),
-    bench_eval_interleave_with_ctrlc(1_000),
-    bench_eval_interleave_with_ctrlc(10_000),
+    bench_eval_interleave_with_interrupt(100),
+    bench_eval_interleave_with_interrupt(1_000),
+    bench_eval_interleave_with_interrupt(10_000),
     // For
     bench_eval_for(1),
     bench_eval_for(10),
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-cli/Cargo.toml
index 2ed504d502..54af510916 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,27 +5,27 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-cli"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-cli"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
 rstest = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.95.1", optional = true }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.96.2", optional = true }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
 reedline = { workspace = true, features = ["bashisms", "sqlite"] }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/README.md b/crates/nu-cli/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0eca3c9bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This crate implements the core functionality of the interactive Nushell REPL and interfaces with `reedline`.
+Currently implements the syntax highlighting and completions logic.
+Furthermore includes a few commands that are specific to `reedline`
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/history/history_.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/history/history_.rs
index 8b0714216e..c270cef003 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/history/history_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/history/history_.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl Command for History {
         if let Some(config_path) = nu_path::config_dir() {
             let clear = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "clear")?;
             let long = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "long")?;
-            let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
+            let signals = engine_state.signals().clone();
 
             let mut history_path = config_path;
             history_path.push("nushell");
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Command for History {
             } else {
                 let history_reader: Option<Box<dyn ReedlineHistory>> = match history.file_format {
                     HistoryFileFormat::Sqlite => {
-                        SqliteBackedHistory::with_file(history_path.clone(), None, None)
+                        SqliteBackedHistory::with_file(history_path.clone().into(), None, None)
                             .map(|inner| {
                                 let boxed: Box<dyn ReedlineHistory> = Box::new(inner);
                                 boxed
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Command for History {
 
                     HistoryFileFormat::PlainText => FileBackedHistory::with_file(
                         history.max_size as usize,
-                        history_path.clone(),
+                        history_path.clone().into(),
                     )
                     .map(|inner| {
                         let boxed: Box<dyn ReedlineHistory> = Box::new(inner);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Command for History {
                             file: history_path.display().to_string(),
                             span: head,
                         })?
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, ctrlc)),
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, signals)),
                     HistoryFileFormat::Sqlite => Ok(history_reader
                         .and_then(|h| {
                             h.search(SearchQuery::everything(SearchDirection::Forward, None))
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl Command for History {
                             file: history_path.display().to_string(),
                             span: head,
                         })?
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, ctrlc)),
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, signals)),
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -156,58 +156,34 @@ fn create_history_record(idx: usize, entry: HistoryItem, long: bool, head: Span)
     //2. Create a record of either short or long columns and values
 
     let item_id_value = Value::int(
-        match entry.id {
-            Some(id) => {
-                let ids = id.to_string();
-                match ids.parse::<i64>() {
-                    Ok(i) => i,
-                    _ => 0i64,
-                }
-            }
-            None => 0i64,
-        },
+        entry
+            .id
+            .and_then(|id| id.to_string().parse::<i64>().ok())
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
         head,
     );
     let start_timestamp_value = Value::string(
-        match entry.start_timestamp {
-            Some(time) => time.to_string(),
-            None => "".into(),
-        },
+        entry
+            .start_timestamp
+            .map(|time| time.to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
         head,
     );
     let command_value = Value::string(entry.command_line, head);
     let session_id_value = Value::int(
-        match entry.session_id {
-            Some(sid) => {
-                let sids = sid.to_string();
-                match sids.parse::<i64>() {
-                    Ok(i) => i,
-                    _ => 0i64,
-                }
-            }
-            None => 0i64,
-        },
-        head,
-    );
-    let hostname_value = Value::string(
-        match entry.hostname {
-            Some(host) => host,
-            None => "".into(),
-        },
-        head,
-    );
-    let cwd_value = Value::string(
-        match entry.cwd {
-            Some(cwd) => cwd,
-            None => "".into(),
-        },
+        entry
+            .session_id
+            .and_then(|id| id.to_string().parse::<i64>().ok())
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
         head,
     );
+    let hostname_value = Value::string(entry.hostname.unwrap_or_default(), head);
+    let cwd_value = Value::string(entry.cwd.unwrap_or_default(), head);
     let duration_value = Value::duration(
-        match entry.duration {
-            Some(d) => d.as_nanos().try_into().unwrap_or(0),
-            None => 0,
-        },
+        entry
+            .duration
+            .and_then(|d| d.as_nanos().try_into().ok())
+            .unwrap_or(0),
         head,
     );
     let exit_status_value = Value::int(entry.exit_status.unwrap_or(0), head);
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/keybindings_list.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/keybindings_list.rs
index f4450c0c23..abb5909a97 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/keybindings_list.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/commands/keybindings_list.rs
@@ -49,22 +49,26 @@ impl Command for KeybindingsList {
 
     fn run(
         &self,
-        _engine_state: &EngineState,
-        _stack: &mut Stack,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        let records = if call.named_len() == 0 {
-            let all_options = ["modifiers", "keycodes", "edits", "modes", "events"];
-            all_options
-                .iter()
-                .flat_map(|argument| get_records(argument, call.head))
-                .collect()
-        } else {
-            call.named_iter()
-                .flat_map(|(argument, _, _)| get_records(argument.item.as_str(), call.head))
-                .collect()
-        };
+        let all_options = ["modifiers", "keycodes", "edits", "modes", "events"];
+
+        let presence = all_options
+            .iter()
+            .map(|option| call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, option))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ShellError>>()?;
+
+        let no_option_specified = presence.iter().all(|present| !*present);
+
+        let records = all_options
+            .iter()
+            .zip(presence)
+            .filter(|(_, present)| no_option_specified || *present)
+            .flat_map(|(option, _)| get_records(option, call.head))
+            .collect();
 
         Ok(Value::list(records, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/command_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/command_completions.rs
index 7970d852ab..f8107f8ed7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/command_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/command_completions.rs
@@ -99,10 +99,9 @@ impl CommandCompletion {
                 suggestion: Suggestion {
                     value: String::from_utf8_lossy(&x.0).to_string(),
                     description: x.1,
-                    style: None,
-                    extra: None,
                     span: reedline::Span::new(span.start - offset, span.end - offset),
                     append_whitespace: true,
+                    ..Suggestion::default()
                 },
                 kind: Some(SuggestionKind::Command(x.2)),
             })
@@ -118,11 +117,9 @@ impl CommandCompletion {
                 .map(move |x| SemanticSuggestion {
                     suggestion: Suggestion {
                         value: x,
-                        description: None,
-                        style: None,
-                        extra: None,
                         span: reedline::Span::new(span.start - offset, span.end - offset),
                         append_whitespace: true,
+                        ..Suggestion::default()
                     },
                     // TODO: is there a way to create a test?
                     kind: None,
@@ -136,11 +133,9 @@ impl CommandCompletion {
                     results.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                         suggestion: Suggestion {
                             value: format!("^{}", external.suggestion.value),
-                            description: None,
-                            style: None,
-                            extra: None,
                             span: external.suggestion.span,
                             append_whitespace: true,
+                            ..Suggestion::default()
                         },
                         kind: external.kind,
                     })
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completer.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completer.rs
index 2c407beb1e..91fc1132a5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completer.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completer.rs
@@ -444,14 +444,11 @@ pub fn map_value_completions<'a>(
             return Some(SemanticSuggestion {
                 suggestion: Suggestion {
                     value: s,
-                    description: None,
-                    style: None,
-                    extra: None,
                     span: reedline::Span {
                         start: span.start - offset,
                         end: span.end - offset,
                     },
-                    append_whitespace: false,
+                    ..Suggestion::default()
                 },
                 kind: Some(SuggestionKind::Type(x.get_type())),
             });
@@ -461,14 +458,11 @@ pub fn map_value_completions<'a>(
         if let Ok(record) = x.as_record() {
             let mut suggestion = Suggestion {
                 value: String::from(""), // Initialize with empty string
-                description: None,
-                style: None,
-                extra: None,
                 span: reedline::Span {
                     start: span.start - offset,
                     end: span.end - offset,
                 },
-                append_whitespace: false,
+                ..Suggestion::default()
             };
 
             // Iterate the cols looking for `value` and `description`
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completion_common.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completion_common.rs
index 8c322478bd..cc9f6f109e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completion_common.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/completion_common.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
     CompletionSort, Span,
 };
 use nu_utils::get_ls_colors;
-use std::path::{
-    is_separator, Component, Path, PathBuf, MAIN_SEPARATOR as SEP, MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR,
-};
+use std::path::{is_separator, Component, Path, PathBuf, MAIN_SEPARATOR as SEP};
 
 use super::MatchAlgorithm;
 
@@ -23,12 +21,21 @@ pub struct PathBuiltFromString {
     isdir: bool,
 }
 
-fn complete_rec(
+/// Recursively goes through paths that match a given `partial`.
+/// built: State struct for a valid matching path built so far.
+///
+/// `isdir`: whether the current partial path has a trailing slash.
+/// Parsing a path string into a pathbuf loses that bit of information.
+///
+/// want_directory: Whether we want only directories as completion matches.
+/// Some commands like `cd` can only be run on directories whereas others
+/// like `ls` can be run on regular files as well.
+pub fn complete_rec(
     partial: &[&str],
     built: &PathBuiltFromString,
     cwd: &Path,
     options: &CompletionOptions,
-    dir: bool,
+    want_directory: bool,
     isdir: bool,
 ) -> Vec<PathBuiltFromString> {
     let mut completions = vec![];
@@ -38,7 +45,7 @@ fn complete_rec(
             let mut built = built.clone();
             built.parts.push(base.to_string());
             built.isdir = true;
-            return complete_rec(rest, &built, cwd, options, dir, isdir);
+            return complete_rec(rest, &built, cwd, options, want_directory, isdir);
         }
     }
 
@@ -59,7 +66,7 @@ fn complete_rec(
         built.parts.push(entry_name.clone());
         built.isdir = entry_isdir;
 
-        if !dir || entry_isdir {
+        if !want_directory || entry_isdir {
             entries.push((entry_name, built));
         }
     }
@@ -71,12 +78,29 @@ fn complete_rec(
         match partial.split_first() {
             Some((base, rest)) => {
                 if matches(base, &entry_name, options) {
+                    // We use `isdir` to confirm that the current component has
+                    // at least one next component or a slash.
+                    // Serves as confirmation to ignore longer completions for
+                    // components in between.
                     if !rest.is_empty() || isdir {
-                        completions.extend(complete_rec(rest, &built, cwd, options, dir, isdir));
+                        completions.extend(complete_rec(
+                            rest,
+                            &built,
+                            cwd,
+                            options,
+                            want_directory,
+                            isdir,
+                        ));
                     } else {
                         completions.push(built);
                     }
                 }
+                if entry_name.eq(base)
+                    && matches!(options.match_algorithm, MatchAlgorithm::Prefix)
+                    && isdir
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
             }
             None => {
                 completions.push(built);
@@ -94,16 +118,16 @@ enum OriginalCwd {
 }
 
 impl OriginalCwd {
-    fn apply(&self, mut p: PathBuiltFromString) -> String {
+    fn apply(&self, mut p: PathBuiltFromString, path_separator: char) -> String {
         match self {
             Self::None => {}
             Self::Home => p.parts.insert(0, "~".to_string()),
             Self::Prefix(s) => p.parts.insert(0, s.clone()),
         };
 
-        let mut ret = p.parts.join(MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR);
+        let mut ret = p.parts.join(&path_separator.to_string());
         if p.isdir {
-            ret.push(SEP);
+            ret.push(path_separator);
         }
         ret
     }
@@ -134,6 +158,14 @@ pub fn complete_item(
 ) -> Vec<(nu_protocol::Span, String, Option<Style>)> {
     let partial = surround_remove(partial);
     let isdir = partial.ends_with(is_separator);
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let path_separator = SEP;
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let path_separator = partial
+        .chars()
+        .rfind(|c: &char| is_separator(*c))
+        .unwrap_or(SEP);
     let cwd_pathbuf = Path::new(cwd).to_path_buf();
     let ls_colors = (engine_state.config.use_ls_colors_completions
         && engine_state.config.use_ansi_coloring)
@@ -171,7 +203,7 @@ pub fn complete_item(
         }
         Some(Component::Normal(home)) if home.to_string_lossy() == "~" => {
             components.next();
-            cwd = home_dir().unwrap_or(cwd_pathbuf);
+            cwd = home_dir().map(Into::into).unwrap_or(cwd_pathbuf);
             prefix_len = 1;
             original_cwd = OriginalCwd::Home;
         }
@@ -196,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn complete_item(
     )
     .into_iter()
     .map(|p| {
-        let path = original_cwd.apply(p);
+        let path = original_cwd.apply(p, path_separator);
         let style = ls_colors.as_ref().map(|lsc| {
             lsc.style_for_path_with_metadata(
                 &path,
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/directory_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/directory_completions.rs
index 61b0439444..342cf42f4e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/directory_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/directory_completions.rs
@@ -48,14 +48,12 @@ impl Completer for DirectoryCompletion {
         .map(move |x| SemanticSuggestion {
             suggestion: Suggestion {
                 value: x.1,
-                description: None,
                 style: x.2,
-                extra: None,
                 span: reedline::Span {
                     start: x.0.start - offset,
                     end: x.0.end - offset,
                 },
-                append_whitespace: false,
+                ..Suggestion::default()
             },
             // TODO????
             kind: None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/dotnu_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/dotnu_completions.rs
index 514058604a..4a241a57b9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/dotnu_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/dotnu_completions.rs
@@ -116,14 +116,13 @@ impl Completer for DotNuCompletion {
                     .map(move |x| SemanticSuggestion {
                         suggestion: Suggestion {
                             value: x.1,
-                            description: None,
                             style: x.2,
-                            extra: None,
                             span: reedline::Span {
                                 start: x.0.start - offset,
                                 end: x.0.end - offset,
                             },
                             append_whitespace: true,
+                            ..Suggestion::default()
                         },
                         // TODO????
                         kind: None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/file_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/file_completions.rs
index 10a548e7ab..16e0c09b5c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/file_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/file_completions.rs
@@ -53,14 +53,12 @@ impl Completer for FileCompletion {
         .map(move |x| SemanticSuggestion {
             suggestion: Suggestion {
                 value: x.1,
-                description: None,
                 style: x.2,
-                extra: None,
                 span: reedline::Span {
                     start: x.0.start - offset,
                     end: x.0.end - offset,
                 },
-                append_whitespace: false,
+                ..Suggestion::default()
             },
             // TODO????
             kind: None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/flag_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/flag_completions.rs
index eed1468582..590929d5a0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/flag_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/flag_completions.rs
@@ -49,13 +49,12 @@ impl Completer for FlagCompletion {
                             suggestion: Suggestion {
                                 value: String::from_utf8_lossy(&named).to_string(),
                                 description: Some(flag_desc.to_string()),
-                                style: None,
-                                extra: None,
                                 span: reedline::Span {
                                     start: span.start - offset,
                                     end: span.end - offset,
                                 },
                                 append_whitespace: true,
+                                ..Suggestion::default()
                             },
                             // TODO????
                             kind: None,
@@ -76,13 +75,12 @@ impl Completer for FlagCompletion {
                         suggestion: Suggestion {
                             value: String::from_utf8_lossy(&named).to_string(),
                             description: Some(flag_desc.to_string()),
-                            style: None,
-                            extra: None,
                             span: reedline::Span {
                                 start: span.start - offset,
                                 end: span.end - offset,
                             },
                             append_whitespace: true,
+                            ..Suggestion::default()
                         },
                         // TODO????
                         kind: None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/variable_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/variable_completions.rs
index d36cb94b34..5e8f117810 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/variable_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/completions/variable_completions.rs
@@ -85,11 +85,8 @@ impl Completer for VariableCompletion {
                             output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                                 suggestion: Suggestion {
                                     value: env_var.0,
-                                    description: None,
-                                    style: None,
-                                    extra: None,
                                     span: current_span,
-                                    append_whitespace: false,
+                                    ..Suggestion::default()
                                 },
                                 kind: Some(SuggestionKind::Type(env_var.1.get_type())),
                             });
@@ -157,11 +154,8 @@ impl Completer for VariableCompletion {
                 output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                     suggestion: Suggestion {
                         value: builtin.to_string(),
-                        description: None,
-                        style: None,
-                        extra: None,
                         span: current_span,
-                        append_whitespace: false,
+                        ..Suggestion::default()
                     },
                     // TODO is there a way to get the VarId to get the type???
                     kind: None,
@@ -184,11 +178,8 @@ impl Completer for VariableCompletion {
                         output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                             suggestion: Suggestion {
                                 value: String::from_utf8_lossy(v.0).to_string(),
-                                description: None,
-                                style: None,
-                                extra: None,
                                 span: current_span,
-                                append_whitespace: false,
+                                ..Suggestion::default()
                             },
                             kind: Some(SuggestionKind::Type(
                                 working_set.get_variable(*v.1).ty.clone(),
@@ -215,11 +206,8 @@ impl Completer for VariableCompletion {
                     output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                         suggestion: Suggestion {
                             value: String::from_utf8_lossy(v.0).to_string(),
-                            description: None,
-                            style: None,
-                            extra: None,
                             span: current_span,
-                            append_whitespace: false,
+                            ..Suggestion::default()
                         },
                         kind: Some(SuggestionKind::Type(
                             working_set.get_variable(*v.1).ty.clone(),
@@ -255,11 +243,8 @@ fn nested_suggestions(
                 output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                     suggestion: Suggestion {
                         value: col.clone(),
-                        description: None,
-                        style: None,
-                        extra: None,
                         span: current_span,
-                        append_whitespace: false,
+                        ..Suggestion::default()
                     },
                     kind: Some(kind.clone()),
                 });
@@ -272,11 +257,8 @@ fn nested_suggestions(
                 output.push(SemanticSuggestion {
                     suggestion: Suggestion {
                         value: column_name,
-                        description: None,
-                        style: None,
-                        extra: None,
                         span: current_span,
-                        append_whitespace: false,
+                        ..Suggestion::default()
                     },
                     kind: Some(kind.clone()),
                 });
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/config_files.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/config_files.rs
index 3a02f75e86..0a1226c304 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/config_files.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/config_files.rs
@@ -192,7 +192,8 @@ pub fn add_plugin_file(
         } else if let Some(mut plugin_path) = nu_path::config_dir() {
             // Path to store plugins signatures
             plugin_path.push(storage_path);
-            let mut plugin_path = canonicalize_with(&plugin_path, &cwd).unwrap_or(plugin_path);
+            let mut plugin_path =
+                canonicalize_with(&plugin_path, &cwd).unwrap_or(plugin_path.into());
             plugin_path.push(PLUGIN_FILE);
             let plugin_path = canonicalize_with(&plugin_path, &cwd).unwrap_or(plugin_path);
             engine_state.plugin_path = Some(plugin_path);
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_history_path(storage_path: &str, mode: HistoryFileFormat) -> O
             HistoryFileFormat::PlainText => HISTORY_FILE_TXT,
             HistoryFileFormat::Sqlite => HISTORY_FILE_SQLITE,
         });
-        history_path
+        history_path.into()
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_cmds.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_cmds.rs
index 13141f6174..1459f1ef0d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_cmds.rs
@@ -53,9 +53,8 @@ pub fn evaluate_commands(
     // Parse the source code
     let (block, delta) = {
         if let Some(ref t_mode) = table_mode {
-            let mut config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
-            config.table_mode = t_mode.coerce_str()?.parse().unwrap_or_default();
-            engine_state.set_config(config);
+            Arc::make_mut(&mut engine_state.config).table_mode =
+                t_mode.coerce_str()?.parse().unwrap_or_default();
         }
 
         let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(engine_state);
@@ -70,6 +69,11 @@ pub fn evaluate_commands(
             std::process::exit(1);
         }
 
+        if let Some(err) = working_set.compile_errors.first() {
+            report_error(&working_set, err);
+            // Not a fatal error, for now
+        }
+
         (output, working_set.render())
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_file.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_file.rs
index ff6ba36fe3..bac4378d1b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_file.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/eval_file.rs
@@ -76,12 +76,21 @@ pub fn evaluate_file(
     trace!("parsing file: {}", file_path_str);
     let block = parse(&mut working_set, Some(file_path_str), &file, false);
 
+    if let Some(warning) = working_set.parse_warnings.first() {
+        report_error(&working_set, warning);
+    }
+
     // If any parse errors were found, report the first error and exit.
     if let Some(err) = working_set.parse_errors.first() {
         report_error(&working_set, err);
         std::process::exit(1);
     }
 
+    if let Some(err) = working_set.compile_errors.first() {
+        report_error(&working_set, err);
+        // Not a fatal error, for now
+    }
+
     // Look for blocks whose name starts with "main" and replace it with the filename.
     for block in working_set.delta.blocks.iter_mut().map(Arc::make_mut) {
         if block.signature.name == "main" {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/lib.rs
index 6f151adad1..d584802cfb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod commands;
 mod completions;
 mod config_files;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/help_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/help_completions.rs
index c9c1b7bf94..7dc157748e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/help_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/help_completions.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,34 @@
-use nu_engine::documentation::get_flags_section;
-use nu_protocol::{engine::EngineState, levenshtein_distance};
+use nu_engine::documentation::{get_flags_section, HelpStyle};
+use nu_protocol::{engine::EngineState, levenshtein_distance, Config};
 use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
 use reedline::{Completer, Suggestion};
 use std::{fmt::Write, sync::Arc};
 
-pub struct NuHelpCompleter(Arc<EngineState>);
+pub struct NuHelpCompleter {
+    engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
+}
 
 impl NuHelpCompleter {
-    pub fn new(engine_state: Arc<EngineState>) -> Self {
-        Self(engine_state)
+    pub fn new(engine_state: Arc<EngineState>, config: Arc<Config>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            engine_state,
+            config,
+        }
     }
 
     fn completion_helper(&self, line: &str, pos: usize) -> Vec<Suggestion> {
         let folded_line = line.to_folded_case();
 
+        let mut help_style = HelpStyle::default();
+        help_style.update_from_config(&self.engine_state, &self.config);
+
         let mut commands = self
-            .0
+            .engine_state
             .get_decls_sorted(false)
             .into_iter()
             .filter_map(|(_, decl_id)| {
-                let decl = self.0.get_decl(decl_id);
+                let decl = self.engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
                 (decl.name().to_folded_case().contains(&folded_line)
                     || decl.usage().to_folded_case().contains(&folded_line)
                     || decl
@@ -54,8 +63,8 @@ impl NuHelpCompleter {
                 let _ = write!(long_desc, "Usage:\r\n  > {}\r\n", sig.call_signature());
 
                 if !sig.named.is_empty() {
-                    long_desc.push_str(&get_flags_section(Some(&*self.0.clone()), &sig, |v| {
-                        v.to_parsable_string(", ", &self.0.config)
+                    long_desc.push_str(&get_flags_section(&sig, &help_style, |v| {
+                        v.to_parsable_string(", ", &self.config)
                     }))
                 }
 
@@ -71,7 +80,7 @@ impl NuHelpCompleter {
                         let opt_suffix = if let Some(value) = &positional.default_value {
                             format!(
                                 " (optional, default: {})",
-                                &value.to_parsable_string(", ", &self.0.config),
+                                &value.to_parsable_string(", ", &self.config),
                             )
                         } else {
                             (" (optional)").to_string()
@@ -101,13 +110,12 @@ impl NuHelpCompleter {
                 Suggestion {
                     value: decl.name().into(),
                     description: Some(long_desc),
-                    style: None,
                     extra: Some(extra),
                     span: reedline::Span {
                         start: pos - line.len(),
                         end: pos,
                     },
-                    append_whitespace: false,
+                    ..Suggestion::default()
                 }
             })
             .collect()
@@ -138,7 +146,8 @@ mod test {
     ) {
         let engine_state =
             nu_command::add_shell_command_context(nu_cmd_lang::create_default_context());
-        let mut completer = NuHelpCompleter::new(engine_state.into());
+        let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+        let mut completer = NuHelpCompleter::new(engine_state.into(), config);
         let suggestions = completer.complete(line, end);
 
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/menu_completions.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/menu_completions.rs
index c65f0bd100..af653843f0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/menu_completions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/menus/menu_completions.rs
@@ -142,10 +142,9 @@ fn convert_to_suggestions(
             vec![Suggestion {
                 value: text,
                 description,
-                style: None,
                 extra,
                 span,
-                append_whitespace: false,
+                ..Suggestion::default()
             }]
         }
         Value::List { vals, .. } => vals
@@ -154,9 +153,6 @@ fn convert_to_suggestions(
             .collect(),
         _ => vec![Suggestion {
             value: format!("Not a record: {value:?}"),
-            description: None,
-            style: None,
-            extra: None,
             span: reedline::Span {
                 start: if only_buffer_difference {
                     pos - line.len()
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@ fn convert_to_suggestions(
                     line.len()
                 },
             },
-            append_whitespace: false,
+            ..Suggestion::default()
         }],
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/nu_highlight.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/nu_highlight.rs
index 07084c6258..0b5f211838 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/nu_highlight.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/nu_highlight.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use reedline::{Highlighter, StyledText};
 
@@ -32,14 +34,11 @@ impl Command for NuHighlight {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
 
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-        let engine_state = std::sync::Arc::new(engine_state.clone());
-        let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+        let signals = engine_state.signals();
 
         let highlighter = crate::NuHighlighter {
-            engine_state,
-            stack: std::sync::Arc::new(stack.clone()),
-            config,
+            engine_state: Arc::new(engine_state.clone()),
+            stack: Arc::new(stack.clone()),
         };
 
         input.map(
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ impl Command for NuHighlight {
                 }
                 Err(err) => Value::error(err, head),
             },
-            ctrlc,
+            signals,
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/reedline_config.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/reedline_config.rs
index dd5a3199dc..63d88316df 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/reedline_config.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/reedline_config.rs
@@ -77,13 +77,19 @@ pub(crate) fn add_menus(
     mut line_editor: Reedline,
     engine_state_ref: Arc<EngineState>,
     stack: &Stack,
-    config: &Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<Reedline, ShellError> {
     //log::trace!("add_menus: config: {:#?}", &config);
     line_editor = line_editor.clear_menus();
 
     for menu in &config.menus {
-        line_editor = add_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state_ref.clone(), stack, config)?
+        line_editor = add_menu(
+            line_editor,
+            menu,
+            engine_state_ref.clone(),
+            stack,
+            config.clone(),
+        )?
     }
 
     // Checking if the default menus have been added from the config file
@@ -100,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_menus(
         if !config
             .menus
             .iter()
-            .any(|menu| menu.name.to_expanded_string("", config) == name)
+            .any(|menu| menu.name.to_expanded_string("", &config) == name)
         {
             let (block, delta) = {
                 let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_menus(
                     &menu,
                     new_engine_state_ref.clone(),
                     stack,
-                    config,
+                    config.clone(),
                 )?;
             }
         }
@@ -151,27 +157,27 @@ fn add_menu(
     menu: &ParsedMenu,
     engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
     stack: &Stack,
-    config: &Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<Reedline, ShellError> {
     let span = menu.menu_type.span();
     if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.menu_type {
-        let layout = extract_value("layout", val, span)?.to_expanded_string("", config);
+        let layout = extract_value("layout", val, span)?.to_expanded_string("", &config);
 
         match layout.as_str() {
-            "columnar" => add_columnar_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state, stack, config),
+            "columnar" => add_columnar_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state, stack, &config),
             "list" => add_list_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state, stack, config),
             "ide" => add_ide_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state, stack, config),
             "description" => add_description_menu(line_editor, menu, engine_state, stack, config),
             _ => Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
                 expected: "columnar, list, ide or description".to_string(),
-                value: menu.menu_type.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+                value: menu.menu_type.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
                 span: menu.menu_type.span(),
             }),
         }
     } else {
         Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
             expected: "only record type".to_string(),
-            value: menu.menu_type.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+            value: menu.menu_type.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
             span: menu.menu_type.span(),
         })
     }
@@ -187,6 +193,29 @@ fn get_style(record: &Record, name: &str, span: Span) -> Option<Style> {
         })
 }
 
+fn set_menu_style<M: MenuBuilder>(mut menu: M, style: &Value) -> M {
+    let span = style.span();
+    let Value::Record { val, .. } = &style else {
+        return menu;
+    };
+    if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "text", span) {
+        menu = menu.with_text_style(style);
+    }
+    if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_text", span) {
+        menu = menu.with_selected_text_style(style);
+    }
+    if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "description_text", span) {
+        menu = menu.with_description_text_style(style);
+    }
+    if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "match_text", span) {
+        menu = menu.with_match_text_style(style);
+    }
+    if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_match_text", span) {
+        menu = menu.with_selected_match_text_style(style);
+    }
+    menu
+}
+
 // Adds a columnar menu to the editor engine
 pub(crate) fn add_columnar_menu(
     line_editor: Reedline,
@@ -225,24 +254,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_columnar_menu(
         };
     }
 
-    let span = menu.style.span();
-    if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.style {
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "text", span) {
-            columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_text", span) {
-            columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_selected_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "description_text", span) {
-            columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_description_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "match_text", span) {
-            columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_match_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_match_text", span) {
-            columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_selected_match_text_style(style);
-        }
-    }
+    columnar_menu = set_menu_style(columnar_menu, &menu.style);
 
     let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", config);
     columnar_menu = columnar_menu.with_marker(&marker);
@@ -282,9 +294,9 @@ pub(crate) fn add_list_menu(
     menu: &ParsedMenu,
     engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
     stack: &Stack,
-    config: &Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<Reedline, ShellError> {
-    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     let mut list_menu = ListMenu::default().with_name(&name);
 
     let span = menu.menu_type.span();
@@ -298,20 +310,9 @@ pub(crate) fn add_list_menu(
         };
     }
 
-    let span = menu.style.span();
-    if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.style {
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "text", span) {
-            list_menu = list_menu.with_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_text", span) {
-            list_menu = list_menu.with_selected_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "description_text", span) {
-            list_menu = list_menu.with_description_text_style(style);
-        }
-    }
+    list_menu = set_menu_style(list_menu, &menu.style);
 
-    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     list_menu = list_menu.with_marker(&marker);
 
     let only_buffer_difference = menu.only_buffer_difference.as_bool()?;
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_list_menu(
         }
         _ => Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
             expected: "block or omitted value".to_string(),
-            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
             span: menu.source.span(),
         }),
     }
@@ -349,10 +350,10 @@ pub(crate) fn add_ide_menu(
     menu: &ParsedMenu,
     engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
     stack: &Stack,
-    config: &Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<Reedline, ShellError> {
     let span = menu.menu_type.span();
-    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     let mut ide_menu = IdeMenu::default().with_name(&name);
 
     if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.menu_type {
@@ -417,7 +418,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_ide_menu(
                 } else {
                     return Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
                         expected: "bool or record".to_string(),
-                        value: border.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+                        value: border.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
                         span: border.span(),
                     });
                 }
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_ide_menu(
                 _ => {
                     return Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
                         expected: "\"left\", \"right\" or \"prefer_right\"".to_string(),
-                        value: description_mode.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+                        value: description_mode.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
                         span: description_mode.span(),
                     });
                 }
@@ -490,26 +491,9 @@ pub(crate) fn add_ide_menu(
         };
     }
 
-    let span = menu.style.span();
-    if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.style {
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "text", span) {
-            ide_menu = ide_menu.with_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_text", span) {
-            ide_menu = ide_menu.with_selected_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "description_text", span) {
-            ide_menu = ide_menu.with_description_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "match_text", span) {
-            ide_menu = ide_menu.with_match_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_match_text", span) {
-            ide_menu = ide_menu.with_selected_match_text_style(style);
-        }
-    }
+    ide_menu = set_menu_style(ide_menu, &menu.style);
 
-    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     ide_menu = ide_menu.with_marker(&marker);
 
     let only_buffer_difference = menu.only_buffer_difference.as_bool()?;
@@ -535,7 +519,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_ide_menu(
         }
         _ => Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
             expected: "block or omitted value".to_string(),
-            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
             span,
         }),
     }
@@ -547,9 +531,9 @@ pub(crate) fn add_description_menu(
     menu: &ParsedMenu,
     engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
     stack: &Stack,
-    config: &Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<Reedline, ShellError> {
-    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let name = menu.name.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     let mut description_menu = DescriptionMenu::default().with_name(&name);
 
     let span = menu.menu_type.span();
@@ -595,20 +579,9 @@ pub(crate) fn add_description_menu(
         };
     }
 
-    let span = menu.style.span();
-    if let Value::Record { val, .. } = &menu.style {
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "text", span) {
-            description_menu = description_menu.with_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "selected_text", span) {
-            description_menu = description_menu.with_selected_text_style(style);
-        }
-        if let Some(style) = get_style(val, "description_text", span) {
-            description_menu = description_menu.with_description_text_style(style);
-        }
-    }
+    description_menu = set_menu_style(description_menu, &menu.style);
 
-    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", config);
+    let marker = menu.marker.to_expanded_string("", &config);
     description_menu = description_menu.with_marker(&marker);
 
     let only_buffer_difference = menu.only_buffer_difference.as_bool()?;
@@ -617,7 +590,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_description_menu(
     let span = menu.source.span();
     match &menu.source {
         Value::Nothing { .. } => {
-            let completer = Box::new(NuHelpCompleter::new(engine_state));
+            let completer = Box::new(NuHelpCompleter::new(engine_state, config));
             Ok(line_editor.with_menu(ReedlineMenu::WithCompleter {
                 menu: Box::new(description_menu),
                 completer,
@@ -638,7 +611,7 @@ pub(crate) fn add_description_menu(
         }
         _ => Err(ShellError::UnsupportedConfigValue {
             expected: "closure or omitted value".to_string(),
-            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(config),
+            value: menu.source.to_abbreviated_string(&config),
             span: menu.source.span(),
         }),
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/repl.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/repl.rs
index 251876022a..28a3e2cec7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/repl.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/repl.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, IsTerminal, Write},
     panic::{catch_unwind, AssertUnwindSafe},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
+    sync::Arc,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 use sysinfo::System;
@@ -268,14 +268,14 @@ fn loop_iteration(ctx: LoopContext) -> (bool, Stack, Reedline) {
     if let Err(err) = engine_state.merge_env(&mut stack, cwd) {
         report_error_new(engine_state, &err);
     }
+    // Check whether $env.NU_USE_IR is set, so that the user can change it in the REPL
+    // Temporary while IR eval is optional
+    stack.use_ir = stack.has_env_var(engine_state, "NU_USE_IR");
     perf!("merge env", start_time, use_color);
 
     start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
-    // Reset the ctrl-c handler
-    if let Some(ctrlc) = &mut engine_state.ctrlc {
-        ctrlc.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
-    }
-    perf!("reset ctrlc", start_time, use_color);
+    engine_state.reset_signals();
+    perf!("reset signals", start_time, use_color);
 
     start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
     // Right before we start our prompt and take input from the user,
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ fn loop_iteration(ctx: LoopContext) -> (bool, Stack, Reedline) {
     perf!("env-change hook", start_time, use_color);
 
     let engine_reference = Arc::new(engine_state.clone());
-    let config = engine_state.get_config();
+    let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
     start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
     // Find the configured cursor shapes for each mode
@@ -323,7 +323,6 @@ fn loop_iteration(ctx: LoopContext) -> (bool, Stack, Reedline) {
             engine_state: engine_reference.clone(),
             // STACK-REFERENCE 1
             stack: stack_arc.clone(),
-            config: config.clone(),
         }))
         .with_validator(Box::new(NuValidator {
             engine_state: engine_reference.clone(),
@@ -336,6 +335,14 @@ fn loop_iteration(ctx: LoopContext) -> (bool, Stack, Reedline) {
         .with_quick_completions(config.quick_completions)
         .with_partial_completions(config.partial_completions)
         .with_ansi_colors(config.use_ansi_coloring)
+        .with_cwd(Some(
+            engine_state
+                .cwd(None)
+                .map(|cwd| cwd.into_std_path_buf())
+                .unwrap_or_default()
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .to_string(),
+        ))
         .with_cursor_config(cursor_config);
 
     perf!("reedline builder", start_time, use_color);
@@ -666,13 +673,14 @@ fn prepare_history_metadata(
     line_editor: &mut Reedline,
 ) {
     if !s.is_empty() && line_editor.has_last_command_context() {
-        #[allow(deprecated)]
         let result = line_editor
             .update_last_command_context(&|mut c| {
                 c.start_timestamp = Some(chrono::Utc::now());
                 c.hostname = hostname.map(str::to_string);
-
-                c.cwd = Some(StateWorkingSet::new(engine_state).get_cwd());
+                c.cwd = engine_state
+                    .cwd(None)
+                    .ok()
+                    .map(|path| path.to_string_lossy().to_string());
                 c
             })
             .into_diagnostic();
@@ -1329,20 +1337,26 @@ fn are_session_ids_in_sync() {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test_auto_cd {
     use super::{do_auto_cd, parse_operation, ReplOperation};
+    use nu_path::AbsolutePath;
     use nu_protocol::engine::{EngineState, Stack};
-    use std::path::Path;
     use tempfile::tempdir;
 
     /// Create a symlink. Works on both Unix and Windows.
     #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
-    fn symlink(original: impl AsRef<Path>, link: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    fn symlink(
+        original: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>,
+        link: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>,
+    ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        let original = original.as_ref();
+        let link = link.as_ref();
+
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
             std::os::unix::fs::symlink(original, link)
         }
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
-            if original.as_ref().is_dir() {
+            if original.is_dir() {
                 std::os::windows::fs::symlink_dir(original, link)
             } else {
                 std::os::windows::fs::symlink_file(original, link)
@@ -1354,11 +1368,11 @@ mod test_auto_cd {
     /// `before`, and after `input` is parsed and evaluated, PWD should be
     /// changed to `after`.
     #[track_caller]
-    fn check(before: impl AsRef<Path>, input: &str, after: impl AsRef<Path>) {
+    fn check(before: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>, input: &str, after: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>) {
         // Setup EngineState and Stack.
         let mut engine_state = EngineState::new();
         let mut stack = Stack::new();
-        stack.set_cwd(before).unwrap();
+        stack.set_cwd(before.as_ref()).unwrap();
 
         // Parse the input. It must be an auto-cd operation.
         let op = parse_operation(input.to_string(), &engine_state, &stack).unwrap();
@@ -1374,54 +1388,66 @@ mod test_auto_cd {
         // don't have to be byte-wise equal (on Windows, the 8.3 filename
         // conversion messes things up),
         let updated_cwd = std::fs::canonicalize(updated_cwd).unwrap();
-        let after = std::fs::canonicalize(after).unwrap();
+        let after = std::fs::canonicalize(after.as_ref()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(updated_cwd, after);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_root() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let root = if cfg!(windows) { r"C:\" } else { "/" };
-        check(&tempdir, root, root);
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let input = if cfg!(windows) { r"C:\" } else { "/" };
+        let root = AbsolutePath::try_new(input).unwrap();
+        check(tempdir, input, root);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_tilde() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
         let home = nu_path::home_dir().unwrap();
-        check(&tempdir, "~", home);
+        check(tempdir, "~", home);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_dot() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        check(&tempdir, ".", &tempdir);
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        check(tempdir, ".", tempdir);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_double_dot() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = tempdir.path().join("foo");
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let dir = tempdir.join("foo");
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-        check(dir, "..", &tempdir);
+        check(dir, "..", tempdir);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_triple_dot() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = tempdir.path().join("foo").join("bar");
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let dir = tempdir.join("foo").join("bar");
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-        check(dir, "...", &tempdir);
+        check(dir, "...", tempdir);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_relative() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let foo = tempdir.path().join("foo");
-        let bar = tempdir.path().join("bar");
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let foo = tempdir.join("foo");
+        let bar = tempdir.join("bar");
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&foo).unwrap();
         std::fs::create_dir_all(&bar).unwrap();
-
         let input = if cfg!(windows) { r"..\bar" } else { "../bar" };
         check(foo, input, bar);
     }
@@ -1429,32 +1455,35 @@ mod test_auto_cd {
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_trailing_slash() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = tempdir.path().join("foo");
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
 
+        let dir = tempdir.join("foo");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
         let input = if cfg!(windows) { r"foo\" } else { "foo/" };
-        check(&tempdir, input, dir);
+        check(tempdir, input, dir);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn auto_cd_symlink() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = tempdir.path().join("foo");
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
-        let link = tempdir.path().join("link");
-        symlink(&dir, &link).unwrap();
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
 
+        let dir = tempdir.join("foo");
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+        let link = tempdir.join("link");
+        symlink(&dir, &link).unwrap();
         let input = if cfg!(windows) { r".\link" } else { "./link" };
-        check(&tempdir, input, link);
+        check(tempdir, input, link);
     }
 
     #[test]
     #[should_panic(expected = "was not parsed into an auto-cd operation")]
     fn auto_cd_nonexistent_directory() {
         let tempdir = tempdir().unwrap();
-        let dir = tempdir.path().join("foo");
+        let tempdir = AbsolutePath::try_new(tempdir.path()).unwrap();
 
+        let dir = tempdir.join("foo");
         let input = if cfg!(windows) { r"foo\" } else { "foo/" };
-        check(&tempdir, input, dir);
+        check(tempdir, input, dir);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/syntax_highlight.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/syntax_highlight.rs
index 41ef168390..ebd8315190 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/syntax_highlight.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/syntax_highlight.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use nu_parser::{flatten_block, parse, FlatShape};
 use nu_protocol::{
     ast::{Block, Expr, Expression, PipelineRedirection, RecordItem},
     engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
-    Config, Span,
+    Span,
 };
 use reedline::{Highlighter, StyledText};
 use std::sync::Arc;
@@ -14,15 +14,14 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 pub struct NuHighlighter {
     pub engine_state: Arc<EngineState>,
     pub stack: Arc<Stack>,
-    pub config: Config,
 }
 
 impl Highlighter for NuHighlighter {
     fn highlight(&self, line: &str, _cursor: usize) -> StyledText {
         trace!("highlighting: {}", line);
 
-        let highlight_resolved_externals =
-            self.engine_state.get_config().highlight_resolved_externals;
+        let config = self.stack.get_config(&self.engine_state);
+        let highlight_resolved_externals = config.highlight_resolved_externals;
         let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&self.engine_state);
         let block = parse(&mut working_set, None, line.as_bytes(), false);
         let (shapes, global_span_offset) = {
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ impl Highlighter for NuHighlighter {
                 .to_string();
 
             let mut add_colored_token = |shape: &FlatShape, text: String| {
-                output.push((get_shape_color(shape.as_str(), &self.config), text));
+                output.push((get_shape_color(shape.as_str(), &config), text));
             };
 
             match shape.1 {
@@ -128,9 +127,9 @@ impl Highlighter for NuHighlighter {
                         let start = part.start - span.start;
                         let end = part.end - span.start;
                         let text = next_token[start..end].to_string();
-                        let mut style = get_shape_color(shape.as_str(), &self.config);
+                        let mut style = get_shape_color(shape.as_str(), &config);
                         if highlight {
-                            style = get_matching_brackets_style(style, &self.config);
+                            style = get_matching_brackets_style(style, &config);
                         }
                         output.push((style, text));
                     }
@@ -430,6 +429,14 @@ fn find_matching_block_end_in_expr(
                 )
             }),
 
+            Expr::Collect(_, expr) => find_matching_block_end_in_expr(
+                line,
+                working_set,
+                expr,
+                global_span_offset,
+                global_cursor_offset,
+            ),
+
             Expr::Block(block_id)
             | Expr::Closure(block_id)
             | Expr::RowCondition(block_id)
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/src/util.rs b/crates/nu-cli/src/util.rs
index d3cf73056f..e912bceb5f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/src/util.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/src/util.rs
@@ -262,6 +262,11 @@ fn evaluate_source(
             return Ok(Some(1));
         }
 
+        if let Some(err) = working_set.compile_errors.first() {
+            report_error(&working_set, err);
+            // Not a fatal error, for now
+        }
+
         (output, working_set.render())
     };
 
@@ -316,16 +321,10 @@ mod test {
 
         let env = engine_state.render_env_vars();
 
-        assert!(
-            matches!(env.get(&"FOO".to_string()), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == "foo")
-        );
-        assert!(
-            matches!(env.get(&"SYMBOLS".to_string()), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == symbols)
-        );
-        assert!(
-            matches!(env.get(&symbols.to_string()), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == "symbols")
-        );
-        assert!(env.get(&"PWD".to_string()).is_some());
+        assert!(matches!(env.get("FOO"), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == "foo"));
+        assert!(matches!(env.get("SYMBOLS"), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == symbols));
+        assert!(matches!(env.get(symbols), Some(&Value::String { val, .. }) if val == "symbols"));
+        assert!(env.contains_key("PWD"));
         assert_eq!(env.len(), 4);
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/keybindings_list.rs b/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/keybindings_list.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ab9f3bacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/keybindings_list.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use nu_test_support::nu;
+
+#[test]
+fn not_empty() {
+    let result = nu!("keybindings list | is-not-empty");
+    assert_eq!(result.out, "true");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/mod.rs b/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/mod.rs
index 00488f0b9e..087791302e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/tests/commands/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+mod keybindings_list;
 mod nu_highlight;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/mod.rs b/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/mod.rs
index 453832ab0c..d69dcaa76b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/mod.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ fn completer() -> NuCompleter {
 fn completer_strings() -> NuCompleter {
     // Create a new engine
     let (dir, _, mut engine, mut stack) = new_engine();
-
     // Add record value as example
     let record = r#"def animals [] { ["cat", "dog", "eel" ] }
     def my-command [animal: string@animals] { print $animal }"#;
@@ -137,28 +136,28 @@ fn variables_double_dash_argument_with_flagcompletion(mut completer: NuCompleter
     let suggestions = completer.complete("tst --", 6);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["--help".into(), "--mod".into()];
     // dbg!(&expected, &suggestions);
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn variables_single_dash_argument_with_flagcompletion(mut completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer.complete("tst -", 5);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["--help".into(), "--mod".into(), "-h".into(), "-s".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn variables_command_with_commandcompletion(mut completer_strings: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer_strings.complete("my-c ", 4);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["my-command".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn variables_subcommands_with_customcompletion(mut completer_strings: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer_strings.complete("my-command ", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ fn variables_customcompletion_subcommands_with_customcompletion_2(
 ) {
     let suggestions = completer_strings.complete("my-command ", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -196,19 +195,19 @@ fn dotnu_completions() {
     let completion_str = "source-env ".to_string();
     let suggestions = completer.complete(&completion_str, completion_str.len());
 
-    match_suggestions(expected.clone(), suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test use completion
     let completion_str = "use ".to_string();
     let suggestions = completer.complete(&completion_str, completion_str.len());
 
-    match_suggestions(expected.clone(), suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test overlay use completion
     let completion_str = "overlay use ".to_string();
     let suggestions = completer.complete(&completion_str, completion_str.len());
 
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -272,8 +271,22 @@ fn file_completions() {
         folder(dir.join(".hidden_folder")),
     ];
 
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        let separator = '/';
+        let target_dir = format!("cp {dir_str}{separator}");
+        let slash_suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+        let expected_slash_paths: Vec<String> = expected_paths
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.replace('\\', "/"))
+            .collect();
+
+        match_suggestions(&expected_slash_paths, &slash_suggestions);
+    }
+
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for a file
     let target_dir = format!("cp {}", folder(dir.join("another")));
@@ -283,17 +296,91 @@ fn file_completions() {
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec![file(dir.join("another").join("newfile"))];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for hidden files
-    let target_dir = format!("ls {}/.", folder(dir.join(".hidden_folder")));
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {}{MAIN_SEPARATOR}.", folder(dir.join(".hidden_folder")));
     let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
 
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> =
         vec![file(dir.join(".hidden_folder").join(".hidden_subfile"))];
 
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        let target_dir = format!("ls {}/.", folder(dir.join(".hidden_folder")));
+        let slash_suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+        let expected_slash: Vec<String> = expected_paths
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.replace('\\', "/"))
+            .collect();
+
+        match_suggestions(&expected_slash, &slash_suggestions);
+    }
+
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+#[test]
+fn file_completions_with_mixed_separators() {
+    // Create a new engine
+    let (dir, dir_str, engine, stack) = new_dotnu_engine();
+
+    // Instantiate a new completer
+    let mut completer = NuCompleter::new(Arc::new(engine), Arc::new(stack));
+
+    // Create Expected values
+    let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec![
+        file(dir.join("lib-dir1").join("bar.nu")),
+        file(dir.join("lib-dir1").join("baz.nu")),
+        file(dir.join("lib-dir1").join("xyzzy.nu")),
+    ];
+    let expecetd_slash_paths: Vec<String> = expected_paths
+        .iter()
+        .map(|s| s.replace(MAIN_SEPARATOR, "/"))
+        .collect();
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}/lib-dir1/");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expecetd_slash_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("cp {dir_str}\\lib-dir1/");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expecetd_slash_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}/lib-dir1\\/");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expecetd_slash_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}\\lib-dir1\\/");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expecetd_slash_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}\\lib-dir1\\");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}/lib-dir1\\");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}/lib-dir1/\\");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
+
+    let target_dir = format!("ls {dir_str}\\lib-dir1/\\");
+    let suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -317,7 +404,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for the files whose name begin with "h"
     // and are present under directories whose names begin with "pa"
@@ -338,7 +425,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completion for all files under directories whose names begin with "pa"
     let dir_str = folder(dir.join("pa"));
@@ -359,7 +446,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completion for a single file
     let dir_str = file(dir.join("fi").join("so"));
@@ -370,7 +457,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec![file(dir.join("final_partial").join("somefile"))];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completion where there is a sneaky `..` in the path
     let dir_str = file(dir.join("par").join("..").join("fi").join("so"));
@@ -406,7 +493,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completion for all files under directories whose names begin with "pa"
     let file_str = file(dir.join("partial-a").join("have"));
@@ -420,7 +507,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completion for all files under directories whose names begin with "pa"
     let file_str = file(dir.join("partial-a").join("have_ext."));
@@ -434,7 +521,7 @@ fn partial_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -469,15 +556,16 @@ fn command_ls_with_filecompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     let target_dir = "ls custom_completion.";
     let suggestions = completer.complete(target_dir, target_dir.len());
 
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec!["custom_completion.nu".to_string()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
+
 #[test]
 fn command_open_with_filecompletion() {
     let (_, _, engine, stack) = new_engine();
@@ -510,14 +598,14 @@ fn command_open_with_filecompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     let target_dir = "open custom_completion.";
     let suggestions = completer.complete(target_dir, target_dir.len());
 
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec!["custom_completion.nu".to_string()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -552,7 +640,7 @@ fn command_rm_with_globcompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -587,7 +675,7 @@ fn command_cp_with_globcompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -622,7 +710,7 @@ fn command_save_with_filecompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -657,7 +745,7 @@ fn command_touch_with_filecompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -692,7 +780,7 @@ fn command_watch_with_filecompletion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[rstest]
@@ -707,12 +795,12 @@ fn subcommand_completions(mut subcommand_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let prefix = "foo b";
     let suggestions = subcommand_completer.complete(prefix, prefix.len());
     match_suggestions(
-        vec![
+        &vec![
             "foo bar".to_string(),
             "foo aabcrr".to_string(),
             "foo abaz".to_string(),
         ],
-        suggestions,
+        &suggestions,
     );
 }
 
@@ -735,10 +823,10 @@ fn file_completion_quoted() {
         "`te#st.txt`".to_string(),
         "`te'st.txt`".to_string(),
         "`te(st).txt`".to_string(),
-        format!("`{}`", folder("test dir".into())),
+        format!("`{}`", folder("test dir")),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 
     let dir: PathBuf = "test dir".into();
     let target_dir = format!("open '{}'", folder(dir.clone()));
@@ -749,7 +837,7 @@ fn file_completion_quoted() {
         format!("`{}`", file(dir.join("single quote"))),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -784,7 +872,7 @@ fn flag_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -808,8 +896,21 @@ fn folder_with_directorycompletions() {
         folder(dir.join(".hidden_folder")),
     ];
 
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        let target_dir = format!("cd {dir_str}/");
+        let slash_suggestions = completer.complete(&target_dir, target_dir.len());
+
+        let expected_slash_paths: Vec<String> = expected_paths
+            .iter()
+            .map(|s| s.replace('\\', "/"))
+            .collect();
+
+        match_suggestions(&expected_slash_paths, &slash_suggestions);
+    }
+
     // Match the results
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -847,11 +948,11 @@ fn variables_completions() {
         "plugin-path".into(),
         "startup-time".into(),
         "temp-path".into(),
-        "vendor-autoload-dir".into(),
+        "vendor-autoload-dirs".into(),
     ];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for $nu.h (filter)
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$nu.h", 5);
@@ -865,7 +966,7 @@ fn variables_completions() {
     ];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for $nu.os-info
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$nu.os-info.", 12);
@@ -877,7 +978,7 @@ fn variables_completions() {
         "name".into(),
     ];
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for custom var
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$actor.", 7);
@@ -887,7 +988,7 @@ fn variables_completions() {
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["age".into(), "name".into()];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for custom var (filtering)
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$actor.n", 8);
@@ -897,7 +998,7 @@ fn variables_completions() {
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["name".into()];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for $env
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$env.", 5);
@@ -910,7 +1011,7 @@ fn variables_completions() {
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["PATH".into(), "PWD".into(), "TEST".into()];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     // Test completions for $env
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$env.T", 6);
@@ -920,12 +1021,12 @@ fn variables_completions() {
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["TEST".into()];
 
     // Match results
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 
     let suggestions = completer.complete("$", 1);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["$actor".into(), "$env".into(), "$in".into(), "$nu".into()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -944,7 +1045,7 @@ fn alias_of_command_and_flags() {
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec!["test_a/".to_string(), "test_b/".to_string()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -963,7 +1064,7 @@ fn alias_of_basic_command() {
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec!["test_a/".to_string(), "test_b/".to_string()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -985,7 +1086,7 @@ fn alias_of_another_alias() {
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
     let expected_paths: Vec<String> = vec!["test_a/".to_string(), "test_b/".to_string()];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 fn run_external_completion(completer: &str, input: &str) -> Vec<Suggestion> {
@@ -1048,35 +1149,35 @@ fn unknown_command_completion() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions)
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions)
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn flagcompletion_triggers_after_cursor(mut completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer.complete("tst -h", 5);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["--help".into(), "--mod".into(), "-h".into(), "-s".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn customcompletion_triggers_after_cursor(mut completer_strings: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer_strings.complete("my-command c", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn customcompletion_triggers_after_cursor_piped(mut completer_strings: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer_strings.complete("my-command c | ls", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn flagcompletion_triggers_after_cursor_piped(mut completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = completer.complete("tst -h | ls", 5);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["--help".into(), "--mod".into(), "-h".into(), "-s".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -1110,77 +1211,77 @@ fn filecompletions_triggers_after_cursor() {
         ".hidden_folder/".to_string(),
     ];
 
-    match_suggestions(expected_paths, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected_paths, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_custom_completion_positional(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam ", 5);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_custom_completion_long_flag_1(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam --foo=", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_custom_completion_long_flag_2(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam --foo ", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_custom_completion_long_flag_short(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam -f ", 8);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_custom_completion_short_flag(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam -b ", 8);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cat".into(), "dog".into(), "eel".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn extern_complete_flags(mut extern_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = extern_completer.complete("spam -", 6);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["--foo".into(), "-b".into(), "-f".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn custom_completer_triggers_cursor_before_word(mut custom_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = custom_completer.complete("cmd foo  bar", 8);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cmd".into(), "foo".into(), "".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn custom_completer_triggers_cursor_on_word_left_boundary(mut custom_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = custom_completer.complete("cmd foo bar", 8);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cmd".into(), "foo".into(), "".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn custom_completer_triggers_cursor_next_to_word(mut custom_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = custom_completer.complete("cmd foo bar", 11);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cmd".into(), "foo".into(), "bar".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
 fn custom_completer_triggers_cursor_after_word(mut custom_completer: NuCompleter) {
     let suggestions = custom_completer.complete("cmd foo bar ", 12);
     let expected: Vec<String> = vec!["cmd".into(), "foo".into(), "bar".into(), "".into()];
-    match_suggestions(expected, suggestions);
+    match_suggestions(&expected, &suggestions);
 }
 
 #[rstest]
diff --git a/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/support/completions_helpers.rs b/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/support/completions_helpers.rs
index 027ac9d997..c6c2cba2a8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/support/completions_helpers.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cli/tests/completions/support/completions_helpers.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use nu_engine::eval_block;
 use nu_parser::parse;
+use nu_path::{AbsolutePathBuf, PathBuf};
 use nu_protocol::{
     debugger::WithoutDebug,
     engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
@@ -7,14 +8,14 @@ use nu_protocol::{
 };
 use nu_test_support::fs;
 use reedline::Suggestion;
-use std::path::{PathBuf, MAIN_SEPARATOR};
+use std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR;
 
 fn create_default_context() -> EngineState {
     nu_command::add_shell_command_context(nu_cmd_lang::create_default_context())
 }
 
 // creates a new engine with the current path into the completions fixtures folder
-pub fn new_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
+pub fn new_engine() -> (AbsolutePathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     // Target folder inside assets
     let dir = fs::fixtures().join("completions");
     let dir_str = dir
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ pub fn new_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
 }
 
 // creates a new engine with the current path into the completions fixtures folder
-pub fn new_dotnu_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
+pub fn new_dotnu_engine() -> (AbsolutePathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     // Target folder inside assets
     let dir = fs::fixtures().join("dotnu_completions");
     let dir_str = dir
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ pub fn new_dotnu_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     (dir, dir_str, engine_state, stack)
 }
 
-pub fn new_quote_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
+pub fn new_quote_engine() -> (AbsolutePathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     // Target folder inside assets
     let dir = fs::fixtures().join("quoted_completions");
     let dir_str = dir
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn new_quote_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     (dir, dir_str, engine_state, stack)
 }
 
-pub fn new_partial_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
+pub fn new_partial_engine() -> (AbsolutePathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
     // Target folder inside assets
     let dir = fs::fixtures().join("partial_completions");
     let dir_str = dir
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn new_partial_engine() -> (PathBuf, String, EngineState, Stack) {
 }
 
 // match a list of suggestions with the expected values
-pub fn match_suggestions(expected: Vec<String>, suggestions: Vec<Suggestion>) {
+pub fn match_suggestions(expected: &Vec<String>, suggestions: &Vec<Suggestion>) {
     let expected_len = expected.len();
     let suggestions_len = suggestions.len();
     if expected_len != suggestions_len {
@@ -195,26 +196,25 @@ pub fn match_suggestions(expected: Vec<String>, suggestions: Vec<Suggestion>) {
             Expected: {expected:#?}\n"
         )
     }
-    assert_eq!(
-        expected,
-        suggestions
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|it| it.value)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-    );
+
+    let suggestoins_str = suggestions
+        .iter()
+        .map(|it| it.value.clone())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    assert_eq!(expected, &suggestoins_str);
 }
 
 // append the separator to the converted path
-pub fn folder(path: PathBuf) -> String {
+pub fn folder(path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> String {
     let mut converted_path = file(path);
     converted_path.push(MAIN_SEPARATOR);
-
     converted_path
 }
 
 // convert a given path to string
-pub fn file(path: PathBuf) -> String {
-    path.into_os_string().into_string().unwrap_or_default()
+pub fn file(path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> String {
+    path.into().into_os_string().into_string().unwrap()
 }
 
 // merge_input executes the given input into the engine
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ pub fn merge_input(
     input: &[u8],
     engine_state: &mut EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
-    dir: PathBuf,
+    dir: AbsolutePathBuf,
 ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     let (block, delta) = {
         let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(engine_state);
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-base/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-cmd-base/Cargo.toml
index 2fe8610f49..568633d481 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-base/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-base/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-cmd-base"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-cmd-base"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 indexmap = { workspace = true }
 miette = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-base/README.md b/crates/nu-cmd-base/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28d299928a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-base/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Utilities used by the different `nu-command`/`nu-cmd-*` crates, should not contain any full `Command` implementations.
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/input_handler.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/input_handler.rs
index d81193e190..7d61f90cb0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/input_handler.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/input_handler.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use nu_protocol::{ast::CellPath, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value};
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use nu_protocol::{ast::CellPath, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 pub trait CmdArgument {
     fn take_cell_paths(&mut self) -> Option<Vec<CellPath>>;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn operate<C, A>(
     mut arg: A,
     input: PipelineData,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
 where
     A: CmdArgument + Send + Sync + 'static,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ where
                     _ => cmd(&v, &arg, span),
                 }
             },
-            ctrlc,
+            signals,
         ),
         Some(column_paths) => {
             let arg = Arc::new(arg);
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ where
                     }
                     v
                 },
-                ctrlc,
+                signals,
             )
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/lib.rs
index 250a57d741..c2608f8466 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 pub mod formats;
 pub mod hook;
 pub mod input_handler;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/util.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/util.rs
index 905c990a9e..f778fe4679 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/util.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-base/src/util.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
+use nu_path::AbsolutePathBuf;
 use nu_protocol::{
     engine::{EngineState, Stack},
     Range, ShellError, Span, Value,
 };
-use std::{ops::Bound, path::PathBuf};
+use std::ops::Bound;
 
-pub fn get_init_cwd() -> PathBuf {
-    std::env::current_dir().unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-        std::env::var("PWD")
-            .map(Into::into)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| nu_path::home_dir().unwrap_or_default())
-    })
+pub fn get_init_cwd() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
+    std::env::current_dir()
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok())
+        .or_else(|| {
+            std::env::var("PWD")
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok())
+        })
+        .or_else(nu_path::home_dir)
+        .expect("Failed to get current working directory")
 }
 
-pub fn get_guaranteed_cwd(engine_state: &EngineState, stack: &Stack) -> PathBuf {
+pub fn get_guaranteed_cwd(engine_state: &EngineState, stack: &Stack) -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     engine_state
         .cwd(Some(stack))
-        .unwrap_or(crate::util::get_init_cwd())
+        .ok()
+        .unwrap_or_else(get_init_cwd)
 }
 
 type MakeRangeError = fn(&str, Span) -> ShellError;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/Cargo.toml
index 8609adb44c..4e76ea679b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-cmd-extra"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-cmd-extra"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ version = "0.95.1"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-json = { version = "0.95.1", path = "../nu-json" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-pretty-hex = { version = "0.95.1", path = "../nu-pretty-hex" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-json = { version = "0.96.2", path = "../nu-json" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-pretty-hex = { version = "0.96.2", path = "../nu-pretty-hex" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 # Potential dependencies for extras
 heck = { workspace = true }
@@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ v_htmlescape = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/and.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/and.rs
index 538cf6e60f..234b4e5cc1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/and.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/and.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Command for BitsAnd {
 
         input.map(
             move |value| binary_op(&value, &target, little_endian, |(l, r)| l & r, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/into.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/into.rs
index cf85f92ac5..9ff8bd0a05 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/into.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/into.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
+use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
+
 use nu_cmd_base::input_handler::{operate, CmdArgument};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 
 pub struct Arguments {
@@ -118,12 +121,43 @@ fn into_bits(
     let cell_paths = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let cell_paths = (!cell_paths.is_empty()).then_some(cell_paths);
 
-    if let PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) = input {
-        // TODO: in the future, we may want this to stream out, converting each to bytes
-        Ok(Value::binary(stream.into_bytes()?, head).into_pipeline_data())
+    if let PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) = input {
+        Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
+            byte_stream_to_bits(stream, head),
+            metadata,
+        ))
     } else {
         let args = Arguments { cell_paths };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
+    }
+}
+
+fn byte_stream_to_bits(stream: ByteStream, head: Span) -> ByteStream {
+    if let Some(mut reader) = stream.reader() {
+        let mut is_first = true;
+        ByteStream::from_fn(
+            head,
+            Signals::empty(),
+            ByteStreamType::String,
+            move |buffer| {
+                let mut byte = [0];
+                if reader.read(&mut byte[..]).err_span(head)? > 0 {
+                    // Format the byte as bits
+                    if is_first {
+                        is_first = false;
+                    } else {
+                        buffer.push(b' ');
+                    }
+                    write!(buffer, "{:08b}", byte[0]).expect("format failed");
+                    Ok(true)
+                } else {
+                    // EOF
+                    Ok(false)
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    } else {
+        ByteStream::read(io::empty(), head, Signals::empty(), ByteStreamType::String)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/not.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/not.rs
index e4c344f137..405cc79d7e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/not.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/not.rs
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl Command for BitsNot {
             number_size,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/or.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/or.rs
index 2352d65c23..a0af2dc8d0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/or.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/or.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl Command for BitsOr {
 
         input.map(
             move |value| binary_op(&value, &target, little_endian, |(l, r)| l | r, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_left.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_left.rs
index cbd9d17eb5..5bb9e42f6b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_left.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_left.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl Command for BitsRol {
             bits,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_right.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_right.rs
index 0aea603ce1..31e17891a3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_right.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/rotate_right.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl Command for BitsRor {
             bits,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_left.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_left.rs
index 049408c24a..6a67a45e0e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_left.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_left.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl Command for BitsShl {
             bits,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_right.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_right.rs
index d66db68ee5..e45e10ac94 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_right.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/shift_right.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl Command for BitsShr {
             bits,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/xor.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/xor.rs
index 65c3be4e1a..4a71487137 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/xor.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/bits/xor.rs
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl Command for BitsXor {
 
         input.map(
             move |value| binary_op(&value, &target, little_endian, |(l, r)| l ^ r, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/conversions/fmt.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/conversions/fmt.rs
index fec0745dac..3b682291e7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/conversions/fmt.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/conversions/fmt.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn fmt(
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action(input: &Value, _args: &CellPathOnlyArgs, span: Span) -> Value {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/each_while.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/each_while.rs
index 58679c8eea..1f30e5b9b9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/each_while.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/each_while.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl Command for EachWhile {
                         }
                     })
                     .fuse()
-                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
             }
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => {
                 let span = stream.span();
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl Command for EachWhile {
                             }
                         })
                         .fuse()
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
                 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/update_cells.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/update_cells.rs
index c90e933410..b102c13c0d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/update_cells.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/filters/update_cells.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Command for UpdateCells {
             columns,
             span: head,
         }
-        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone())
         .set_metadata(metadata))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/formats/to/html.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/formats/to/html.rs
index 83d0b58b3f..f02f11cf84 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/formats/to/html.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/formats/to/html.rs
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fn to_html(
     let partial = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "partial")?;
     let list = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "list")?;
     let theme: Option<Spanned<String>> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "theme")?;
-    let config = engine_state.get_config();
+    let config = &stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
     let vec_of_values = input.into_iter().collect::<Vec<Value>>();
     let headers = merge_descriptors(&vec_of_values);
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccos.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccos.rs
index 120fc4df98..5d0a659380 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccos.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccos.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccosh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccosh.rs
index 30e0d2cfb6..532a388b3f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccosh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arccosh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsin.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsin.rs
index a68e0648ef..a85c438367 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsin.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsin.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsinh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsinh.rs
index 67addfdba2..91cb814a32 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsinh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arcsinh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctan.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctan.rs
index 9c14203312..f52c8bd40c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctan.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctan.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctanh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctanh.rs
index 920e56eeb6..7791b56948 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctanh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/arctanh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cos.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cos.rs
index 633c131b8b..252c7dbbd6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cos.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cos.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cosh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cosh.rs
index a772540b5c..e46d3c4df8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cosh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/cosh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/exp.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/exp.rs
index b89d6f553f..d8f6a52899 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/exp.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/exp.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/ln.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/ln.rs
index dd9782b467..694192bc8e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/ln.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/ln.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sin.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sin.rs
index 883007d1ed..0caedbabe7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sin.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sin.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sinh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sinh.rs
index c768dba739..d40db3bcb5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sinh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/sinh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tan.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tan.rs
index e10807279d..97c5d2ff93 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tan.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tan.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, use_degrees),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tanh.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tanh.rs
index 4d09f93cf4..6679d04fe5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tanh.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/math/tanh.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/platform/ansi/gradient.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/platform/ansi/gradient.rs
index 21c7e42a61..5934b57a5d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/platform/ansi/gradient.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/platform/ansi/gradient.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ fn operate(
                 ret
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/encode_decode/hex.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/encode_decode/hex.rs
index 7628d6e240..be681b382a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/encode_decode/hex.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/encode_decode/hex.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn operate(
         cell_paths,
     };
 
-    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action(
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/format/command.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/format/command.rs
index 50e89e61e3..ef9b6f2baf 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/format/command.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/format/command.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::{ast::PathMember, engine::StateWorkingSet, ListStream};
+use nu_protocol::{ast::PathMember, engine::StateWorkingSet, Config, ListStream};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct FormatPattern;
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ impl Command for FormatPattern {
         let it_id = working_set.add_variable(b"$it".to_vec(), call.head, Type::Any, false);
         stack.add_var(it_id, input_val.clone());
 
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+
         match specified_pattern {
             Err(e) => Err(e),
             Ok(pattern) => {
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ impl Command for FormatPattern {
                     string_span.start + 1,
                 )?;
 
-                format(input_val, &ops, engine_state, call.head)
+                format(input_val, &ops, engine_state, &config, call.head)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -181,33 +183,30 @@ fn format(
     input_data: Value,
     format_operations: &[FormatOperation],
     engine_state: &EngineState,
+    config: &Config,
     head_span: Span,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let data_as_value = input_data;
 
     //  We can only handle a Record or a List of Records
     match data_as_value {
-        Value::Record { .. } => {
-            match format_record(format_operations, &data_as_value, engine_state) {
-                Ok(value) => Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::string(value, head_span), None)),
-                Err(value) => Err(value),
-            }
-        }
+        Value::Record { .. } => match format_record(format_operations, &data_as_value, config) {
+            Ok(value) => Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::string(value, head_span), None)),
+            Err(value) => Err(value),
+        },
 
         Value::List { vals, .. } => {
             let mut list = vec![];
             for val in vals.iter() {
                 match val {
-                    Value::Record { .. } => {
-                        match format_record(format_operations, val, engine_state) {
-                            Ok(value) => {
-                                list.push(Value::string(value, head_span));
-                            }
-                            Err(value) => {
-                                return Err(value);
-                            }
+                    Value::Record { .. } => match format_record(format_operations, val, config) {
+                        Ok(value) => {
+                            list.push(Value::string(value, head_span));
                         }
-                    }
+                        Err(value) => {
+                            return Err(value);
+                        }
+                    },
                     Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ fn format(
                 }
             }
 
-            Ok(ListStream::new(list.into_iter(), head_span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()).into())
+            Ok(ListStream::new(list.into_iter(), head_span, engine_state.signals().clone()).into())
         }
         // Unwrapping this ShellError is a bit unfortunate.
         // Ideally, its Span would be preserved.
@@ -237,9 +236,8 @@ fn format(
 fn format_record(
     format_operations: &[FormatOperation],
     data_as_value: &Value,
-    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    config: &Config,
 ) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
-    let config = engine_state.get_config();
     let mut output = String::new();
 
     for op in format_operations {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/str_/case/mod.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
index 980a1b83fc..bfa54921e2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/extra/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ where
         case_operation,
         cell_paths,
     };
-    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action<F>(input: &Value, args: &Arguments<F>, head: Span) -> Value
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/lib.rs
index 2a3d70e6cd..f6f97c2f96 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod example_test;
 pub mod extra;
 pub use extra::*;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/into.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/into.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b7e7700583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/into.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use nu_test_support::nu;
+
+#[test]
+fn byte_stream_into_bits() {
+    let result = nu!("[0x[01] 0x[02 03]] | bytes collect | into bits");
+    assert_eq!("00000001 00000010 00000011", result.out);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn byte_stream_into_bits_is_stream() {
+    let result = nu!("[0x[01] 0x[02 03]] | bytes collect | into bits | describe");
+    assert_eq!("string (stream)", result.out);
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/mod.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d4ee04b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/bits/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mod into;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/mod.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/mod.rs
index 2354122e35..fd216cecb6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-extra/tests/commands/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+mod bits;
 mod bytes;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/Cargo.toml
index 16ac1b893a..c5ae7b8c61 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,22 +6,22 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-cmd-lang"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-cmd-lang"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 itertools = { workspace = true }
-shadow-rs = { version = "0.29", default-features = false }
+shadow-rs = { version = "0.30", default-features = false }
 
 [build-dependencies]
-shadow-rs = { version = "0.29", default-features = false }
+shadow-rs = { version = "0.30", default-features = false }
 
 [features]
 mimalloc = []
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/break_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/break_.rs
index 90cc1a73f2..943e32a531 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/break_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/break_.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ impl Command for Break {
 
     fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
         r#"This command is a parser keyword. For details, check:
-  https://www.nushell.sh/book/thinking_in_nu.html"#
+  https://www.nushell.sh/book/thinking_in_nu.html
+
+  break can only be used in while, loop, and for loops. It can not be used with each or other filter commands"#
     }
 
     fn command_type(&self) -> CommandType {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/const_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/const_.rs
index f780c5ada9..5b3d03443a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/const_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/const_.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ impl Command for Const {
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let var_id = if let Some(id) = call.positional_nth(0).and_then(|pos| pos.as_var()) {
             id
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/continue_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/continue_.rs
index cfa3e38335..b795456c1d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/continue_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/continue_.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ impl Command for Continue {
 
     fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
         r#"This command is a parser keyword. For details, check:
-  https://www.nushell.sh/book/thinking_in_nu.html"#
+  https://www.nushell.sh/book/thinking_in_nu.html
+
+  continue can only be used in while, loop, and for loops. It can not be used with each or other filter commands"#
     }
 
     fn command_type(&self) -> CommandType {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/do_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/do_.rs
index adf13cc0bb..bf29a2159a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/do_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/do_.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ impl Command for Do {
 
         bind_args_to(&mut callee_stack, &block.signature, rest, head)?;
         let eval_block_with_early_return = get_eval_block_with_early_return(engine_state);
+
+        // Applies to all block evaluation once set true
+        callee_stack.use_ir = caller_stack.has_env_var(engine_state, "NU_USE_IR");
+
         let result = eval_block_with_early_return(engine_state, &mut callee_stack, block, input);
 
         if has_env {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/for_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/for_.rs
index 9410be74c7..36df743e5f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/for_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/for_.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, get_eval_block, get_eval_expression};
-use nu_protocol::engine::CommandType;
+use nu_protocol::{engine::CommandType, Signals};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct For;
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ impl Command for For {
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let head = call.head;
         let var_id = call
             .positional_nth(0)
@@ -72,7 +75,6 @@ impl Command for For {
 
         let value = eval_expression(engine_state, stack, keyword_expr)?;
 
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let engine_state = engine_state.clone();
         let block = engine_state.get_block(block_id);
 
@@ -82,9 +84,7 @@ impl Command for For {
         match value {
             Value::List { vals, .. } => {
                 for x in vals.into_iter() {
-                    if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
-                        break;
-                    }
+                    engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
 
                     // with_env() is used here to ensure that each iteration uses
                     // a different set of environment variables.
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ impl Command for For {
                 }
             }
             Value::Range { val, .. } => {
-                for x in val.into_range_iter(span, ctrlc) {
+                for x in val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty()) {
+                    engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
                     stack.add_var(var_id, x);
 
                     match eval_block(&engine_state, stack, block, PipelineData::empty()) {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/if_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/if_.rs
index 738d901759..8667843770 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/if_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/if_.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@ impl Command for If {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let cond = call.positional_nth(0).expect("checked through parser");
         let then_block = call
             .positional_nth(1)
@@ -99,6 +102,9 @@ impl Command for If {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let cond = call.positional_nth(0).expect("checked through parser");
         let then_block = call
             .positional_nth(1)
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/let_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/let_.rs
index f2da628c31..46324ef39e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/let_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/let_.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ impl Command for Let {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let var_id = call
             .positional_nth(0)
             .expect("checked through parser")
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/loop_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/loop_.rs
index a9c642ca3c..f495c8d3ae 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/loop_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/loop_.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,10 @@ impl Command for Loop {
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
+        let head = call.head;
         let block_id = call
             .positional_nth(0)
             .expect("checked through parser")
@@ -49,9 +53,7 @@ impl Command for Loop {
         let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(None, None);
 
         loop {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-                break;
-            }
+            engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
 
             match eval_block(engine_state, stack, block, PipelineData::empty()) {
                 Err(ShellError::Break { .. }) => {
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/match_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/match_.rs
index d28a59cbad..c3a3d61216 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/match_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/match_.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ impl Command for Match {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let value: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let matches = call
             .positional_nth(1)
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/mut_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/mut_.rs
index 5db3c929af..b729590027 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/mut_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/mut_.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,9 @@ impl Command for Mut {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let var_id = call
             .positional_nth(0)
             .expect("checked through parser")
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/overlay/use_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/overlay/use_.rs
index e8b51fb59b..d6d3ae745a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/overlay/use_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/overlay/use_.rs
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ impl Command for OverlayUse {
         name_arg.item = trim_quotes_str(&name_arg.item).to_string();
 
         let maybe_origin_module_id =
-            if let Some(overlay_expr) = call.get_parser_info("overlay_expr") {
+            if let Some(overlay_expr) = call.get_parser_info(caller_stack, "overlay_expr") {
                 if let Expr::Overlay(module_id) = &overlay_expr.expr {
-                    module_id
+                    *module_id
                 } else {
                     return Err(ShellError::NushellFailedSpanned {
                         msg: "Not an overlay".to_string(),
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl Command for OverlayUse {
             // a) adding a new overlay
             // b) refreshing an active overlay (the origin module changed)
 
-            let module = engine_state.get_module(*module_id);
+            let module = engine_state.get_module(module_id);
 
             // Evaluate the export-env block (if any) and keep its environment
             if let Some(block_id) = module.env_block {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl Command for OverlayUse {
                     &name_arg.item,
                     engine_state,
                     caller_stack,
-                    get_dirs_var_from_call(call),
+                    get_dirs_var_from_call(caller_stack, call),
                 )?;
 
                 let block = engine_state.get_block(block_id);
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/try_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/try_.rs
index f99825b88d..2309897a1b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/try_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/try_.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ impl Command for Try {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
         let try_block = call
             .positional_nth(0)
             .expect("checked through parser")
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/use_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/use_.rs
index b0f3648304..7f544fa5d4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/use_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/use_.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ This command is a parser keyword. For details, check:
         let Some(Expression {
             expr: Expr::ImportPattern(import_pattern),
             ..
-        }) = call.get_parser_info("import_pattern")
+        }) = call.get_parser_info(caller_stack, "import_pattern")
         else {
             return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
                 error: "Unexpected import".into(),
@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ This command is a parser keyword. For details, check:
             });
         };
 
+        // Necessary so that we can modify the stack.
+        let import_pattern = import_pattern.clone();
+
         if let Some(module_id) = import_pattern.head.id {
             // Add constants
             for var_id in &import_pattern.constants {
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@ This command is a parser keyword. For details, check:
                     &module_arg_str,
                     engine_state,
                     caller_stack,
-                    get_dirs_var_from_call(call),
+                    get_dirs_var_from_call(caller_stack, call),
                 )?;
                 let maybe_parent = maybe_file_path
                     .as_ref()
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/while_.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/while_.rs
index 646b95c82e..a67c47fcab 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/while_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/while_.rs
@@ -46,6 +46,10 @@ impl Command for While {
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        // This is compiled specially by the IR compiler. The code here is never used when
+        // running in IR mode.
+        let call = call.assert_ast_call()?;
+        let head = call.head;
         let cond = call.positional_nth(0).expect("checked through parser");
         let block_id = call
             .positional_nth(1)
@@ -59,9 +63,7 @@ impl Command for While {
         let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(None, None);
 
         loop {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-                break;
-            }
+            engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
 
             let result = eval_expression(engine_state, stack, cond)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/example_support.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/example_support.rs
index bb03bbaf8c..70ee7a9b0f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/example_support.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/example_support.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
     ast::Block,
     debugger::WithoutDebug,
     engine::{StateDelta, StateWorkingSet},
-    Range,
+    report_error_new, Range,
 };
 use std::{
     sync::Arc,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn check_example_input_and_output_types_match_command_signature(
     witnessed_type_transformations
 }
 
-fn eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+pub fn eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
     src: &str,
     cwd: &std::path::Path,
     engine_state: &mut Box<EngineState>,
@@ -124,7 +124,10 @@ pub fn eval_block(
 
     nu_engine::eval_block::<WithoutDebug>(engine_state, &mut stack, &block, input)
         .and_then(|data| data.into_value(Span::test_data()))
-        .unwrap_or_else(|err| panic!("test eval error in `{}`: {:?}", "TODO", err))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
+            report_error_new(engine_state, &err);
+            panic!("test eval error in `{}`: {:?}", "TODO", err)
+        })
 }
 
 pub fn check_example_evaluates_to_expected_output(
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/lib.rs
index 427a535d5d..41022cc231 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod core_commands;
 mod default_context;
 pub mod example_support;
diff --git a/crates/nu-cmd-plugin/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-cmd-plugin/Cargo.toml
index 7d26fe5ddd..490e61a755 100644
--- a/crates/nu-cmd-plugin/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-cmd-plugin/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-cmd-plugin"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-cmd-plugin"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
-nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-color-config/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-color-config/Cargo.toml
index 23af09432c..87f282e752 100644
--- a/crates/nu-color-config/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-color-config/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,18 +5,18 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-color-confi
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-color-config"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
 
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-color-config/README.md b/crates/nu-color-config/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f03753685c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-color-config/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Logic to resolve colors for syntax highlighting and output formatting
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-color-config/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-color-config/src/lib.rs
index 3bd4dc9e4d..77ec9d0e79 100644
--- a/crates/nu-color-config/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-color-config/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod color_config;
 mod matching_brackets_style;
 mod nu_style;
diff --git a/crates/nu-color-config/src/style_computer.rs b/crates/nu-color-config/src/style_computer.rs
index 91907c1428..edc8786a53 100644
--- a/crates/nu-color-config/src/style_computer.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-color-config/src/style_computer.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{color_record_to_nustyle, lookup_ansi_color_style, text_style::Alignment, TextStyle};
 use nu_ansi_term::{Color, Style};
-use nu_engine::{env::get_config, ClosureEvalOnce};
+use nu_engine::ClosureEvalOnce;
 use nu_protocol::{
     cli_error::CliError,
     engine::{Closure, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl<'a> StyleComputer<'a> {
 
     // The main constructor.
     pub fn from_config(engine_state: &'a EngineState, stack: &'a Stack) -> StyleComputer<'a> {
-        let config = get_config(engine_state, stack);
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
         // Create the hashmap
         #[rustfmt::skip]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-command/Cargo.toml
index 9c49a69ff5..d1defd4327 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-command/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-command"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-command"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ version = "0.95.1"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-pretty-hex = { path = "../nu-pretty-hex", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-table = { path = "../nu-table", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-term-grid = { path = "../nu-term-grid", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-base = { path = "../nu-cmd-base", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-pretty-hex = { path = "../nu-pretty-hex", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-table = { path = "../nu-table", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-term-grid = { path = "../nu-term-grid", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
-nuon = { path = "../nuon", version = "0.95.1" }
+nuon = { path = "../nuon", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 alphanumeric-sort = { workspace = true }
 base64 = { workspace = true }
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ sqlite = ["rusqlite"]
 trash-support = ["trash"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
 
-dirs-next = { workspace = true }
+dirs = { workspace = true }
 mockito = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 quickcheck = { workspace = true }
 quickcheck_macros = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/README.md b/crates/nu-command/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1cbb8cd9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This crate contains the majority of our commands
+
+We allow ourselves to move some of the commands in `nu-command` to `nu-cmd-*` crates as needed.
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/add.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/add.rs
index 8514718cfd..ab31f74b12 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/add.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/add.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Command for BytesAdd {
             end,
             cell_paths,
         };
-        operate(add, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(add, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/at.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/at.rs
index c5164c3550..5e95f4fd62 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/at.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/at.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl Command for BytesAt {
             cell_paths,
         };
 
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/build_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/build_.rs
index f6b1327621..9a3599a071 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/build_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/build_.rs
@@ -49,10 +49,8 @@ impl Command for BytesBuild {
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let mut output = vec![];
-        for val in call.rest_iter_flattened(0, |expr| {
-            let eval_expression = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
-            eval_expression(engine_state, stack, expr)
-        })? {
+        let eval_expression = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
+        for val in call.rest_iter_flattened(engine_state, stack, eval_expression, 0)? {
             let val_span = val.span();
             match val {
                 Value::Binary { mut val, .. } => output.append(&mut val),
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/collect.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/collect.rs
index 74ea3e5d14..afb70bfb36 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/collect.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/collect.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,12 @@ impl Command for BytesCollect {
         )
         .flatten();
 
-        let output = ByteStream::from_result_iter(iter, span, None, ByteStreamType::Binary);
+        let output = ByteStream::from_result_iter(
+            iter,
+            span,
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+            ByteStreamType::Binary,
+        );
 
         Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(output, metadata))
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/ends_with.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/ends_with.rs
index d6174a189c..8e3966716c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/ends_with.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/ends_with.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl Command for BytesEndsWith {
                 pattern,
                 cell_paths,
             };
-            operate(ends_with, arg, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            operate(ends_with, arg, input, head, engine_state.signals())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/index_of.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/index_of.rs
index bdf51b24d9..e10bd6c200 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/index_of.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/index_of.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl Command for BytesIndexOf {
             all: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "all")?,
             cell_paths,
         };
-        operate(index_of, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(index_of, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/length.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/length.rs
index aaaf23e0a5..78b3d31eac 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/length.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/length.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl Command for BytesLen {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
         let arg = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(length, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(length, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/remove.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/remove.rs
index 9afef07e8b..34d3c427f4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/remove.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/remove.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl Command for BytesRemove {
             all: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "all")?,
         };
 
-        operate(remove, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(remove, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/replace.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/replace.rs
index ab7ede7588..db2b6fb790 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/replace.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/replace.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl Command for BytesReplace {
             all: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "all")?,
         };
 
-        operate(replace, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(replace, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/reverse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/reverse.rs
index 171add213d..fd769eaa40 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/reverse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/reverse.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Command for BytesReverse {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let arg = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(reverse, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(reverse, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/starts_with.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/starts_with.rs
index 92cc16f02c..89cc4f7afc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/starts_with.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/bytes/starts_with.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl Command for BytesStartsWith {
                 pattern,
                 cell_paths,
             };
-            operate(starts_with, arg, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            operate(starts_with, arg, input, head, engine_state.signals())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/charting/histogram.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/charting/histogram.rs
index 29515c96c5..1162259409 100755
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/charting/histogram.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/charting/histogram.rs
@@ -177,11 +177,9 @@ fn run_histogram(
                 match v {
                     // parse record, and fill valid value to actual input.
                     Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                        for (c, v) in val.iter() {
-                            if c == col_name {
-                                if let Ok(v) = HashableValue::from_value(v.clone(), head_span) {
-                                    inputs.push(v);
-                                }
+                        if let Some(v) = val.get(col_name) {
+                            if let Ok(v) = HashableValue::from_value(v.clone(), head_span) {
+                                inputs.push(v);
                             }
                         }
                     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/fill.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/fill.rs
index 6507e4a368..3bd205814a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/fill.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/fill.rs
@@ -150,13 +150,9 @@ fn fill(
         FillAlignment::Left
     };
 
-    let width = if let Some(arg) = width_arg { arg } else { 1 };
+    let width = width_arg.unwrap_or(1);
 
-    let character = if let Some(arg) = character_arg {
-        arg
-    } else {
-        " ".to_string()
-    };
+    let character = character_arg.unwrap_or_else(|| " ".to_string());
 
     let arg = Arguments {
         width,
@@ -165,7 +161,7 @@ fn fill(
         cell_paths,
     };
 
-    operate(action, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    operate(action, arg, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action(input: &Value, args: &Arguments, span: Span) -> Value {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/binary.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/binary.rs
index 8eb7715754..e5c34ae6bc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/binary.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/binary.rs
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ fn into_binary(
             cell_paths,
             compact: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "compact")?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/bool.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/bool.rs
index b1d433cb93..0fcd33b4a3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/bool.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/bool.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn into_bool(
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn string_to_boolean(s: &str, span: Span) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/datetime.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/datetime.rs
index b928bebe23..8dc0340ba1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/datetime.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/datetime.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
                 zone_options,
                 cell_paths,
             };
-            operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/duration.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/duration.rs
index 21494f3bcc..b459dd04b1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/duration.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/duration.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ fn into_duration(
                 ret
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/filesize.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/filesize.rs
index 010c031b2a..5be167e30c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/filesize.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/filesize.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/float.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/float.rs
index 9ccd7ea03f..43556bb5ef 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/float.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/float.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/glob.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/glob.rs
index e5d03093f4..ffc3655330 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/glob.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/glob.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ fn glob_helper(
         Ok(Value::glob(stream.into_string()?, false, head).into_pipeline_data())
     } else {
         let args = Arguments { cell_paths };
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/int.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/int.rs
index a3f1c92a4f..d4bfa61639 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/int.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/int.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             signed,
             cell_paths,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/record.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/record.rs
index e867f06e15..1f332d9c85 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/record.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/record.rs
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ fn into_record(
             ),
         },
         Value::Range { val, .. } => Value::record(
-            val.into_range_iter(span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            val.into_range_iter(span, engine_state.signals().clone())
                 .enumerate()
                 .map(|(idx, val)| (format!("{idx}"), val))
                 .collect(),
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/string.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/string.rs
index 7c7d69cf4e..2b35272b3e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/string.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/string.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use nu_cmd_base::input_handler::{operate, CmdArgument};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use nu_protocol::{into_code, Config};
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@ use num_format::ToFormattedString;
 struct Arguments {
     decimals_value: Option<i64>,
     cell_paths: Option<Vec<CellPath>>,
-    config: Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 }
 
 impl CmdArgument for Arguments {
@@ -174,13 +176,13 @@ fn string_helper(
             })
         }
     } else {
-        let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
         let args = Arguments {
             decimals_value,
             cell_paths,
             config,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/value.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/value.rs
index 4bf7e68f53..e8787e75bb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/value.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/value.rs
@@ -57,14 +57,12 @@ impl Command for IntoValue {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        let engine_state = engine_state.clone();
         let metadata = input.metadata();
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let span = call.head;
-        let display_as_filesizes = call.has_flag(&engine_state, stack, "prefer-filesizes")?;
+        let display_as_filesizes = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "prefer-filesizes")?;
 
         // the columns to update
-        let columns: Option<Value> = call.get_flag(&engine_state, stack, "columns")?;
+        let columns: Option<Value> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "columns")?;
         let columns: Option<HashSet<String>> = match columns {
             Some(val) => Some(
                 val.into_list()?
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@ impl Command for IntoValue {
             display_as_filesizes,
             span,
         }
-        .into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc)
+        .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone())
         .set_metadata(metadata))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/database/commands/into_sqlite.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/database/commands/into_sqlite.rs
index f3a2e3622a..88a6114ab3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/database/commands/into_sqlite.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/database/commands/into_sqlite.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@ use crate::database::values::sqlite::{open_sqlite_db, values_to_sql};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use std::{
-    path::Path,
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
-};
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
+use std::path::Path;
 
 pub const DEFAULT_TABLE_NAME: &str = "main";
 
@@ -188,23 +183,18 @@ fn operate(
     let file_name: Spanned<String> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let table_name: Option<Spanned<String>> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "table-name")?;
     let table = Table::new(&file_name, table_name)?;
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-
-    match action(input, table, span, ctrl_c) {
-        Ok(val) => Ok(val.into_pipeline_data()),
-        Err(e) => Err(e),
-    }
+    Ok(action(input, table, span, engine_state.signals())?.into_pipeline_data())
 }
 
 fn action(
     input: PipelineData,
     table: Table,
     span: Span,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
     match input {
         PipelineData::ListStream(stream, _) => {
-            insert_in_transaction(stream.into_iter(), span, table, ctrl_c)
+            insert_in_transaction(stream.into_iter(), span, table, signals)
         }
         PipelineData::Value(
             Value::List {
@@ -212,9 +202,9 @@ fn action(
                 internal_span,
             },
             _,
-        ) => insert_in_transaction(vals.into_iter(), internal_span, table, ctrl_c),
+        ) => insert_in_transaction(vals.into_iter(), internal_span, table, signals),
         PipelineData::Value(val, _) => {
-            insert_in_transaction(std::iter::once(val), span, table, ctrl_c)
+            insert_in_transaction(std::iter::once(val), span, table, signals)
         }
         _ => Err(ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
             exp_input_type: "list".into(),
@@ -229,7 +219,7 @@ fn insert_in_transaction(
     stream: impl Iterator<Item = Value>,
     span: Span,
     mut table: Table,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
     let mut stream = stream.peekable();
     let first_val = match stream.peek() {
@@ -251,17 +241,15 @@ fn insert_in_transaction(
     let tx = table.try_init(&first_val)?;
 
     for stream_value in stream {
-        if let Some(ref ctrlc) = ctrl_c {
-            if ctrlc.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-                tx.rollback().map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
-                    error: "Failed to rollback SQLite transaction".into(),
-                    msg: e.to_string(),
-                    span: None,
-                    help: None,
-                    inner: Vec::new(),
-                })?;
-                return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: None });
-            }
+        if let Err(err) = signals.check(span) {
+            tx.rollback().map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "Failed to rollback SQLite transaction".into(),
+                msg: e.to_string(),
+                span: None,
+                help: None,
+                inner: Vec::new(),
+            })?;
+            return Err(err);
         }
 
         let val = stream_value.as_record()?;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/database/values/sqlite.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/database/values/sqlite.rs
index 483da7672e..5d0f7d1fe3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/database/values/sqlite.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/database/values/sqlite.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::definitions::{
     db_column::DbColumn, db_constraint::DbConstraint, db_foreignkey::DbForeignKey,
     db_index::DbIndex, db_table::DbTable,
 };
-use nu_protocol::{CustomValue, PipelineData, Record, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value};
+use nu_protocol::{CustomValue, PipelineData, Record, ShellError, Signals, Span, Spanned, Value};
 use rusqlite::{
     types::ValueRef, Connection, DatabaseName, Error as SqliteError, OpenFlags, Row, Statement,
     ToSql,
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ use std::{
     fs::File,
     io::Read,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
 };
 
 const SQLITE_MAGIC_BYTES: &[u8] = "SQLite format 3\0".as_bytes();
@@ -24,25 +23,21 @@ pub struct SQLiteDatabase {
     // 1) YAGNI, 2) it's not obvious how cloning a connection could work, 3) state
     // management gets tricky quick. Revisit this approach if we find a compelling use case.
     pub path: PathBuf,
-    #[serde(skip)]
+    #[serde(skip, default = "Signals::empty")]
     // this understandably can't be serialized. think that's OK, I'm not aware of a
     // reason why a CustomValue would be serialized outside of a plugin
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 }
 
 impl SQLiteDatabase {
-    pub fn new(path: &Path, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(path: &Path, signals: Signals) -> Self {
         Self {
             path: PathBuf::from(path),
-            ctrlc,
+            signals,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn try_from_path(
-        path: &Path,
-        span: Span,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
+    pub fn try_from_path(path: &Path, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         let mut file = File::open(path).map_err(|e| ShellError::ReadingFile {
             msg: e.to_string(),
             span,
@@ -56,7 +51,7 @@ impl SQLiteDatabase {
             })
             .and_then(|_| {
                 if buf == SQLITE_MAGIC_BYTES {
-                    Ok(SQLiteDatabase::new(path, ctrlc))
+                    Ok(SQLiteDatabase::new(path, signals))
                 } else {
                     Err(ShellError::ReadingFile {
                         msg: "Not a SQLite file".into(),
@@ -72,7 +67,7 @@ impl SQLiteDatabase {
             Value::Custom { val, .. } => match val.as_any().downcast_ref::<Self>() {
                 Some(db) => Ok(Self {
                     path: db.path.clone(),
-                    ctrlc: db.ctrlc.clone(),
+                    signals: db.signals.clone(),
                 }),
                 None => Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
                     to_type: "database".into(),
@@ -107,16 +102,8 @@ impl SQLiteDatabase {
         call_span: Span,
     ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
         let conn = open_sqlite_db(&self.path, call_span)?;
-
-        let stream = run_sql_query(conn, sql, params, self.ctrlc.clone()).map_err(|e| {
-            ShellError::GenericError {
-                error: "Failed to query SQLite database".into(),
-                msg: e.to_string(),
-                span: Some(sql.span),
-                help: None,
-                inner: vec![],
-            }
-        })?;
+        let stream = run_sql_query(conn, sql, params, &self.signals)
+            .map_err(|e| e.into_shell_error(sql.span, "Failed to query SQLite database"))?;
 
         Ok(stream)
     }
@@ -352,12 +339,7 @@ impl SQLiteDatabase {
 
 impl CustomValue for SQLiteDatabase {
     fn clone_value(&self, span: Span) -> Value {
-        let cloned = SQLiteDatabase {
-            path: self.path.clone(),
-            ctrlc: self.ctrlc.clone(),
-        };
-
-        Value::custom(Box::new(cloned), span)
+        Value::custom(Box::new(self.clone()), span)
     }
 
     fn type_name(&self) -> String {
@@ -366,13 +348,8 @@ impl CustomValue for SQLiteDatabase {
 
     fn to_base_value(&self, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
         let db = open_sqlite_db(&self.path, span)?;
-        read_entire_sqlite_db(db, span, self.ctrlc.clone()).map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
-            error: "Failed to read from SQLite database".into(),
-            msg: e.to_string(),
-            span: Some(span),
-            help: None,
-            inner: vec![],
-        })
+        read_entire_sqlite_db(db, span, &self.signals)
+            .map_err(|e| e.into_shell_error(span, "Failed to read from SQLite database"))
     }
 
     fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn std::any::Any {
@@ -396,20 +373,12 @@ impl CustomValue for SQLiteDatabase {
     fn follow_path_string(
         &self,
         _self_span: Span,
-        _column_name: String,
+        column_name: String,
         path_span: Span,
     ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
         let db = open_sqlite_db(&self.path, path_span)?;
-
-        read_single_table(db, _column_name, path_span, self.ctrlc.clone()).map_err(|e| {
-            ShellError::GenericError {
-                error: "Failed to read from SQLite database".into(),
-                msg: e.to_string(),
-                span: Some(path_span),
-                help: None,
-                inner: vec![],
-            }
-        })
+        read_single_table(db, column_name, path_span, &self.signals)
+            .map_err(|e| e.into_shell_error(path_span, "Failed to read from SQLite database"))
     }
 
     fn typetag_name(&self) -> &'static str {
@@ -426,12 +395,12 @@ pub fn open_sqlite_db(path: &Path, call_span: Span) -> Result<Connection, ShellE
         open_connection_in_memory_custom()
     } else {
         let path = path.to_string_lossy().to_string();
-        Connection::open(path).map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
+        Connection::open(path).map_err(|err| ShellError::GenericError {
             error: "Failed to open SQLite database".into(),
-            msg: e.to_string(),
+            msg: err.to_string(),
             span: Some(call_span),
             help: None,
-            inner: vec![],
+            inner: Vec::new(),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -440,11 +409,10 @@ fn run_sql_query(
     conn: Connection,
     sql: &Spanned<String>,
     params: NuSqlParams,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-) -> Result<Value, SqliteError> {
+    signals: &Signals,
+) -> Result<Value, SqliteOrShellError> {
     let stmt = conn.prepare(&sql.item)?;
-
-    prepared_statement_to_nu_list(stmt, params, sql.span, ctrlc)
+    prepared_statement_to_nu_list(stmt, params, sql.span, signals)
 }
 
 // This is taken from to text local_into_string but tweaks it a bit so that certain formatting does not happen
@@ -456,11 +424,7 @@ pub fn value_to_sql(value: Value) -> Result<Box<dyn rusqlite::ToSql>, ShellError
         Value::Filesize { val, .. } => Box::new(val),
         Value::Duration { val, .. } => Box::new(val),
         Value::Date { val, .. } => Box::new(val),
-        Value::String { val, .. } => {
-            // don't store ansi escape sequences in the database
-            // escape single quotes
-            Box::new(nu_utils::strip_ansi_unlikely(&val).into_owned())
-        }
+        Value::String { val, .. } => Box::new(val),
         Value::Binary { val, .. } => Box::new(val),
         Value::Nothing { .. } => Box::new(rusqlite::types::Null),
         val => {
@@ -534,23 +498,56 @@ pub fn nu_value_to_params(value: Value) -> Result<NuSqlParams, ShellError> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum SqliteOrShellError {
+    SqliteError(SqliteError),
+    ShellError(ShellError),
+}
+
+impl From<SqliteError> for SqliteOrShellError {
+    fn from(error: SqliteError) -> Self {
+        Self::SqliteError(error)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ShellError> for SqliteOrShellError {
+    fn from(error: ShellError) -> Self {
+        Self::ShellError(error)
+    }
+}
+
+impl SqliteOrShellError {
+    fn into_shell_error(self, span: Span, msg: &str) -> ShellError {
+        match self {
+            Self::SqliteError(err) => ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: msg.into(),
+                msg: err.to_string(),
+                span: Some(span),
+                help: None,
+                inner: Vec::new(),
+            },
+            Self::ShellError(err) => err,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn read_single_table(
     conn: Connection,
     table_name: String,
     call_span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-) -> Result<Value, SqliteError> {
+    signals: &Signals,
+) -> Result<Value, SqliteOrShellError> {
     // TODO: Should use params here?
     let stmt = conn.prepare(&format!("SELECT * FROM [{table_name}]"))?;
-    prepared_statement_to_nu_list(stmt, NuSqlParams::default(), call_span, ctrlc)
+    prepared_statement_to_nu_list(stmt, NuSqlParams::default(), call_span, signals)
 }
 
 fn prepared_statement_to_nu_list(
     mut stmt: Statement,
     params: NuSqlParams,
     call_span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-) -> Result<Value, SqliteError> {
+    signals: &Signals,
+) -> Result<Value, SqliteOrShellError> {
     let column_names = stmt
         .column_names()
         .into_iter()
@@ -576,11 +573,7 @@ fn prepared_statement_to_nu_list(
             let mut row_values = vec![];
 
             for row_result in row_results {
-                if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
-                    // return whatever we have so far, let the caller decide whether to use it
-                    return Ok(Value::list(row_values, call_span));
-                }
-
+                signals.check(call_span)?;
                 if let Ok(row_value) = row_result {
                     row_values.push(row_value);
                 }
@@ -606,11 +599,7 @@ fn prepared_statement_to_nu_list(
             let mut row_values = vec![];
 
             for row_result in row_results {
-                if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
-                    // return whatever we have so far, let the caller decide whether to use it
-                    return Ok(Value::list(row_values, call_span));
-                }
-
+                signals.check(call_span)?;
                 if let Ok(row_value) = row_result {
                     row_values.push(row_value);
                 }
@@ -626,8 +615,8 @@ fn prepared_statement_to_nu_list(
 fn read_entire_sqlite_db(
     conn: Connection,
     call_span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-) -> Result<Value, SqliteError> {
+    signals: &Signals,
+) -> Result<Value, SqliteOrShellError> {
     let mut tables = Record::new();
 
     let mut get_table_names =
@@ -638,12 +627,8 @@ fn read_entire_sqlite_db(
         let table_name: String = row?;
         // TODO: Should use params here?
         let table_stmt = conn.prepare(&format!("select * from [{table_name}]"))?;
-        let rows = prepared_statement_to_nu_list(
-            table_stmt,
-            NuSqlParams::default(),
-            call_span,
-            ctrlc.clone(),
-        )?;
+        let rows =
+            prepared_statement_to_nu_list(table_stmt, NuSqlParams::default(), call_span, signals)?;
         tables.push(table_name, rows);
     }
 
@@ -710,7 +695,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn can_read_empty_db() {
         let db = open_connection_in_memory().unwrap();
-        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, Span::test_data(), None).unwrap();
+        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, Span::test_data(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
 
         let expected = Value::test_record(Record::new());
 
@@ -730,7 +715,7 @@ mod test {
             [],
         )
         .unwrap();
-        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, Span::test_data(), None).unwrap();
+        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, Span::test_data(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
 
         let expected = Value::test_record(record! {
             "person" => Value::test_list(vec![]),
@@ -759,7 +744,7 @@ mod test {
         db.execute("INSERT INTO item (id, name) VALUES (456, 'foo bar')", [])
             .unwrap();
 
-        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, span, None).unwrap();
+        let converted_db = read_entire_sqlite_db(db, span, &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
 
         let expected = Value::test_record(record! {
             "item" => Value::test_list(
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/date/humanize.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/date/humanize.rs
index 2815571520..d8542a540c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/date/humanize.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/date/humanize.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/date/list_timezone.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/date/list_timezone.rs
index 6f9267947d..56f7fe5376 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/date/list_timezone.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/date/list_timezone.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
                     head,
                 )
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_record.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_record.rs
index f9c0ceff1b..c0b09c040b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_record.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_record.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_table.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_table.rs
index 36c3f4a94a..7ce8bc171b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_table.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        input.map(move |value| helper(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_timezone.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_timezone.rs
index 5f41d287ae..3d08d7271b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_timezone.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/date/to_timezone.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| helper(value, head, &timezone),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/debug_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/debug_.rs
index c766081410..80a9067e49 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/debug_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/debug_.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl Command for Debug {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
         let raw = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "raw")?;
 
         // Should PipelineData::Empty result in an error here?
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl Command for Debug {
                     Value::string(x.to_expanded_string(", ", &config), head)
                 }
             },
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/explain.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/explain.rs
index b451d6916a..710e37935a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/explain.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/explain.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, get_eval_expression};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Argument, Block, Expr, Expression},
+    ast::{self, Argument, Block, Expr, Expression},
     engine::Closure,
 };
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn get_pipeline_elements(
 fn get_arguments(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
-    call: &Call,
+    call: &ast::Call,
     eval_expression_fn: fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Expression) -> Result<Value, ShellError>,
 ) -> Vec<Value> {
     let mut arg_value = vec![];
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata.rs
index 543e598e28..245c150cea 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ impl Command for Metadata {
             .category(Category::Debug)
     }
 
+    fn requires_ast_for_arguments(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -35,7 +39,7 @@ impl Command for Metadata {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        let arg = call.positional_nth(0);
+        let arg = call.positional_nth(stack, 0);
         let head = call.head;
 
         match arg {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata_set.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata_set.rs
index e4ee97a76b..c78a5df5c3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata_set.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/metadata_set.rs
@@ -42,36 +42,32 @@ impl Command for MetadataSet {
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         call: &Call,
-        input: PipelineData,
+        mut input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
         let ds_fp: Option<String> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "datasource-filepath")?;
         let ds_ls = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "datasource-ls")?;
         let content_type: Option<String> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "content-type")?;
 
-        let metadata = input
-            .metadata()
-            .clone()
-            .unwrap_or_default()
-            .with_content_type(content_type);
+        let mut metadata = match &mut input {
+            PipelineData::Value(_, metadata)
+            | PipelineData::ListStream(_, metadata)
+            | PipelineData::ByteStream(_, metadata) => metadata.take().unwrap_or_default(),
+            PipelineData::Empty => return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head }),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(content_type) = content_type {
+            metadata.content_type = Some(content_type);
+        }
 
         match (ds_fp, ds_ls) {
-            (Some(path), false) => Ok(input.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
-                head,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-                metadata.with_data_source(DataSource::FilePath(path.into())),
-            )),
-            (None, true) => Ok(input.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
-                head,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-                metadata.with_data_source(DataSource::Ls),
-            )),
-            _ => Ok(input.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
-                head,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-                metadata,
-            )),
+            (Some(path), false) => metadata.data_source = DataSource::FilePath(path.into()),
+            (None, true) => metadata.data_source = DataSource::Ls,
+            (Some(_), true) => (), // TODO: error here
+            (None, false) => (),
         }
+
+        Ok(input.set_metadata(Some(metadata)))
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
@@ -89,7 +85,9 @@ impl Command for MetadataSet {
             Example {
                 description: "Set the metadata of a file path",
                 example: "'crates' | metadata set --content-type text/plain | metadata",
-                result: Some(Value::record(record!("content_type" => Value::string("text/plain", Span::test_data())), Span::test_data())),
+                result: Some(Value::test_record(record! {
+                    "content_type" => Value::test_string("text/plain"),
+                })),
             },
         ]
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/mod.rs
index f19ddab916..ec18c2be87 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod profile;
 mod timeit;
 mod view;
 mod view_files;
+mod view_ir;
 mod view_source;
 mod view_span;
 
@@ -25,5 +26,6 @@ pub use profile::DebugProfile;
 pub use timeit::TimeIt;
 pub use view::View;
 pub use view_files::ViewFiles;
+pub use view_ir::ViewIr;
 pub use view_source::ViewSource;
 pub use view_span::ViewSpan;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/profile.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/profile.rs
index 0cef979094..e8254563df 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/profile.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/profile.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, ClosureEvalOnce};
-use nu_protocol::{debugger::Profiler, engine::Closure};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    debugger::{Profiler, ProfilerOptions},
+    engine::Closure,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct DebugProfile;
@@ -28,6 +31,7 @@ impl Command for DebugProfile {
                 Some('v'),
             )
             .switch("expr", "Collect expression types", Some('x'))
+            .switch("instructions", "Collect IR instructions", Some('i'))
             .switch("lines", "Collect line numbers", Some('l'))
             .named(
                 "max-depth",
@@ -91,19 +95,23 @@ confusing the id/parent_id hierarchy. The --expr flag is helpful for investigati
         let collect_expanded_source = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "expanded-source")?;
         let collect_values = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "values")?;
         let collect_exprs = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "expr")?;
+        let collect_instructions = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "instructions")?;
         let collect_lines = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "lines")?;
         let max_depth = call
             .get_flag(engine_state, stack, "max-depth")?
             .unwrap_or(2);
 
         let profiler = Profiler::new(
-            max_depth,
-            collect_spans,
-            true,
-            collect_expanded_source,
-            collect_values,
-            collect_exprs,
-            collect_lines,
+            ProfilerOptions {
+                max_depth,
+                collect_spans,
+                collect_source: true,
+                collect_expanded_source,
+                collect_values,
+                collect_exprs,
+                collect_instructions,
+                collect_lines,
+            },
             call.span(),
         );
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/timeit.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/timeit.rs
index a445679b81..7a48644a6d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/timeit.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/timeit.rs
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ impl Command for TimeIt {
         vec!["timing", "timer", "benchmark", "measure"]
     }
 
+    fn requires_ast_for_arguments(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -39,13 +43,14 @@ impl Command for TimeIt {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        let command_to_run = call.positional_nth(0);
+        // reset outdest, so the command can write to stdout and stderr.
+        let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(None, None);
+
+        let command_to_run = call.positional_nth(stack, 0);
 
         // Get the start time after all other computation has been done.
         let start_time = Instant::now();
 
-        // reset outdest, so the command can write to stdout and stderr.
-        let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(None, None);
         if let Some(command_to_run) = command_to_run {
             if let Some(block_id) = command_to_run.as_block() {
                 let eval_block = get_eval_block(engine_state);
@@ -53,7 +58,8 @@ impl Command for TimeIt {
                 eval_block(engine_state, stack, block, input)?
             } else {
                 let eval_expression_with_input = get_eval_expression_with_input(engine_state);
-                eval_expression_with_input(engine_state, stack, command_to_run, input)?.0
+                let expression = &command_to_run.clone();
+                eval_expression_with_input(engine_state, stack, expression, input)?.0
             }
         } else {
             PipelineData::empty()
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/debug/view_ir.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/view_ir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72136079fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/debug/view_ir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ViewIr;
+
+impl Command for ViewIr {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "view ir"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(self.name())
+            .required(
+                "target",
+                SyntaxShape::Any,
+                "The name or block to view compiled code for.",
+            )
+            .switch(
+                "json",
+                "Dump the raw block data as JSON (unstable).",
+                Some('j'),
+            )
+            .switch(
+                "decl-id",
+                "Integer is a declaration ID rather than a block ID.",
+                Some('d'),
+            )
+            .input_output_type(Type::Nothing, Type::String)
+            .category(Category::Debug)
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "View the compiled IR code for a block of code."
+    }
+
+    fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "
+The target can be a closure, the name of a custom command, or an internal block
+ID. Closure literals within IR dumps often reference the block by ID (e.g.
+`closure(3231)`), so this provides an easy way to read the IR of any embedded
+closures.
+
+The --decl-id option is provided to use a declaration ID instead, which can be
+found on `call` instructions. This is sometimes better than using the name, as
+the declaration may not be in scope.
+"
+        .trim()
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        call: &Call,
+        _input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let target: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+        let json = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "json")?;
+        let is_decl_id = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "decl-id")?;
+
+        let block_id = match target {
+            Value::Closure { ref val, .. } => val.block_id,
+            // Decl by name
+            Value::String { ref val, .. } => {
+                if let Some(decl_id) = engine_state.find_decl(val.as_bytes(), &[]) {
+                    let decl = engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
+                    decl.block_id().ok_or_else(|| ShellError::GenericError {
+                        error: format!("Can't view IR for `{val}`"),
+                        msg: "not a custom command".into(),
+                        span: Some(target.span()),
+                        help: Some("internal commands don't have Nushell source code".into()),
+                        inner: vec![],
+                    })?
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                        error: format!("Can't view IR for `{val}`"),
+                        msg: "can't find a command with this name".into(),
+                        span: Some(target.span()),
+                        help: None,
+                        inner: vec![],
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            // Decl by ID - IR dump always shows name of decl, but sometimes it isn't in scope
+            Value::Int { val, .. } if is_decl_id => {
+                let decl_id = val
+                    .try_into()
+                    .ok()
+                    .filter(|id| *id < engine_state.num_decls())
+                    .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
+                        msg: "not a valid decl id".into(),
+                        val_span: target.span(),
+                        call_span: call.head,
+                    })?;
+                let decl = engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
+                decl.block_id().ok_or_else(|| ShellError::GenericError {
+                    error: format!("Can't view IR for `{}`", decl.name()),
+                    msg: "not a custom command".into(),
+                    span: Some(target.span()),
+                    help: Some("internal commands don't have Nushell source code".into()),
+                    inner: vec![],
+                })?
+            }
+            // Block by ID - often shows up in IR
+            Value::Int { val, .. } => val.try_into().map_err(|_| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
+                msg: "not a valid block id".into(),
+                val_span: target.span(),
+                call_span: call.head,
+            })?,
+            // Pass through errors
+            Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error),
+            _ => {
+                return Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
+                    err_message: "expected closure, string, or int".into(),
+                    span: call.head,
+                })
+            }
+        };
+
+        let Some(block) = engine_state.try_get_block(block_id) else {
+            return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: format!("Unknown block ID: {block_id}"),
+                msg: "ensure the block ID is correct and try again".into(),
+                span: Some(target.span()),
+                help: None,
+                inner: vec![],
+            });
+        };
+
+        let ir_block = block
+            .ir_block
+            .as_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "Can't view IR for this block".into(),
+                msg: "block is missing compiled representation".into(),
+                span: block.span,
+                help: Some("the IrBlock is probably missing due to a compilation error".into()),
+                inner: vec![],
+            })?;
+
+        let formatted = if json {
+            let formatted_instructions = ir_block
+                .instructions
+                .iter()
+                .map(|instruction| {
+                    instruction
+                        .display(engine_state, &ir_block.data)
+                        .to_string()
+                })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&serde_json::json!({
+                "block_id": block_id,
+                "span": block.span,
+                "ir_block": ir_block,
+                "formatted_instructions": formatted_instructions,
+            }))
+            .map_err(|err| ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "JSON serialization failed".into(),
+                msg: err.to_string(),
+                span: Some(call.head),
+                help: None,
+                inner: vec![],
+            })?
+        } else {
+            format!("{}", ir_block.display(engine_state))
+        };
+
+        Ok(Value::string(formatted, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/default_context.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/default_context.rs
index 847d2349ed..6ef188d571 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/default_context.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/default_context.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub fn add_shell_command_context(mut engine_state: EngineState) -> EngineState {
             All,
             Any,
             Append,
+            Chunks,
             Columns,
             Compact,
             Default,
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ pub fn add_shell_command_context(mut engine_state: EngineState) -> EngineState {
             TimeIt,
             View,
             ViewFiles,
+            ViewIr,
             ViewSource,
             ViewSpan,
         };
@@ -289,7 +291,6 @@ pub fn add_shell_command_context(mut engine_state: EngineState) -> EngineState {
             ToText,
             ToToml,
             ToTsv,
-            Touch,
             Upsert,
             Where,
             ToXml,
@@ -396,6 +397,7 @@ pub fn add_shell_command_context(mut engine_state: EngineState) -> EngineState {
             RandomFloat,
             RandomInt,
             RandomUuid,
+            RandomBinary
         };
 
         // Generators
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_env.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_env.rs
index 32bd7bba90..777b6f3aac 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_env.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_env.rs
@@ -60,12 +60,13 @@ impl Command for ConfigEnv {
         let (editor_name, editor_args) = get_editor(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
         let paths = nu_engine::env::path_str(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
         let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack))?;
-        let editor_executable =
-            crate::which(&editor_name, &paths, &cwd).ok_or(ShellError::ExternalCommand {
+        let editor_executable = crate::which(&editor_name, &paths, cwd.as_ref()).ok_or(
+            ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                 label: format!("`{editor_name}` not found"),
                 help: "Failed to find the editor executable".into(),
                 span: call.head,
-            })?;
+            },
+        )?;
 
         let Some(env_path) = engine_state.get_config_path("env-path") else {
             return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_nu.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_nu.rs
index 08695ca5bb..80f0bbc012 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_nu.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/env/config/config_nu.rs
@@ -64,12 +64,13 @@ impl Command for ConfigNu {
         let (editor_name, editor_args) = get_editor(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
         let paths = nu_engine::env::path_str(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
         let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack))?;
-        let editor_executable =
-            crate::which(&editor_name, &paths, &cwd).ok_or(ShellError::ExternalCommand {
+        let editor_executable = crate::which(&editor_name, &paths, cwd.as_ref()).ok_or(
+            ShellError::ExternalCommand {
                 label: format!("`{editor_name}` not found"),
                 help: "Failed to find the editor executable".into(),
                 span: call.head,
-            })?;
+            },
+        )?;
 
         let Some(config_path) = engine_state.get_config_path("config-path") else {
             return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/env/export_env.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/env/export_env.rs
index 00f2c73ef4..7b583c9959 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/env/export_env.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/env/export_env.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ impl Command for ExportEnv {
         CommandType::Keyword
     }
 
+    fn requires_ast_for_arguments(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ impl Command for ExportEnv {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let block_id = call
-            .positional_nth(0)
+            .positional_nth(caller_stack, 0)
             .expect("checked through parser")
             .as_block()
             .expect("internal error: missing block");
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/env/source_env.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/env/source_env.rs
index 0d8b118e8d..1813a92f1f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/env/source_env.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/env/source_env.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl Command for SourceEnv {
             &source_filename.item,
             engine_state,
             caller_stack,
-            get_dirs_var_from_call(call),
+            get_dirs_var_from_call(caller_stack, call),
         )? {
             PathBuf::from(&path)
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/example_test.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/example_test.rs
index 476113aa2d..4879cab0a9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/example_test.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/example_test.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ mod test_examples {
         check_example_evaluates_to_expected_output,
         check_example_input_and_output_types_match_command_signature,
     };
-    use nu_cmd_lang::{Break, Echo, If, Let, Mut};
+    use nu_cmd_lang::{Break, Describe, Echo, If, Let, Mut};
     use nu_protocol::{
         engine::{Command, EngineState, StateWorkingSet},
         Type,
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ mod test_examples {
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Break));
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Date));
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Default));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Describe));
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Each));
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Echo));
             working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Enumerate));
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/cd.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/cd.rs
index 4e09d900d2..87071d2888 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/cd.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/cd.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,10 @@ impl Command for Cd {
 
         // If getting PWD failed, default to the initial directory. This way, the
         // user can use `cd` to recover PWD to a good state.
-        let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack)).unwrap_or(get_init_cwd());
+        let cwd = engine_state
+            .cwd(Some(stack))
+            .ok()
+            .unwrap_or_else(get_init_cwd);
 
         let path_val = {
             if let Some(path) = path_val {
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ impl Command for Cd {
                     if let Some(oldpwd) = stack.get_env_var(engine_state, "OLDPWD") {
                         oldpwd.to_path()?
                     } else {
-                        cwd
+                        cwd.into()
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Trim whitespace from the end of path.
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@ impl Command for Cd {
                 result: None,
             },
             Example {
-                description: "Change to the previous working directory ($OLDPWD)",
+                description: r#"Change to the previous working directory (same as "cd $env.OLDPWD")"#,
                 example: r#"cd -"#,
                 result: None,
             },
@@ -140,6 +143,16 @@ impl Command for Cd {
                 example: r#"def --env gohome [] { cd ~ }"#,
                 result: None,
             },
+            Example {
+                description: "Move two directories up in the tree (the parent directory's parent). Additional dots can be added for additional levels.",
+                example: r#"cd ..."#,
+                result: None,
+            },
+            Example {
+                description: "The cd command itself is often optional. Simply entering a path to a directory will cd to it.",
+                example: r#"/home"#,
+                result: None,
+            },
         ]
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/du.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/du.rs
index c48a1f7ac1..d34892ace9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/du.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/du.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ use crate::{DirBuilder, DirInfo, FileInfo};
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, current_dir};
 use nu_glob::Pattern;
-use nu_protocol::NuGlob;
+use nu_protocol::{NuGlob, Signals};
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Du;
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ impl Command for Du {
         let current_dir = current_dir(engine_state, stack)?;
 
         let paths = get_rest_for_glob_pattern(engine_state, stack, call, 0)?;
-        let paths = if call.rest_iter(0).count() == 0 {
+        let paths = if !call.has_positional_args(stack, 0) {
             None
         } else {
             Some(paths)
@@ -120,8 +119,8 @@ impl Command for Du {
                     min_size,
                 };
                 Ok(
-                    du_for_one_pattern(args, &current_dir, tag, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())?
-                        .into_pipeline_data(tag, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()),
+                    du_for_one_pattern(args, &current_dir, tag, engine_state.signals())?
+                        .into_pipeline_data(tag, engine_state.signals().clone()),
                 )
             }
             Some(paths) => {
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ impl Command for Du {
                         args,
                         &current_dir,
                         tag,
-                        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                        engine_state.signals(),
                     )?)
                 }
 
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ impl Command for Du {
                 Ok(result_iters
                     .into_iter()
                     .flatten()
-                    .into_pipeline_data(tag, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                    .into_pipeline_data(tag, engine_state.signals().clone()))
             }
         }
     }
@@ -164,8 +163,8 @@ impl Command for Du {
 fn du_for_one_pattern(
     args: DuArgs,
     current_dir: &Path,
-    call_span: Span,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    span: Span,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<impl Iterator<Item = Value> + Send, ShellError> {
     let exclude = args.exclude.map_or(Ok(None), move |x| {
         Pattern::new(x.item.as_ref())
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ fn du_for_one_pattern(
 
     let include_files = args.all;
     let mut paths = match args.path {
-        Some(p) => nu_engine::glob_from(&p, current_dir, call_span, None),
+        Some(p) => nu_engine::glob_from(&p, current_dir, span, None),
         // The * pattern should never fail.
         None => nu_engine::glob_from(
             &Spanned {
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ fn du_for_one_pattern(
                 span: Span::unknown(),
             },
             current_dir,
-            call_span,
+            span,
             None,
         ),
     }
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ fn du_for_one_pattern(
     let min_size = args.min_size.map(|f| f.item as u64);
 
     let params = DirBuilder {
-        tag: call_span,
+        tag: span,
         min: min_size,
         deref,
         exclude,
@@ -217,13 +216,13 @@ fn du_for_one_pattern(
         match p {
             Ok(a) => {
                 if a.is_dir() {
-                    output.push(DirInfo::new(a, &params, max_depth, ctrl_c.clone()).into());
-                } else if let Ok(v) = FileInfo::new(a, deref, call_span) {
+                    output.push(DirInfo::new(a, &params, max_depth, span, signals)?.into());
+                } else if let Ok(v) = FileInfo::new(a, deref, span) {
                     output.push(v.into());
                 }
             }
             Err(e) => {
-                output.push(Value::error(e, call_span));
+                output.push(Value::error(e, span));
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/glob.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/glob.rs
index b10e8893a0..212c6ceb92 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/glob.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/glob.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use wax::{Glob as WaxGlob, WalkBehavior, WalkEntry};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -125,7 +125,6 @@ impl Command for Glob {
         call: &Call,
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let span = call.head;
         let glob_pattern: Spanned<String> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let depth = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "depth")?;
@@ -216,7 +215,14 @@ impl Command for Glob {
                     inner: vec![],
                 })?
                 .flatten();
-            glob_to_value(ctrlc, glob_results, no_dirs, no_files, no_symlinks, span)
+            glob_to_value(
+                engine_state.signals(),
+                glob_results,
+                no_dirs,
+                no_files,
+                no_symlinks,
+                span,
+            )
         } else {
             let glob_results = glob
                 .walk_with_behavior(
@@ -227,12 +233,19 @@ impl Command for Glob {
                     },
                 )
                 .flatten();
-            glob_to_value(ctrlc, glob_results, no_dirs, no_files, no_symlinks, span)
+            glob_to_value(
+                engine_state.signals(),
+                glob_results,
+                no_dirs,
+                no_files,
+                no_symlinks,
+                span,
+            )
         }?;
 
         Ok(result
             .into_iter()
-            .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -252,7 +265,7 @@ fn convert_patterns(columns: &[Value]) -> Result<Vec<String>, ShellError> {
 }
 
 fn glob_to_value<'a>(
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     glob_results: impl Iterator<Item = WalkEntry<'a>>,
     no_dirs: bool,
     no_files: bool,
@@ -261,10 +274,7 @@ fn glob_to_value<'a>(
 ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
     let mut result: Vec<Value> = Vec::new();
     for entry in glob_results {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
-            result.clear();
-            return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: None });
-        }
+        signals.check(span)?;
         let file_type = entry.file_type();
 
         if !(no_dirs && file_type.is_dir()
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ls.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ls.rs
index a3ab1eca54..807e4f3409 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ls.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ls.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ use nu_engine::glob_from;
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env::current_dir};
 use nu_glob::MatchOptions;
 use nu_path::expand_to_real_path;
-use nu_protocol::{DataSource, NuGlob, PipelineMetadata};
+use nu_protocol::{DataSource, NuGlob, PipelineMetadata, Signals};
 use pathdiff::diff_paths;
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
 use std::{
     path::PathBuf,
-    sync::Arc,
     time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
@@ -93,7 +92,6 @@ impl Command for Ls {
         let du = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "du")?;
         let directory = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "directory")?;
         let use_mime_type = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "mime-type")?;
-        let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let call_span = call.head;
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         let cwd = current_dir(engine_state, stack)?;
@@ -110,16 +108,16 @@ impl Command for Ls {
         };
 
         let pattern_arg = get_rest_for_glob_pattern(engine_state, stack, call, 0)?;
-        let input_pattern_arg = if call.rest_iter(0).count() == 0 {
+        let input_pattern_arg = if !call.has_positional_args(stack, 0) {
             None
         } else {
             Some(pattern_arg)
         };
         match input_pattern_arg {
-            None => Ok(ls_for_one_pattern(None, args, ctrl_c.clone(), cwd)?
+            None => Ok(ls_for_one_pattern(None, args, engine_state.signals(), cwd)?
                 .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                     call_span,
-                    ctrl_c,
+                    engine_state.signals().clone(),
                     PipelineMetadata {
                         data_source: DataSource::Ls,
                         content_type: None,
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ impl Command for Ls {
                     result_iters.push(ls_for_one_pattern(
                         Some(pat),
                         args,
-                        ctrl_c.clone(),
+                        engine_state.signals(),
                         cwd.clone(),
                     )?)
                 }
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ impl Command for Ls {
                     .flatten()
                     .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                         call_span,
-                        ctrl_c,
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
                         PipelineMetadata {
                             data_source: DataSource::Ls,
                             content_type: None,
@@ -215,7 +213,7 @@ impl Command for Ls {
 fn ls_for_one_pattern(
     pattern_arg: Option<Spanned<NuGlob>>,
     args: Args,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     cwd: PathBuf,
 ) -> Result<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Value> + Send>, ShellError> {
     let Args {
@@ -342,7 +340,7 @@ fn ls_for_one_pattern(
 
     let mut hidden_dirs = vec![];
 
-    let one_ctrl_c = ctrl_c.clone();
+    let signals = signals.clone();
     Ok(Box::new(paths_peek.filter_map(move |x| match x {
         Ok(path) => {
             let metadata = match std::fs::symlink_metadata(&path) {
@@ -412,7 +410,7 @@ fn ls_for_one_pattern(
                         call_span,
                         long,
                         du,
-                        one_ctrl_c.clone(),
+                        &signals,
                         use_mime_type,
                     );
                     match entry {
@@ -474,7 +472,6 @@ fn path_contains_hidden_folder(path: &Path, folders: &[PathBuf]) -> bool {
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::os::unix::fs::FileTypeExt;
 use std::path::Path;
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 
 pub fn get_file_type(md: &std::fs::Metadata, display_name: &str, use_mime_type: bool) -> String {
     let ft = md.file_type();
@@ -523,7 +520,7 @@ pub(crate) fn dir_entry_dict(
     span: Span,
     long: bool,
     du: bool,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     use_mime_type: bool,
 ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
     #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -618,7 +615,7 @@ pub(crate) fn dir_entry_dict(
             if md.is_dir() {
                 if du {
                     let params = DirBuilder::new(Span::new(0, 2), None, false, None, false);
-                    let dir_size = DirInfo::new(filename, &params, None, ctrl_c).get_size();
+                    let dir_size = DirInfo::new(filename, &params, None, span, signals)?.get_size();
 
                     Value::filesize(dir_size as i64, span)
                 } else {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/open.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/open.rs
index 9000359450..0351d1d9b2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/open.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/open.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::util::get_rest_for_glob_pattern;
 #[allow(deprecated)]
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, current_dir, get_eval_block};
-use nu_protocol::{ByteStream, DataSource, NuGlob, PipelineMetadata};
+use nu_protocol::{ast, ByteStream, DataSource, NuGlob, PipelineMetadata};
 use std::path::Path;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
@@ -51,13 +51,12 @@ impl Command for Open {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let raw = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "raw")?;
         let call_span = call.head;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         let cwd = current_dir(engine_state, stack)?;
         let mut paths = get_rest_for_glob_pattern(engine_state, stack, call, 0)?;
         let eval_block = get_eval_block(engine_state);
 
-        if paths.is_empty() && call.rest_iter(0).next().is_none() {
+        if paths.is_empty() && !call.has_positional_args(stack, 0) {
             // try to use path from pipeline input if there were no positional or spread args
             let (filename, span) = match input {
                 PipelineData::Value(val, ..) => {
@@ -122,8 +121,12 @@ impl Command for Open {
                 } else {
                     #[cfg(feature = "sqlite")]
                     if !raw {
-                        let res = SQLiteDatabase::try_from_path(path, arg_span, ctrlc.clone())
-                            .map(|db| db.into_value(call.head).into_pipeline_data());
+                        let res = SQLiteDatabase::try_from_path(
+                            path,
+                            arg_span,
+                            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        )
+                        .map(|db| db.into_value(call.head).into_pipeline_data());
 
                         if res.is_ok() {
                             return res;
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ impl Command for Open {
                     };
 
                     let stream = PipelineData::ByteStream(
-                        ByteStream::file(file, call_span, ctrlc.clone()),
+                        ByteStream::file(file, call_span, engine_state.signals().clone()),
                         Some(PipelineMetadata {
                             data_source: DataSource::FilePath(path.to_path_buf()),
                             content_type: None,
@@ -177,7 +180,8 @@ impl Command for Open {
                                 let block = engine_state.get_block(block_id);
                                 eval_block(engine_state, stack, block, stream)
                             } else {
-                                decl.run(engine_state, stack, &Call::new(call_span), stream)
+                                let call = ast::Call::new(call_span);
+                                decl.run(engine_state, stack, &(&call).into(), stream)
                             };
                             output.push(command_output.map_err(|inner| {
                                     ShellError::GenericError{
@@ -203,7 +207,7 @@ impl Command for Open {
             Ok(output
                 .into_iter()
                 .flatten()
-                .into_pipeline_data(call_span, ctrlc))
+                .into_pipeline_data(call_span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/rm.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/rm.rs
index 9696ae0c2f..9e879cb2ad 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/rm.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/rm.rs
@@ -135,12 +135,9 @@ fn rm(
     let home: Option<String> = nu_path::home_dir().map(|path| {
         {
             if path.exists() {
-                match nu_path::canonicalize_with(&path, &currentdir_path) {
-                    Ok(canon_path) => canon_path,
-                    Err(_) => path,
-                }
+                nu_path::canonicalize_with(&path, &currentdir_path).unwrap_or(path.into())
             } else {
-                path
+                path.into()
             }
         }
         .to_string_lossy()
@@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ fn rm(
     }
 
     let span = call.head;
-    let rm_always_trash = engine_state.get_config().rm_always_trash;
+    let rm_always_trash = stack.get_config(engine_state).rm_always_trash;
 
     if !TRASH_SUPPORTED {
         if rm_always_trash {
@@ -451,12 +448,7 @@ fn rm(
     });
 
     for result in iter {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-            return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser {
-                span: Some(call.head),
-            });
-        }
-
+        engine_state.signals().check(call.head)?;
         match result {
             Ok(None) => {}
             Ok(Some(msg)) => eprintln!("{msg}"),
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/save.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/save.rs
index 1cfbbc67b4..619e7d0b2b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/save.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/save.rs
@@ -4,16 +4,13 @@ use nu_engine::get_eval_block;
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, current_dir};
 use nu_path::expand_path_with;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Expr, Expression},
-    byte_stream::copy_with_interrupt,
-    process::ChildPipe,
-    ByteStreamSource, DataSource, OutDest, PipelineMetadata,
+    ast, byte_stream::copy_with_signals, process::ChildPipe, ByteStreamSource, DataSource, OutDest,
+    PipelineMetadata, Signals,
 };
 use std::{
     fs::File,
     io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Read, Write},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
     thread,
 };
 
@@ -70,24 +67,6 @@ impl Command for Save {
         let append = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "append")?;
         let force = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "force")?;
         let progress = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "progress")?;
-        let out_append = if let Some(Expression {
-            expr: Expr::Bool(out_append),
-            ..
-        }) = call.get_parser_info("out-append")
-        {
-            *out_append
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
-        let err_append = if let Some(Expression {
-            expr: Expr::Bool(err_append),
-            ..
-        }) = call.get_parser_info("err-append")
-        {
-            *err_append
-        } else {
-            false
-        };
 
         let span = call.head;
         #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -110,48 +89,43 @@ impl Command for Save {
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) => {
                 check_saving_to_source_file(metadata.as_ref(), &path, stderr_path.as_ref())?;
 
-                let (file, stderr_file) = get_files(
-                    &path,
-                    stderr_path.as_ref(),
-                    append,
-                    out_append,
-                    err_append,
-                    force,
-                )?;
+                let (file, stderr_file) = get_files(&path, stderr_path.as_ref(), append, force)?;
 
                 let size = stream.known_size();
-                let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
+                let signals = engine_state.signals();
 
                 match stream.into_source() {
                     ByteStreamSource::Read(read) => {
-                        stream_to_file(read, size, ctrlc, file, span, progress)?;
+                        stream_to_file(read, size, signals, file, span, progress)?;
                     }
                     ByteStreamSource::File(source) => {
-                        stream_to_file(source, size, ctrlc, file, span, progress)?;
+                        stream_to_file(source, size, signals, file, span, progress)?;
                     }
                     ByteStreamSource::Child(mut child) => {
                         fn write_or_consume_stderr(
                             stderr: ChildPipe,
                             file: Option<File>,
                             span: Span,
-                            ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+                            signals: &Signals,
                             progress: bool,
                         ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
                             if let Some(file) = file {
                                 match stderr {
                                     ChildPipe::Pipe(pipe) => {
-                                        stream_to_file(pipe, None, ctrlc, file, span, progress)
+                                        stream_to_file(pipe, None, signals, file, span, progress)
                                     }
                                     ChildPipe::Tee(tee) => {
-                                        stream_to_file(tee, None, ctrlc, file, span, progress)
+                                        stream_to_file(tee, None, signals, file, span, progress)
                                     }
                                 }?
                             } else {
                                 match stderr {
                                     ChildPipe::Pipe(mut pipe) => {
-                                        io::copy(&mut pipe, &mut io::sink())
+                                        io::copy(&mut pipe, &mut io::stderr())
+                                    }
+                                    ChildPipe::Tee(mut tee) => {
+                                        io::copy(&mut tee, &mut io::stderr())
                                     }
-                                    ChildPipe::Tee(mut tee) => io::copy(&mut tee, &mut io::sink()),
                                 }
                                 .err_span(span)?;
                             }
@@ -163,14 +137,14 @@ impl Command for Save {
                                 // delegate a thread to redirect stderr to result.
                                 let handler = stderr
                                     .map(|stderr| {
-                                        let ctrlc = ctrlc.clone();
+                                        let signals = signals.clone();
                                         thread::Builder::new().name("stderr saver".into()).spawn(
                                             move || {
                                                 write_or_consume_stderr(
                                                     stderr,
                                                     stderr_file,
                                                     span,
-                                                    ctrlc,
+                                                    &signals,
                                                     progress,
                                                 )
                                             },
@@ -181,10 +155,10 @@ impl Command for Save {
 
                                 let res = match stdout {
                                     ChildPipe::Pipe(pipe) => {
-                                        stream_to_file(pipe, None, ctrlc, file, span, progress)
+                                        stream_to_file(pipe, None, signals, file, span, progress)
                                     }
                                     ChildPipe::Tee(tee) => {
-                                        stream_to_file(tee, None, ctrlc, file, span, progress)
+                                        stream_to_file(tee, None, signals, file, span, progress)
                                     }
                                 };
                                 if let Some(h) = handler {
@@ -202,7 +176,7 @@ impl Command for Save {
                                     stderr,
                                     stderr_file,
                                     span,
-                                    ctrlc,
+                                    signals,
                                     progress,
                                 )?;
                             }
@@ -222,14 +196,7 @@ impl Command for Save {
                     stderr_path.as_ref(),
                 )?;
 
-                let (mut file, _) = get_files(
-                    &path,
-                    stderr_path.as_ref(),
-                    append,
-                    out_append,
-                    err_append,
-                    force,
-                )?;
+                let (mut file, _) = get_files(&path, stderr_path.as_ref(), append, force)?;
                 for val in ls {
                     file.write_all(&value_to_bytes(val)?)
                         .map_err(|err| ShellError::IOError {
@@ -259,14 +226,7 @@ impl Command for Save {
                     input_to_bytes(input, Path::new(&path.item), raw, engine_state, stack, span)?;
 
                 // Only open file after successful conversion
-                let (mut file, _) = get_files(
-                    &path,
-                    stderr_path.as_ref(),
-                    append,
-                    out_append,
-                    err_append,
-                    force,
-                )?;
+                let (mut file, _) = get_files(&path, stderr_path.as_ref(), append, force)?;
 
                 file.write_all(&bytes).map_err(|err| ShellError::IOError {
                     msg: err.to_string(),
@@ -398,7 +358,8 @@ fn convert_to_extension(
             let eval_block = get_eval_block(engine_state);
             eval_block(engine_state, stack, block, input)
         } else {
-            decl.run(engine_state, stack, &Call::new(span), input)
+            let call = ast::Call::new(span);
+            decl.run(engine_state, stack, &(&call).into(), input)
         }
     } else {
         Ok(input)
@@ -474,19 +435,17 @@ fn get_files(
     path: &Spanned<PathBuf>,
     stderr_path: Option<&Spanned<PathBuf>>,
     append: bool,
-    out_append: bool,
-    err_append: bool,
     force: bool,
 ) -> Result<(File, Option<File>), ShellError> {
     // First check both paths
-    let (path, path_span) = prepare_path(path, append || out_append, force)?;
+    let (path, path_span) = prepare_path(path, append, force)?;
     let stderr_path_and_span = stderr_path
         .as_ref()
-        .map(|stderr_path| prepare_path(stderr_path, append || err_append, force))
+        .map(|stderr_path| prepare_path(stderr_path, append, force))
         .transpose()?;
 
     // Only if both files can be used open and possibly truncate them
-    let file = open_file(path, path_span, append || out_append)?;
+    let file = open_file(path, path_span, append)?;
 
     let stderr_file = stderr_path_and_span
         .map(|(stderr_path, stderr_path_span)| {
@@ -499,7 +458,7 @@ fn get_files(
                     inner: vec![],
                 })
             } else {
-                open_file(stderr_path, stderr_path_span, append || err_append)
+                open_file(stderr_path, stderr_path_span, append)
             }
         })
         .transpose()?;
@@ -510,7 +469,7 @@ fn get_files(
 fn stream_to_file(
     source: impl Read,
     known_size: Option<u64>,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     mut file: File,
     span: Span,
     progress: bool,
@@ -526,9 +485,9 @@ fn stream_to_file(
         let mut reader = BufReader::new(source);
 
         let res = loop {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
+            if let Err(err) = signals.check(span) {
                 bar.abandoned_msg("# Cancelled #".to_owned());
-                return Ok(());
+                return Err(err);
             }
 
             match reader.fill_buf() {
@@ -555,7 +514,7 @@ fn stream_to_file(
             Ok(())
         }
     } else {
-        copy_with_interrupt(source, file, span, ctrlc.as_deref())?;
+        copy_with_signals(source, file, span, signals)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ucp.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ucp.rs
index d73413d721..6077278c18 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ucp.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/ucp.rs
@@ -86,17 +86,22 @@ impl Command for UCp {
             },
             Example {
                 description: "Copy only if source file is newer than target file",
-                example: "cp -u a b",
+                example: "cp -u myfile newfile",
                 result: None,
             },
             Example {
                 description: "Copy file preserving mode and timestamps attributes",
-                example: "cp --preserve [ mode timestamps ] a b",
+                example: "cp --preserve [ mode timestamps ] myfile newfile",
                 result: None,
             },
             Example {
                 description: "Copy file erasing all attributes",
-                example: "cp --preserve [] a b",
+                example: "cp --preserve [] myfile newfile",
+                result: None,
+            },
+            Example {
+                description: "Copy file to a directory three levels above its current location",
+                example: "cp myfile ....",
                 result: None,
             },
         ]
@@ -235,7 +240,7 @@ impl Command for UCp {
         for (sources, need_expand_tilde) in sources.iter_mut() {
             for src in sources.iter_mut() {
                 if !src.is_absolute() {
-                    *src = nu_path::expand_path_with(&src, &cwd, *need_expand_tilde);
+                    *src = nu_path::expand_path_with(&*src, &cwd, *need_expand_tilde);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/umv.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/umv.rs
index d5c58f30e4..9f68a6697f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/umv.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/umv.rs
@@ -30,11 +30,21 @@ impl Command for UMv {
                 example: "mv test.txt my/subdirectory",
                 result: None,
             },
+            Example {
+                description: "Move only if source file is newer than target file",
+                example: "mv -u new/test.txt old/",
+                result: None,
+            },
             Example {
                 description: "Move many files into a directory",
                 example: "mv *.txt my/subdirectory",
                 result: None,
             },
+            Example {
+                description: r#"Move a file into the "my" directory two levels up in the directory tree"#,
+                example: "mv test.txt .../my/",
+                result: None,
+            },
         ]
     }
 
@@ -49,6 +59,11 @@ impl Command for UMv {
             .switch("verbose", "explain what is being done.", Some('v'))
             .switch("progress", "display a progress bar", Some('p'))
             .switch("interactive", "prompt before overwriting", Some('i'))
+            .switch(
+                "update",
+                "move and overwrite only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing",
+                Some('u')
+            )
             .switch("no-clobber", "do not overwrite an existing file", Some('n'))
             .rest(
                 "paths",
@@ -77,6 +92,11 @@ impl Command for UMv {
         } else {
             uu_mv::OverwriteMode::Force
         };
+        let update = if call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "update")? {
+            UpdateMode::ReplaceIfOlder
+        } else {
+            UpdateMode::ReplaceAll
+        };
 
         #[allow(deprecated)]
         let cwd = current_dir(engine_state, stack)?;
@@ -141,7 +161,7 @@ impl Command for UMv {
         for (files, need_expand_tilde) in files.iter_mut() {
             for src in files.iter_mut() {
                 if !src.is_absolute() {
-                    *src = nu_path::expand_path_with(&src, &cwd, *need_expand_tilde);
+                    *src = nu_path::expand_path_with(&*src, &cwd, *need_expand_tilde);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -164,7 +184,7 @@ impl Command for UMv {
             verbose,
             suffix: String::from("~"),
             backup: BackupMode::NoBackup,
-            update: UpdateMode::ReplaceAll,
+            update,
             target_dir: None,
             no_target_dir: false,
             strip_slashes: false,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/util.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/util.rs
index 1b755875bd..de32d204a0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/util.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/util.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use dialoguer::Input;
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, get_eval_expression};
-use nu_protocol::{ast::Expr, FromValue, NuGlob};
+use nu_protocol::{FromValue, NuGlob};
 use std::{
     error::Error,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
@@ -92,42 +92,19 @@ pub fn is_older(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> Option<bool> {
 
 /// Get rest arguments from given `call`, starts with `starting_pos`.
 ///
-/// It's similar to `call.rest`, except that it always returns NuGlob.  And if input argument has
-/// Type::Glob, the NuGlob is unquoted, which means it's required to expand.
+/// It's similar to `call.rest`, except that it always returns NuGlob.
 pub fn get_rest_for_glob_pattern(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
     call: &Call,
     starting_pos: usize,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Spanned<NuGlob>>, ShellError> {
-    let mut output = vec![];
     let eval_expression = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
 
-    for result in call.rest_iter_flattened(starting_pos, |expr| {
-        let result = eval_expression(engine_state, stack, expr);
-        match result {
-            Err(e) => Err(e),
-            Ok(result) => {
-                let span = result.span();
-                // convert from string to quoted string if expr is a variable
-                // or string interpolation
-                match result {
-                    Value::String { val, .. }
-                        if matches!(
-                            &expr.expr,
-                            Expr::FullCellPath(_) | Expr::StringInterpolation(_)
-                        ) =>
-                    {
-                        // should not expand if given input type is not glob.
-                        Ok(Value::glob(val, expr.ty != Type::Glob, span))
-                    }
-                    other => Ok(other),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    })? {
-        output.push(FromValue::from_value(result)?);
-    }
-
-    Ok(output)
+    call.rest_iter_flattened(engine_state, stack, eval_expression, starting_pos)?
+        .into_iter()
+        // This used to be much more complex, but I think `FromValue` should be able to handle the
+        // nuance here.
+        .map(FromValue::from_value)
+        .collect()
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/watch.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/watch.rs
index fda542c8a8..e6d86357b8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/watch.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filesystem/watch.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ impl Command for Watch {
                 "Watch all directories under `<path>` recursively. Will be ignored if `<path>` is a file (default: true)",
                 Some('r'),
             )
+            .switch("quiet", "Hide the initial status message (default: false)", Some('q'))
             .switch("verbose", "Operate in verbose mode (default: false)", Some('v'))
             .category(Category::FileSystem)
     }
@@ -94,6 +95,8 @@ impl Command for Watch {
 
         let verbose = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "verbose")?;
 
+        let quiet = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "quiet")?;
+
         let debounce_duration_flag: Option<Spanned<i64>> =
             call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "debounce-ms")?;
         let debounce_duration = match debounce_duration_flag {
@@ -143,7 +146,6 @@ impl Command for Watch {
             None => RecursiveMode::Recursive,
         };
 
-        let ctrlc_ref = &engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let (tx, rx) = channel();
 
         let mut debouncer = match new_debouncer(debounce_duration, None, tx) {
@@ -162,7 +164,9 @@ impl Command for Watch {
         // need to cache to make sure that rename event works.
         debouncer.cache().add_root(&path, recursive_mode);
 
-        eprintln!("Now watching files at {path:?}. Press ctrl+c to abort.");
+        if !quiet {
+            eprintln!("Now watching files at {path:?}. Press ctrl+c to abort.");
+        }
 
         let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, closure);
 
@@ -256,7 +260,7 @@ impl Command for Watch {
                 }
                 Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
             }
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(ctrlc_ref) {
+            if engine_state.signals().interrupted() {
                 break;
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/append.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/append.rs
index af5bd49283..2064bdf1e8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/append.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/append.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ only unwrap the outer list, and leave the variable's contents untouched."#
         Ok(input
             .into_iter()
             .chain(other.into_pipeline_data())
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/chunks.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/chunks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68d682ecd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/chunks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::ListStream;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Chunks;
+
+impl Command for Chunks {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "chunks"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build("chunks")
+            .input_output_types(vec![
+                (Type::table(), Type::list(Type::table())),
+                (Type::list(Type::Any), Type::list(Type::list(Type::Any))),
+            ])
+            .required("chunk_size", SyntaxShape::Int, "The size of each chunk.")
+            .category(Category::Filters)
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Divide a list or table into chunks of `chunk_size`."
+    }
+
+    fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "This command will error if `chunk_size` is negative or zero."
+    }
+
+    fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        vec!["batch", "group"]
+    }
+
+    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
+        vec![
+            Example {
+                example: "[1 2 3 4] | chunks 2",
+                description: "Chunk a list into pairs",
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(3), Value::test_int(4)]),
+                ])),
+            },
+            Example {
+                example: "[[foo bar]; [0 1] [2 3] [4 5] [6 7] [8 9]] | chunks 3",
+                description: "Chunk the rows of a table into triplets",
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_list(vec![
+                        Value::test_record(record! {
+                            "foo" => Value::test_int(0),
+                            "bar" => Value::test_int(1),
+                        }),
+                        Value::test_record(record! {
+                            "foo" => Value::test_int(2),
+                            "bar" => Value::test_int(3),
+                        }),
+                        Value::test_record(record! {
+                            "foo" => Value::test_int(4),
+                            "bar" => Value::test_int(5),
+                        }),
+                    ]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![
+                        Value::test_record(record! {
+                            "foo" => Value::test_int(6),
+                            "bar" => Value::test_int(7),
+                        }),
+                        Value::test_record(record! {
+                            "foo" => Value::test_int(8),
+                            "bar" => Value::test_int(9),
+                        }),
+                    ]),
+                ])),
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        call: &Call,
+        input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let head = call.head;
+        let chunk_size: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+
+        let size =
+            usize::try_from(chunk_size.as_int()?).map_err(|_| ShellError::NeedsPositiveValue {
+                span: chunk_size.span(),
+            })?;
+
+        let size = NonZeroUsize::try_from(size).map_err(|_| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
+            msg: "`chunk_size` cannot be zero".into(),
+            val_span: chunk_size.span(),
+            call_span: head,
+        })?;
+
+        chunks(engine_state, input, size, head)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn chunks(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    input: PipelineData,
+    chunk_size: NonZeroUsize,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    match input {
+        PipelineData::Value(Value::List { vals, .. }, metadata) => {
+            let chunks = ChunksIter::new(vals, chunk_size, span);
+            let stream = ListStream::new(chunks, span, engine_state.signals().clone());
+            Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+        }
+        PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
+            let stream = stream.modify(|iter| ChunksIter::new(iter, chunk_size, span));
+            Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+        }
+        input => Err(input.unsupported_input_error("list", span)),
+    }
+}
+
+struct ChunksIter<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> {
+    iter: I,
+    size: usize,
+    span: Span,
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> ChunksIter<I> {
+    fn new(iter: impl IntoIterator<IntoIter = I>, size: NonZeroUsize, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            iter: iter.into_iter(),
+            size: size.into(),
+            span,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> Iterator for ChunksIter<I> {
+    type Item = Value;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let first = self.iter.next()?;
+        let mut chunk = Vec::with_capacity(self.size); // delay allocation to optimize for empty iter
+        chunk.push(first);
+        chunk.extend((&mut self.iter).take(self.size - 1));
+        Some(Value::list(chunk, self.span))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples() {
+        use crate::test_examples;
+
+        test_examples(Chunks {})
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/compact.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/compact.rs
index 9a4e968e9b..f43d738ed1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/compact.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/compact.rs
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn compact(
                     _ => true,
                 }
             },
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
         .map(|m| m.set_metadata(metadata))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/default.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/default.rs
index 3eaa8d342e..e269c58ccd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/default.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/default.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl Command for Default {
     }
 
     fn usage(&self) -> &str {
-        "Sets a default row's column if missing."
+        "Sets a default value if a row's column is missing or null."
     }
 
     fn run(
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ impl Command for Default {
                 description:
                     "Get the env value of `MY_ENV` with a default value 'abc' if not present",
                 example: "$env | get --ignore-errors MY_ENV | default 'abc'",
-                result: None, // Some(Value::test_string("abc")),
+                result: Some(Value::test_string("abc")),
             },
             Example {
                 description: "Replace the `null` value in a list",
-                example: "[1, 2, null, 4] | default 3",
+                example: "[1, 2, null, 4] | each { default 3 }",
                 result: Some(Value::list(
                     vec![
                         Value::test_int(1),
@@ -66,6 +66,20 @@ impl Command for Default {
                     Span::test_data(),
                 )),
             },
+            Example {
+                description: r#"Replace the missing value in the "a" column of a list"#,
+                example: "[{a:1 b:2} {b:1}] | default 'N/A' a",
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_record(record! {
+                        "a" => Value::test_int(1),
+                        "b" => Value::test_int(2),
+                    }),
+                    Value::test_record(record! {
+                        "a" => Value::test_string("N/A"),
+                        "b" => Value::test_int(1),
+                    }),
+                ])),
+            },
         ]
     }
 }
@@ -80,8 +94,6 @@ fn default(
     let value: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let column: Option<Spanned<String>> = call.opt(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
 
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-
     if let Some(column) = column {
         input
             .map(
@@ -90,40 +102,26 @@ fn default(
                         val: ref mut record,
                         ..
                     } => {
-                        let mut found = false;
-
-                        for (col, val) in record.to_mut().iter_mut() {
-                            if *col == column.item {
-                                found = true;
-                                if matches!(val, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
-                                    *val = value.clone();
-                                }
+                        let record = record.to_mut();
+                        if let Some(val) = record.get_mut(&column.item) {
+                            if matches!(val, Value::Nothing { .. }) {
+                                *val = value.clone();
                             }
-                        }
-
-                        if !found {
-                            record.to_mut().push(column.item.clone(), value.clone());
+                        } else {
+                            record.push(column.item.clone(), value.clone());
                         }
 
                         item
                     }
                     _ => item,
                 },
-                ctrlc,
+                engine_state.signals(),
             )
             .map(|x| x.set_metadata(metadata))
     } else if input.is_nothing() {
         Ok(value.into_pipeline_data())
     } else {
-        input
-            .map(
-                move |item| match item {
-                    Value::Nothing { .. } => value.clone(),
-                    x => x,
-                },
-                ctrlc,
-            )
-            .map(|x| x.set_metadata(metadata))
+        Ok(input)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/column.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/column.rs
index 94c0308ea8..f168e6c2ca 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/column.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/column.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,11 @@ fn drop_cols(
                             Err(e) => Value::error(e, head),
                         }
                     }))
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                        head,
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        metadata,
+                    ))
             } else {
                 Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
             }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/nth.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/nth.rs
index a530de5aa1..a76c4f0d92 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/nth.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/nth.rs
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl Command for DropNth {
                             .take(start)
                             .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                                 head,
-                                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                                engine_state.signals().clone(),
                                 metadata,
                             ))
                     }
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ impl Command for DropNth {
             rows,
             current: 0,
         }
-        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/each.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/each.rs
index a074f63abb..a7035917b3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/each.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/each.rs
@@ -132,15 +132,13 @@ with 'transpose' first."#
                             Ok(data) => Some(data.into_value(head).unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                                 Value::error(chain_error_with_input(err, is_error, span), span)
                             })),
-                            Err(ShellError::Continue { span }) => Some(Value::nothing(span)),
-                            Err(ShellError::Break { .. }) => None,
                             Err(error) => {
                                 let error = chain_error_with_input(error, is_error, span);
                                 Some(Value::error(error, span))
                             }
                         }
                     })
-                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
             }
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => {
                 if let Some(chunks) = stream.chunks() {
@@ -149,10 +147,6 @@ with 'transpose' first."#
                         .map_while(move |value| {
                             let value = match value {
                                 Ok(value) => value,
-                                Err(ShellError::Continue { span }) => {
-                                    return Some(Value::nothing(span))
-                                }
-                                Err(ShellError::Break { .. }) => return None,
                                 Err(err) => return Some(Value::error(err, head)),
                             };
 
@@ -163,15 +157,13 @@ with 'transpose' first."#
                                 .and_then(|data| data.into_value(head))
                             {
                                 Ok(value) => Some(value),
-                                Err(ShellError::Continue { span }) => Some(Value::nothing(span)),
-                                Err(ShellError::Break { .. }) => None,
                                 Err(error) => {
                                     let error = chain_error_with_input(error, is_error, span);
                                     Some(Value::error(error, span))
                                 }
                             }
                         })
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
                 }
@@ -185,7 +177,7 @@ with 'transpose' first."#
         .and_then(|x| {
             x.filter(
                 move |x| if !keep_empty { !x.is_nothing() } else { true },
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                engine_state.signals(),
             )
         })
         .map(|data| data.set_metadata(metadata))
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/enumerate.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/enumerate.rs
index 1034780657..df0f4e2fca 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/enumerate.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/enumerate.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,6 @@ impl Command for Enumerate {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
         let metadata = input.metadata();
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
         Ok(input
             .into_iter()
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ impl Command for Enumerate {
                     head,
                 )
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/every.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/every.rs
index 1202b4f7c9..664be33bed 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/every.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/every.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Command for Every {
                     None
                 }
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/filter.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/filter.rs
index 1ba1508839..f2efaa3af3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/filter.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/filter.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ a variable. On the other hand, the "row condition" syntax is not supported."#
                             }
                         }
                     })
-                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                    .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
             }
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => {
                 if let Some(chunks) = stream.chunks() {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ a variable. On the other hand, the "row condition" syntax is not supported."#
                                 }
                             }
                         })
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
                 }
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ a variable. On the other hand, the "row condition" syntax is not supported."#
                         Some(Value::error(err, span))
                     }
                 }
-                .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
             }
         }
         .map(|data| data.set_metadata(metadata))
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/find.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/find.rs
index af626c1e75..9ed0c28a3c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/find.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/find.rs
@@ -213,8 +213,7 @@ fn find_with_regex(
     input: PipelineData,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = call.head;
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-    let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+    let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
     let insensitive = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-case")?;
     let multiline = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "multiline")?;
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ fn find_with_regex(
             Value::List { vals, .. } => values_match_find(vals, &re, &config, invert),
             _ => false,
         },
-        ctrlc,
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -349,18 +348,16 @@ fn find_with_rest_and_highlight(
     input: PipelineData,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = call.head;
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-    let engine_state = engine_state.clone();
-    let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
-    let filter_config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
-    let invert = call.has_flag(&engine_state, stack, "invert")?;
-    let terms = call.rest::<Value>(&engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+    let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+    let filter_config = config.clone();
+    let invert = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "invert")?;
+    let terms = call.rest::<Value>(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
     let lower_terms = terms
         .iter()
         .map(|v| Value::string(v.to_expanded_string("", &config).to_lowercase(), span))
         .collect::<Vec<Value>>();
 
-    let style_computer = StyleComputer::from_config(&engine_state, stack);
+    let style_computer = StyleComputer::from_config(engine_state, stack);
     // Currently, search results all use the same style.
     // Also note that this sample string is passed into user-written code (the closure that may or may not be
     // defined for "string").
@@ -369,7 +366,7 @@ fn find_with_rest_and_highlight(
         style_computer.compute("search_result", &Value::string("search result", span));
 
     let cols_to_search_in_map: Vec<_> = call
-        .get_flag(&engine_state, stack, "columns")?
+        .get_flag(engine_state, stack, "columns")?
         .unwrap_or_default();
 
     let cols_to_search_in_filter = cols_to_search_in_map.clone();
@@ -401,7 +398,7 @@ fn find_with_rest_and_highlight(
                         _ => x,
                     }
                 },
-                ctrlc.clone(),
+                engine_state.signals(),
             )?
             .filter(
                 move |value| {
@@ -414,7 +411,7 @@ fn find_with_rest_and_highlight(
                         invert,
                     )
                 },
-                ctrlc,
+                engine_state.signals(),
             ),
         PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
             let stream = stream.modify(|iter| {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/first.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/first.rs
index 97c5159b97..8f2e8db1b9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/first.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/first.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use std::io::Read;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -133,8 +134,7 @@ fn first_helper(
                     }
                 }
                 Value::Range { val, .. } => {
-                    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-                    let mut iter = val.into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone());
+                    let mut iter = val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty());
                     if return_single_element {
                         if let Some(v) = iter.next() {
                             Ok(v.into_pipeline_data())
@@ -142,9 +142,11 @@ fn first_helper(
                             Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: head })
                         }
                     } else {
-                        Ok(iter
-                            .take(rows)
-                            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, ctrlc, metadata))
+                        Ok(iter.take(rows).into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                            span,
+                            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                            metadata,
+                        ))
                     }
                 }
                 // Propagate errors by explicitly matching them before the final case.
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ fn first_helper(
                             ByteStream::read(
                                 reader.take(rows as u64),
                                 head,
-                                None,
+                                Signals::empty(),
                                 ByteStreamType::Binary,
                             ),
                             metadata,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/flatten.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/flatten.rs
index ec86677af4..b4faec9589 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/flatten.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/flatten.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn flatten(
     input
         .flat_map(
             move |item| flat_value(&columns, item, flatten_all),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
         .map(|x| x.set_metadata(metadata))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/get.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/get.rs
index 07f0ea9440..9f7d76277d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/get.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/get.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ If multiple cell paths are given, this will produce a list of values."#
         let mut rest: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
         let ignore_errors = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-errors")?;
         let sensitive = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "sensitive")?;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let metadata = input.metadata();
 
         if ignore_errors {
@@ -89,7 +88,9 @@ If multiple cell paths are given, this will produce a list of values."#
                 output.push(val?);
             }
 
-            Ok(output.into_iter().into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc))
+            Ok(output
+                .into_iter()
+                .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
         }
         .map(|x| x.set_metadata(metadata))
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/group.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/group.rs
index 821f35f34e..60c720e325 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/group.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/group.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::ValueIterator;
+use nu_protocol::{report_warning_new, ParseWarning, ValueIterator};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Group;
@@ -54,11 +54,19 @@ impl Command for Group {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let group_size: Spanned<usize> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-        let metadata = input.metadata();
 
-        //FIXME: add in support for external redirection when engine-q supports it generally
+        report_warning_new(
+            engine_state,
+            &ParseWarning::DeprecatedWarning {
+                old_command: "group".into(),
+                new_suggestion: "the new `chunks` command".into(),
+                span: head,
+                url: "`help chunks`".into(),
+            },
+        );
+
+        let group_size: Spanned<usize> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+        let metadata = input.metadata();
 
         let each_group_iterator = EachGroupIterator {
             group_size: group_size.item,
@@ -66,7 +74,11 @@ impl Command for Group {
             span: head,
         };
 
-        Ok(each_group_iterator.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata))
+        Ok(each_group_iterator.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+            head,
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+            metadata,
+        ))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/insert.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/insert.rs
index 5f1380b2ac..3b47c4e6a9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/insert.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/insert.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,11 @@ fn insert(
                 Ok(pre_elems
                     .into_iter()
                     .chain(stream)
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                        head,
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        metadata,
+                    ))
             } else if let Value::Closure { val, .. } = replacement {
                 let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, *val);
                 let stream = stream.map(move |mut value| {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/interleave.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/interleave.rs
index 85a92741a1..9890fede1e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/interleave.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/interleave.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ interleave
         // Now that threads are writing to the channel, we just return it as a stream
         Ok(rx
             .into_iter()
-            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/items.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/items.rs
index ed30486bee..fa7b680afd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/items.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/items.rs
@@ -60,14 +60,13 @@ impl Command for Items {
 
                                 match result {
                                     Ok(value) => Some(value),
-                                    Err(ShellError::Break { .. }) => None,
                                     Err(err) => {
                                         let err = chain_error_with_input(err, false, span);
                                         Some(Value::error(err, head))
                                     }
                                 }
                             })
-                            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                            .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                     }
                     Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
                     other => Err(ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/last.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/last.rs
index efb300db01..bb5a75fecd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/last.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/last.rs
@@ -99,14 +99,10 @@ impl Command for Last {
                 let mut buf = VecDeque::new();
 
                 for row in iterator {
-                    if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-                        return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: Some(head) });
-                    }
-
+                    engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
                     if buf.len() == rows {
                         buf.pop_front();
                     }
-
                     buf.push_back(row);
                 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/lines.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/lines.rs
index 0b037dcaac..fc957e1c0e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/lines.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/lines.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ impl Command for Lines {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let skip_empty = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "skip-empty")?;
 
         let span = input.span().unwrap_or(call.head);
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ impl Command for Lines {
                             Ok(line) => Value::string(line, head),
                             Err(err) => Value::error(err, head),
                         })
-                        .into_pipeline_data(head, ctrlc))
+                        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::empty())
                 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/merge.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/merge.rs
index 8a3e613c56..191ed1706c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/merge.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/merge.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ repeating this process with row 1, and so on."#
         let head = call.head;
         let merge_value: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let metadata = input.metadata();
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
         match (&input, merge_value) {
             // table (list of records)
@@ -110,7 +109,11 @@ repeating this process with row 1, and so on."#
                             (Err(error), _) => Value::error(error, head),
                         });
 
-                Ok(res.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata))
+                Ok(res.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                    head,
+                    engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                    metadata,
+                ))
             }
             // record
             (
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/mod.rs
index f43bdb10b2..4ffb0fc6db 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 mod all;
 mod any;
 mod append;
+mod chunks;
 mod columns;
 mod compact;
 mod default;
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ mod zip;
 pub use all::All;
 pub use any::Any;
 pub use append::Append;
+pub use chunks::Chunks;
 pub use columns::Columns;
 pub use compact::Compact;
 pub use default::Default;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/move_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/move_.rs
index d93368f291..6e826af050 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/move_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/move_.rs
@@ -144,7 +144,6 @@ impl Command for Move {
         };
 
         let metadata = input.metadata();
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
         match input {
             PipelineData::Value(Value::List { .. }, ..) | PipelineData::ListStream { .. } => {
@@ -158,7 +157,11 @@ impl Command for Move {
                     Err(error) => Value::error(error, head),
                 });
 
-                Ok(res.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata))
+                Ok(res.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                    head,
+                    engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                    metadata,
+                ))
             }
             PipelineData::Value(Value::Record { val, .. }, ..) => {
                 Ok(move_record_columns(&val, &columns, &before_or_after, head)?
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/par_each.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/par_each.rs
index af72895df6..958a7fbc76 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/par_each.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/par_each.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::utils::chain_error_with_input;
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, ClosureEvalOnce};
-use nu_protocol::engine::Closure;
+use nu_protocol::{engine::Closure, Signals};
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -158,12 +158,11 @@ impl Command for ParEach {
                             })
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone())
                     })),
                     Value::Range { val, .. } => Ok(create_pool(max_threads)?.install(|| {
-                        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
                         let vec = val
-                            .into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone())
+                            .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
                             .enumerate()
                             .par_bridge()
                             .map(move |(index, value)| {
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ impl Command for ParEach {
                             })
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc)
+                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone())
                     })),
                     // This match allows non-iterables to be accepted,
                     // which is currently considered undesirable (Nov 2022).
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ impl Command for ParEach {
                     })
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-                apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+                apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone())
             })),
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => {
                 if let Some(chunks) = stream.chunks() {
@@ -236,14 +235,14 @@ impl Command for ParEach {
                             })
                             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+                        apply_order(vec).into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone())
                     }))
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::empty())
                 }
             }
         }
-        .and_then(|x| x.filter(|v| !v.is_nothing(), engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+        .and_then(|x| x.filter(|v| !v.is_nothing(), engine_state.signals()))
         .map(|data| data.set_metadata(metadata))
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/prepend.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/prepend.rs
index f017420595..eeae0ef656 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/prepend.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/prepend.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ only unwrap the outer list, and leave the variable's contents untouched."#
             .into_pipeline_data()
             .into_iter()
             .chain(input)
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/range.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/range.rs
index c89a0b11f2..0d4e703bb1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/range.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/range.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl Command for Range {
                         Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::nothing(head), None))
                     } else {
                         let iter = v.into_iter().skip(from).take(to - from + 1);
-                        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                     }
                 } else {
                     let from = start as usize;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl Command for Range {
                         Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::nothing(head), None))
                     } else {
                         let iter = input.into_iter().skip(from).take(to - from + 1);
-                        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+                        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
                     }
                 }
                 .map(|x| x.set_metadata(metadata))
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reduce.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reduce.rs
index fc808ca9af..4fca1df3a4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reduce.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reduce.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ impl Command for Reduce {
     }
 
     fn usage(&self) -> &str {
-        "Aggregate a list to a single value using an accumulator closure."
+        "Aggregate a list (starting from the left) to a single value using an accumulator closure."
     }
 
     fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ impl Command for Reduce {
                 description: "Sum values of a list (same as 'math sum')",
                 result: Some(Value::test_int(10)),
             },
+            Example {
+                example: "[ 1 2 3 4 ] | reduce {|it, acc| $acc - $it }",
+                description: r#"`reduce` accumulates value from left to right, equivalent to (((1 - 2) - 3) - 4)."#,
+                result: Some(Value::test_int(-8)),
+            },
             Example {
                 example:
                     "[ 8 7 6 ] | enumerate | reduce --fold 0 {|it, acc| $acc + $it.item + $it.index }",
@@ -61,6 +66,11 @@ impl Command for Reduce {
                 description: "Sum values with a starting value (fold)",
                 result: Some(Value::test_int(20)),
             },
+            Example {
+                example: r#"[[foo baz] [baz quux]] | reduce --fold "foobar" {|it, acc| $acc | str replace $it.0 $it.1}"#,
+                description: "Iteratively perform string replace (from left to right): 'foobar' -> 'bazbar' -> 'quuxbar'",
+                result: Some(Value::test_string("quuxbar")),
+            },
             Example {
                 example: r#"[ i o t ] | reduce --fold "Arthur, King of the Britons" {|it, acc| $acc | str replace --all $it "X" }"#,
                 description: "Replace selected characters in a string with 'X'",
@@ -107,14 +117,10 @@ impl Command for Reduce {
         let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, closure);
 
         for value in iter {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-                break;
-            }
-
+            engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
             acc = closure
                 .add_arg(value)
-                .add_arg(acc)
-                .run_with_input(PipelineData::Empty)?
+                .run_with_value(acc)?
                 .into_value(head)?;
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/rename.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/rename.rs
index b803bd8567..1e7ce34028 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/rename.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/rename.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ fn rename(
                     ),
                 }
             },
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
         .map(|data| data.set_metadata(metadata))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reverse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reverse.rs
index f40e5f3be4..18891637ab 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reverse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/reverse.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl Command for Reverse {
         let metadata = input.metadata();
         let values = input.into_iter_strict(head)?.collect::<Vec<_>>();
         let iter = values.into_iter().rev();
-        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/select.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/select.rs
index 3514ac6be7..2fe4da3c36 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/select.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/select.rs
@@ -215,7 +215,11 @@ fn select(
             rows: unique_rows.into_iter().peekable(),
             current: 0,
         }
-        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call_span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata)
+        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+            call_span,
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+            metadata,
+        )
     } else {
         input
     };
@@ -236,7 +240,7 @@ fn select(
                                 //FIXME: improve implementation to not clone
                                 match input_val.clone().follow_cell_path(&path.members, false) {
                                     Ok(fetcher) => {
-                                        record.push(path.to_string().replace('.', "_"), fetcher);
+                                        record.push(path.to_string(), fetcher);
                                         if !columns_with_value.contains(&path) {
                                             columns_with_value.push(path);
                                         }
@@ -255,7 +259,7 @@ fn select(
 
                     Ok(output.into_iter().into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                         call_span,
-                        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
                         metadata,
                     ))
                 }
@@ -267,7 +271,7 @@ fn select(
                             // FIXME: remove clone
                             match v.clone().follow_cell_path(&cell_path.members, false) {
                                 Ok(result) => {
-                                    record.push(cell_path.to_string().replace('.', "_"), result);
+                                    record.push(cell_path.to_string(), result);
                                 }
                                 Err(e) => return Err(e),
                             }
@@ -291,7 +295,7 @@ fn select(
                         //FIXME: improve implementation to not clone
                         match x.clone().follow_cell_path(&path.members, false) {
                             Ok(value) => {
-                                record.push(path.to_string().replace('.', "_"), value);
+                                record.push(path.to_string(), value);
                             }
                             Err(e) => return Err(e),
                         }
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ fn select(
 
             Ok(values.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                 call_span,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 metadata,
             ))
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/shuffle.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/shuffle.rs
index 9e023b86c6..ec4bf8c454 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/shuffle.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/shuffle.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,11 @@ impl Command for Shuffle {
         let mut values = input.into_iter_strict(call.head)?.collect::<Vec<_>>();
         values.shuffle(&mut thread_rng());
         let iter = values.into_iter();
-        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+            call.head,
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+            metadata,
+        ))
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_.rs
index d293a743da..b64f438858 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use std::io::{self, Read};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -90,8 +91,6 @@ impl Command for Skip {
             }
             None => 1,
         };
-
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let input_span = input.span().unwrap_or(call.head);
         match input {
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) => {
@@ -102,7 +101,12 @@ impl Command for Skip {
                         io::copy(&mut (&mut reader).take(n as u64), &mut io::sink())
                             .err_span(span)?;
                         Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
-                            ByteStream::read(reader, call.head, None, ByteStreamType::Binary),
+                            ByteStream::read(
+                                reader,
+                                call.head,
+                                Signals::empty(),
+                                ByteStreamType::Binary,
+                            ),
                             metadata,
                         ))
                     } else {
@@ -124,7 +128,11 @@ impl Command for Skip {
             _ => Ok(input
                 .into_iter_strict(call.head)?
                 .skip(n)
-                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(input_span, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                    input_span,
+                    engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                    metadata,
+                )),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_until.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_until.rs
index bb36785e00..72cae739af 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_until.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_until.rs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl Command for SkipUntil {
                     .map(|cond| cond.is_false())
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_while.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_while.rs
index 2747ea6f97..ea9c12bf6a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_while.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/skip/skip_while.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl Command for SkipWhile {
                     .map(|cond| cond.is_true())
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort.rs
index 965b997355..179235302d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort.rs
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl Command for Sort {
                 let iter = vec.into_iter();
                 Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                     head,
-                    engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                    engine_state.signals().clone(),
                     metadata,
                 ))
             }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort_by.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort_by.rs
index f3f715bc9d..e832255a26 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort_by.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort_by.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl Command for SortBy {
         }
 
         let iter = vec.into_iter();
-        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+        Ok(iter.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_.rs
index 7ebe22f914..1876244bdd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use std::io::Read;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ impl Command for Take {
         let head = call.head;
         let rows_desired: usize = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
 
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let metadata = input.metadata();
 
         match input {
@@ -56,15 +56,23 @@ impl Command for Take {
                     Value::List { vals, .. } => Ok(vals
                         .into_iter()
                         .take(rows_desired)
-                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                            head,
+                            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                            metadata,
+                        )),
                     Value::Binary { val, .. } => {
                         let slice: Vec<u8> = val.into_iter().take(rows_desired).collect();
                         Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::binary(slice, span), metadata))
                     }
                     Value::Range { val, .. } => Ok(val
-                        .into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone())
+                        .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
                         .take(rows_desired)
-                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                            head,
+                            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                            metadata,
+                        )),
                     // Propagate errors by explicitly matching them before the final case.
                     Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
                     other => Err(ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
@@ -87,7 +95,7 @@ impl Command for Take {
                             ByteStream::read(
                                 reader.take(rows_desired as u64),
                                 head,
-                                None,
+                                Signals::empty(),
                                 ByteStreamType::Binary,
                             ),
                             metadata,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_until.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_until.rs
index 0df2407cb1..c8544d364a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_until.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_until.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,10 @@ impl Command for TakeUntil {
 
     fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
         Signature::build(self.name())
-            .input_output_types(vec![
-                (Type::table(), Type::table()),
-                (
-                    Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)),
-                    Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)),
-                ),
-            ])
+            .input_output_types(vec![(
+                Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)),
+                Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)),
+            )])
             .required(
                 "predicate",
                 SyntaxShape::Closure(Some(vec![SyntaxShape::Any, SyntaxShape::Int])),
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ impl Command for TakeUntil {
                     .map(|cond| cond.is_false())
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_while.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_while.rs
index 7c282ac38a..b8045080ea 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_while.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/take/take_while.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl Command for TakeWhile {
                     .map(|cond| cond.is_true())
                     .unwrap_or(false)
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/tee.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/tee.rs
index 2251f6646a..663b2f19af 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/tee.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/tee.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, get_eval_block_with_early_return};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    byte_stream::copy_with_interrupt, engine::Closure, process::ChildPipe, ByteStream,
-    ByteStreamSource, OutDest, PipelineMetadata,
+    byte_stream::copy_with_signals, engine::Closure, process::ChildPipe, ByteStream,
+    ByteStreamSource, OutDest, PipelineMetadata, Signals,
 };
 use std::{
     io::{self, Read, Write},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::AtomicBool,
-        mpsc::{self, Sender},
-        Arc,
-    },
+    sync::mpsc::{self, Sender},
     thread::{self, JoinHandle},
 };
 
@@ -103,12 +99,11 @@ use it in your pipeline."#
 
         if let PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) = input {
             let span = stream.span();
-            let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
             let type_ = stream.type_();
 
             let info = StreamInfo {
                 span,
-                ctrlc: ctrlc.clone(),
+                signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 type_,
                 metadata: metadata.clone(),
             };
@@ -123,7 +118,7 @@ use it in your pipeline."#
                     let tee = IoTee::new(read, tee_thread);
 
                     Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
-                        ByteStream::read(tee, span, ctrlc, type_),
+                        ByteStream::read(tee, span, engine_state.signals().clone(), type_),
                         metadata,
                     ))
                 }
@@ -136,7 +131,7 @@ use it in your pipeline."#
                     let tee = IoTee::new(file, tee_thread);
 
                     Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
-                        ByteStream::read(tee, span, ctrlc, type_),
+                        ByteStream::read(tee, span, engine_state.signals().clone(), type_),
                         metadata,
                     ))
                 }
@@ -234,19 +229,19 @@ use it in your pipeline."#
             }
 
             let span = input.span().unwrap_or(head);
-            let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
             let metadata = input.metadata();
             let metadata_clone = metadata.clone();
+            let signals = engine_state.signals().clone();
 
             Ok(tee(input.into_iter(), move |rx| {
-                let input = rx.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, ctrlc, metadata_clone);
+                let input = rx.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, signals, metadata_clone);
                 eval_block(input)
             })
             .err_span(call.head)?
             .map(move |result| result.unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, closure_span)))
             .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
                 span,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 metadata,
             ))
         }
@@ -386,8 +381,13 @@ fn spawn_tee(
     let thread = thread::Builder::new()
         .name("tee".into())
         .spawn(move || {
-            // We don't use ctrlc here because we assume it already has it on the other side
-            let stream = ByteStream::from_iter(receiver.into_iter(), info.span, None, info.type_);
+            // We use Signals::empty() here because we assume there already is a Signals on the other side
+            let stream = ByteStream::from_iter(
+                receiver.into_iter(),
+                info.span,
+                Signals::empty(),
+                info.type_,
+            );
             eval_block(PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, info.metadata))
         })
         .err_span(info.span)?;
@@ -398,13 +398,13 @@ fn spawn_tee(
 #[derive(Clone)]
 struct StreamInfo {
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
     type_: ByteStreamType,
     metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
 }
 
 fn copy(src: impl Read, dest: impl Write, info: &StreamInfo) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
-    copy_with_interrupt(src, dest, info.span, info.ctrlc.as_deref())?;
+    copy_with_signals(src, dest, info.span, &info.signals)?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -421,11 +421,11 @@ fn copy_on_thread(
     info: &StreamInfo,
 ) -> Result<JoinHandle<Result<(), ShellError>>, ShellError> {
     let span = info.span;
-    let ctrlc = info.ctrlc.clone();
+    let signals = info.signals.clone();
     thread::Builder::new()
         .name("stderr copier".into())
         .spawn(move || {
-            copy_with_interrupt(src, dest, span, ctrlc.as_deref())?;
+            copy_with_signals(src, dest, span, &signals)?;
             Ok(())
         })
         .map_err(|e| e.into_spanned(span).into())
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/transpose.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/transpose.rs
index 49caa56d18..4a14c1aea2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/transpose.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/transpose.rs
@@ -149,31 +149,30 @@ pub fn transpose(
     if !args.rest.is_empty() && args.header_row {
         return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParametersSingle {
             msg: "Can not provide header names and use `--header-row`".into(),
-            span: call.get_named_arg("header-row").expect("has flag").span,
+            span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "header-row").expect("has flag"),
         });
     }
     if !args.header_row && args.keep_all {
         return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParametersSingle {
             msg: "Can only be used with `--header-row`(`-r`)".into(),
-            span: call.get_named_arg("keep-all").expect("has flag").span,
+            span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "keep-all").expect("has flag"),
         });
     }
     if !args.header_row && args.keep_last {
         return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParametersSingle {
             msg: "Can only be used with `--header-row`(`-r`)".into(),
-            span: call.get_named_arg("keep-last").expect("has flag").span,
+            span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "keep-last").expect("has flag"),
         });
     }
     if args.keep_all && args.keep_last {
         return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParameters {
             left_message: "can't use `--keep-last` at the same time".into(),
-            left_span: call.get_named_arg("keep-last").expect("has flag").span,
+            left_span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "keep-last").expect("has flag"),
             right_message: "because of `--keep-all`".into(),
-            right_span: call.get_named_arg("keep-all").expect("has flag").span,
+            right_span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "keep-all").expect("has flag"),
         });
     }
 
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let metadata = input.metadata();
     let input: Vec<_> = input.into_iter().collect();
 
@@ -284,7 +283,11 @@ pub fn transpose(
             metadata,
         ))
     } else {
-        Ok(result_data.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(name, ctrlc, metadata))
+        Ok(result_data.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+            name,
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+            metadata,
+        ))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/uniq.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/uniq.rs
index 7d71d868f0..99abb4e152 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/uniq.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/uniq.rs
@@ -241,18 +241,18 @@ pub fn uniq(
     item_mapper: Box<dyn Fn(ItemMapperState) -> ValueCounter>,
     metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let head = call.head;
     let flag_show_count = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "count")?;
     let flag_show_repeated = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "repeated")?;
     let flag_ignore_case = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-case")?;
     let flag_only_uniques = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "unique")?;
 
+    let signals = engine_state.signals().clone();
     let uniq_values = input
         .into_iter()
         .enumerate()
         .map_while(|(index, item)| {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
+            if signals.interrupted() {
                 return None;
             }
             Some(item_mapper(ItemMapperState {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/update.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/update.rs
index e724ae77ad..d5ef0825ec 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/update.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/update.rs
@@ -187,7 +187,11 @@ fn update(
                 Ok(pre_elems
                     .into_iter()
                     .chain(stream)
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                        head,
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        metadata,
+                    ))
             } else if let Value::Closure { val, .. } = replacement {
                 let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, *val);
                 let stream = stream.map(move |mut value| {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/upsert.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/upsert.rs
index e3678972fb..af2e6c74b1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/upsert.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/upsert.rs
@@ -247,7 +247,11 @@ fn upsert(
                 Ok(pre_elems
                     .into_iter()
                     .chain(stream)
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                        head,
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        metadata,
+                    ))
             } else if let Value::Closure { val, .. } = replacement {
                 let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, *val);
                 let stream = stream.map(move |mut value| {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/utils.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/utils.rs
index 8d9b1300f6..4c67667e8e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/utils.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use nu_engine::{CallExt, ClosureEval};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Call,
-    engine::{Closure, EngineState, Stack},
+    engine::{Call, Closure, EngineState, Stack},
     IntoPipelineData, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value,
 };
 
@@ -32,10 +31,7 @@ pub fn boolean_fold(
     let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, closure);
 
     for value in input {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-            break;
-        }
-
+        engine_state.signals().check(head)?;
         let pred = closure.run_with_value(value)?.into_value(head)?.is_true();
 
         if pred == accumulator {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/values.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/values.rs
index f6ff8cda2e..9a08f1168c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/values.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/values.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ fn values(
     head: Span,
     input: PipelineData,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
+    let signals = engine_state.signals().clone();
     let metadata = input.metadata();
     match input {
         PipelineData::Empty => Ok(PipelineData::Empty),
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ fn values(
                 Value::List { vals, .. } => match get_values(&vals, head, span) {
                     Ok(cols) => Ok(cols
                         .into_iter()
-                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, signals, metadata)),
                     Err(err) => Err(err),
                 },
                 Value::Custom { val, .. } => {
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ fn values(
                     match get_values(&[input_as_base_value], head, span) {
                         Ok(cols) => Ok(cols
                             .into_iter()
-                            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, signals, metadata)),
                         Err(err) => Err(err),
                     }
                 }
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ fn values(
                     .values()
                     .cloned()
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, signals, metadata)),
                 // Propagate errors
                 Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),
                 other => Err(ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ fn values(
             match get_values(&vals, head, head) {
                 Ok(cols) => Ok(cols
                     .into_iter()
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata)),
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, signals, metadata)),
                 Err(err) => Err(err),
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/where_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/where_.rs
index 922879d09b..0a8c8c9ef3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/where_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/where_.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ not supported."#
                     Err(err) => Some(Value::error(err, head)),
                 }
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/window.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/window.rs
index 5b386b9f84..556543118b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/window.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/window.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::ValueIterator;
+use nu_protocol::ListStream;
+use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Window;
@@ -12,8 +13,8 @@ impl Command for Window {
     fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
         Signature::build("window")
             .input_output_types(vec![(
-                Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)),
-                Type::List(Box::new(Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)))),
+                Type::list(Type::Any),
+                Type::list(Type::list(Type::Any)),
             )])
             .required("window_size", SyntaxShape::Int, "The size of each window.")
             .named(
@@ -34,72 +35,41 @@ impl Command for Window {
         "Creates a sliding window of `window_size` that slide by n rows/elements across input."
     }
 
+    fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "This command will error if `window_size` or `stride` are negative or zero."
+    }
+
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
-        let stream_test_1 = vec![
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(2), Value::test_int(3)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(3), Value::test_int(4)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-        ];
-
-        let stream_test_2 = vec![
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(4), Value::test_int(5)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(7), Value::test_int(8)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-        ];
-
-        let stream_test_3 = vec![
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2), Value::test_int(3)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-            Value::list(
-                vec![Value::test_int(4), Value::test_int(5)],
-                Span::test_data(),
-            ),
-        ];
-
         vec![
             Example {
                 example: "[1 2 3 4] | window 2",
                 description: "A sliding window of two elements",
-                result: Some(Value::list(
-                    stream_test_1,
-                    Span::test_data(),
-                )),
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(2), Value::test_int(3)]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(3), Value::test_int(4)]),
+                ])),
             },
             Example {
                 example: "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] | window 2 --stride 3",
                 description: "A sliding window of two elements, with a stride of 3",
-                result: Some(Value::list(
-                    stream_test_2,
-                    Span::test_data(),
-                )),
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(2)]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(4), Value::test_int(5)]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(7), Value::test_int(8)]),
+                ])),
             },
             Example {
                 example: "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] | window 3 --stride 3 --remainder",
                 description: "A sliding window of equal stride that includes remainder. Equivalent to chunking",
-                result: Some(Value::list(
-                    stream_test_3,
-                    Span::test_data(),
-                )),
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(vec![
+                    Value::test_list(vec![
+                        Value::test_int(1),
+                        Value::test_int(2),
+                        Value::test_int(3),
+                    ]),
+                    Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_int(4), Value::test_int(5)]),
+                ])),
             },
         ]
     }
@@ -112,113 +82,169 @@ impl Command for Window {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let group_size: Spanned<usize> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-        let metadata = input.metadata();
-        let stride: Option<usize> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "stride")?;
+        let window_size: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+        let stride: Option<Value> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "stride")?;
         let remainder = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "remainder")?;
 
-        let stride = stride.unwrap_or(1);
+        let size =
+            usize::try_from(window_size.as_int()?).map_err(|_| ShellError::NeedsPositiveValue {
+                span: window_size.span(),
+            })?;
 
-        //FIXME: add in support for external redirection when engine-q supports it generally
+        let size = NonZeroUsize::try_from(size).map_err(|_| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
+            msg: "`window_size` cannot be zero".into(),
+            val_span: window_size.span(),
+            call_span: head,
+        })?;
 
-        let each_group_iterator = EachWindowIterator {
-            group_size: group_size.item,
-            input: Box::new(input.into_iter()),
-            span: head,
-            previous: None,
-            stride,
-            remainder,
+        let stride = if let Some(stride_val) = stride {
+            let stride = usize::try_from(stride_val.as_int()?).map_err(|_| {
+                ShellError::NeedsPositiveValue {
+                    span: stride_val.span(),
+                }
+            })?;
+
+            NonZeroUsize::try_from(stride).map_err(|_| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
+                msg: "`stride` cannot be zero".into(),
+                val_span: stride_val.span(),
+                call_span: head,
+            })?
+        } else {
+            NonZeroUsize::MIN
         };
 
-        Ok(each_group_iterator.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, ctrlc, metadata))
+        if remainder && size == stride {
+            super::chunks::chunks(engine_state, input, size, head)
+        } else if stride >= size {
+            match input {
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::List { vals, .. }, metadata) => {
+                    let chunks = WindowGapIter::new(vals, size, stride, remainder, head);
+                    let stream = ListStream::new(chunks, head, engine_state.signals().clone());
+                    Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+                }
+                PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
+                    let stream = stream
+                        .modify(|iter| WindowGapIter::new(iter, size, stride, remainder, head));
+                    Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+                }
+                input => Err(input.unsupported_input_error("list", head)),
+            }
+        } else {
+            match input {
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::List { vals, .. }, metadata) => {
+                    let chunks = WindowOverlapIter::new(vals, size, stride, remainder, head);
+                    let stream = ListStream::new(chunks, head, engine_state.signals().clone());
+                    Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+                }
+                PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
+                    let stream = stream
+                        .modify(|iter| WindowOverlapIter::new(iter, size, stride, remainder, head));
+                    Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata))
+                }
+                input => Err(input.unsupported_input_error("list", head)),
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
-struct EachWindowIterator {
-    group_size: usize,
-    input: ValueIterator,
-    span: Span,
-    previous: Option<Vec<Value>>,
+struct WindowOverlapIter<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> {
+    iter: I,
+    window: Vec<Value>,
     stride: usize,
     remainder: bool,
+    span: Span,
 }
 
-impl Iterator for EachWindowIterator {
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> WindowOverlapIter<I> {
+    fn new(
+        iter: impl IntoIterator<IntoIter = I>,
+        size: NonZeroUsize,
+        stride: NonZeroUsize,
+        remainder: bool,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            iter: iter.into_iter(),
+            window: Vec::with_capacity(size.into()),
+            stride: stride.into(),
+            remainder,
+            span,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> Iterator for WindowOverlapIter<I> {
     type Item = Value;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        let mut group = self.previous.take().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            let mut vec = Vec::new();
-
-            // We default to a Vec of capacity size + stride as striding pushes n extra elements to the end
-            vec.try_reserve(self.group_size + self.stride).ok();
-
-            vec
-        });
-        let mut current_count = 0;
-
-        if group.is_empty() {
-            loop {
-                let item = self.input.next();
-
-                match item {
-                    Some(v) => {
-                        group.push(v);
-
-                        current_count += 1;
-                        if current_count >= self.group_size {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        if self.remainder {
-                            break;
-                        } else {
-                            return None;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+        let len = if self.window.is_empty() {
+            self.window.capacity()
         } else {
-            // our historic buffer is already full, so stride instead
+            self.stride
+        };
 
-            loop {
-                let item = self.input.next();
+        self.window.extend((&mut self.iter).take(len));
 
-                match item {
-                    Some(v) => {
-                        group.push(v);
-
-                        current_count += 1;
-                        if current_count >= self.stride {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    None => {
-                        if self.remainder {
-                            break;
-                        } else {
-                            return None;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            // We now have elements + stride in our group, and need to
-            // drop the skipped elements. Drain to preserve allocation and capacity
-            // Dropping this iterator consumes it.
-            group.drain(..self.stride.min(group.len()));
+        if self.window.len() == self.window.capacity()
+            || (self.remainder && !self.window.is_empty())
+        {
+            let mut next = Vec::with_capacity(self.window.len());
+            next.extend(self.window.iter().skip(self.stride).cloned());
+            let window = std::mem::replace(&mut self.window, next);
+            Some(Value::list(window, self.span))
+        } else {
+            None
         }
+    }
+}
 
-        if group.is_empty() {
-            return None;
+struct WindowGapIter<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> {
+    iter: I,
+    size: usize,
+    skip: usize,
+    first: bool,
+    remainder: bool,
+    span: Span,
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> WindowGapIter<I> {
+    fn new(
+        iter: impl IntoIterator<IntoIter = I>,
+        size: NonZeroUsize,
+        stride: NonZeroUsize,
+        remainder: bool,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let size = size.into();
+        Self {
+            iter: iter.into_iter(),
+            size,
+            skip: stride.get() - size,
+            first: true,
+            remainder,
+            span,
         }
+    }
+}
 
-        let return_group = group.clone();
-        self.previous = Some(group);
+impl<I: Iterator<Item = Value>> Iterator for WindowGapIter<I> {
+    type Item = Value;
 
-        Some(Value::list(return_group, self.span))
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let mut window = Vec::with_capacity(self.size);
+        window.extend(
+            (&mut self.iter)
+                .skip(if self.first { 0 } else { self.skip })
+                .take(self.size),
+        );
+
+        self.first = false;
+
+        if window.len() == self.size || (self.remainder && !window.is_empty()) {
+            Some(Value::list(window, self.span))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/wrap.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/wrap.rs
index 52a0fb22c3..dfe1c11d03 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/wrap.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/wrap.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl Command for Wrap {
             | PipelineData::ListStream { .. } => Ok(input
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(move |x| Value::record(record! { name.clone() => x }, span))
-                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata)),
+                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata)),
             PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => Ok(Value::record(
                 record! { name => stream.into_value()? },
                 span,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/zip.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/zip.rs
index 9d81451ed4..59e2b4ac98 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/filters/zip.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/filters/zip.rs
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl Command for Zip {
             .into_iter()
             .zip(other)
             .map(move |(x, y)| Value::list(vec![x, y], head))
-            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), metadata))
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(head, engine_state.signals().clone(), metadata))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/delimited.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/delimited.rs
index 8f84890645..0fea7e082b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/delimited.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/delimited.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use csv::{ReaderBuilder, Trim};
-use nu_protocol::{ByteStream, ListStream, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value};
+use nu_protocol::{ByteStream, ListStream, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
 
 fn from_csv_error(err: csv::Error, span: Span) -> ShellError {
     ShellError::DelimiterError {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ fn from_delimited_stream(
     let input_reader = if let Some(stream) = input.reader() {
         stream
     } else {
-        return Ok(ListStream::new(std::iter::empty(), span, None));
+        return Ok(ListStream::new(std::iter::empty(), span, Signals::empty()));
     };
 
     let mut reader = ReaderBuilder::new()
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ fn from_delimited_stream(
         Value::record(columns.zip(values).collect(), span)
     });
 
-    Ok(ListStream::new(iter, span, None))
+    Ok(ListStream::new(iter, span, Signals::empty()))
 }
 
 pub(super) struct DelimitedReaderConfig {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub(super) fn from_delimited_data(
         PipelineData::Empty => Ok(PipelineData::Empty),
         PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => {
             let string = value.into_string()?;
-            let byte_stream = ByteStream::read_string(string, name, None);
+            let byte_stream = ByteStream::read_string(string, name, Signals::empty());
             Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(
                 from_delimited_stream(config, byte_stream, name)?,
                 metadata,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/json.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/json.rs
index a1b43abb0a..6d46df78a3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/json.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/json.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-use std::{
-    io::{BufRead, Cursor},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use std::io::{BufRead, Cursor};
 
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::{ListStream, PipelineMetadata};
+use nu_protocol::{ListStream, Signals};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct FromJson;
@@ -80,8 +77,13 @@ impl Command for FromJson {
             match input {
                 PipelineData::Value(Value::String { val, .. }, metadata) => {
                     Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(
-                        read_json_lines(Cursor::new(val), span, strict, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()),
-                        update_metadata(metadata),
+                        read_json_lines(
+                            Cursor::new(val),
+                            span,
+                            strict,
+                            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                        ),
+                        metadata,
                     ))
                 }
                 PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata)
@@ -89,8 +91,8 @@ impl Command for FromJson {
                 {
                     if let Some(reader) = stream.reader() {
                         Ok(PipelineData::ListStream(
-                            read_json_lines(reader, span, strict, None),
-                            update_metadata(metadata),
+                            read_json_lines(reader, span, strict, Signals::empty()),
+                            metadata,
                         ))
                     } else {
                         Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
@@ -113,10 +115,10 @@ impl Command for FromJson {
 
             if strict {
                 Ok(convert_string_to_value_strict(&string_input, span)?
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(update_metadata(metadata)))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata))
             } else {
                 Ok(convert_string_to_value(&string_input, span)?
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(update_metadata(metadata)))
+                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata))
             }
         }
     }
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ fn read_json_lines(
     input: impl BufRead + Send + 'static,
     span: Span,
     strict: bool,
-    interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 ) -> ListStream {
     let iter = input
         .lines()
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ fn read_json_lines(
         })
         .map(move |result| result.unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, span)));
 
-    ListStream::new(iter, span, interrupt)
+    ListStream::new(iter, span, signals)
 }
 
 fn convert_nujson_to_value(value: nu_json::Value, span: Span) -> Value {
@@ -263,14 +265,6 @@ fn convert_string_to_value_strict(string_input: &str, span: Span) -> Result<Valu
     }
 }
 
-fn update_metadata(metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>) -> Option<PipelineMetadata> {
-    metadata
-        .map(|md| md.with_content_type(Some("application/json".into())))
-        .or_else(|| {
-            Some(PipelineMetadata::default().with_content_type(Some("application/json".into())))
-        })
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpack.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpack.rs
index 4d8ea5e320..d3d0d710f1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpack.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpack.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ use std::{
     error::Error,
     io::{self, Cursor, ErrorKind},
     string::FromUtf8Error,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
 };
 
 use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt};
 use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use rmp::decode::{self as mp, ValueReadError};
 
 /// Max recursion depth
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ MessagePack: https://msgpack.org/
         let opts = Opts {
             span: call.head,
             objects,
-            ctrlc: engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
         };
         match input {
             // Deserialize from a byte buffer
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ impl From<ReadError> for ShellError {
 pub(crate) struct Opts {
     pub span: Span,
     pub objects: bool,
-    pub ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    pub signals: Signals,
 }
 
 /// Read single or multiple values into PipelineData
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_msgpack(
     let Opts {
         span,
         objects,
-        ctrlc,
+        signals,
     } = opts;
     if objects {
         // Make an iterator that reads multiple values from the reader
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_msgpack(
                 None
             }
         })
-        .into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc))
+        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals))
     } else {
         // Read a single value and then make sure it's EOF
         let result = read_value(&mut input, span, 0)?;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpackz.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpackz.rs
index 7960f3f97a..c98b72cdd6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpackz.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/msgpackz.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl Command for FromMsgpackz {
         let opts = Opts {
             span,
             objects,
-            ctrlc: engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
         };
         match input {
             // Deserialize from a byte buffer
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/toml.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/toml.rs
index e1ddca3164..266911f50a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/toml.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/toml.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use std::str::FromStr;
+use toml::value::{Datetime, Offset};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct FromToml;
@@ -56,6 +56,54 @@ b = [1, 2]' | from toml",
     }
 }
 
+fn convert_toml_datetime_to_value(dt: &Datetime, span: Span) -> Value {
+    match &dt.clone() {
+        toml::value::Datetime {
+            date: Some(_),
+            time: _,
+            offset: _,
+        } => (),
+        _ => return Value::string(dt.to_string(), span),
+    }
+
+    let date = match dt.date {
+        Some(date) => {
+            chrono::NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(date.year.into(), date.month.into(), date.day.into())
+        }
+        None => Some(chrono::NaiveDate::default()),
+    };
+
+    let time = match dt.time {
+        Some(time) => chrono::NaiveTime::from_hms_nano_opt(
+            time.hour.into(),
+            time.minute.into(),
+            time.second.into(),
+            time.nanosecond,
+        ),
+        None => Some(chrono::NaiveTime::default()),
+    };
+
+    let tz = match dt.offset {
+        Some(offset) => match offset {
+            Offset::Z => chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(0),
+            Offset::Custom { minutes: min } => chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(min as i32 * 60),
+        },
+        None => chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(0),
+    };
+
+    let datetime = match (date, time, tz) {
+        (Some(date), Some(time), Some(tz)) => chrono::NaiveDateTime::new(date, time)
+            .and_local_timezone(tz)
+            .earliest(),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    match datetime {
+        Some(datetime) => Value::date(datetime, span),
+        None => Value::string(dt.to_string(), span),
+    }
+}
+
 fn convert_toml_to_value(value: &toml::Value, span: Span) -> Value {
     match value {
         toml::Value::Array(array) => {
@@ -76,13 +124,7 @@ fn convert_toml_to_value(value: &toml::Value, span: Span) -> Value {
             span,
         ),
         toml::Value::String(s) => Value::string(s.clone(), span),
-        toml::Value::Datetime(d) => match chrono::DateTime::from_str(&d.to_string()) {
-            Ok(nushell_date) => Value::date(nushell_date, span),
-            // in the unlikely event that parsing goes wrong, this function still returns a valid
-            // nushell date (however the default one). This decision was made to make the output of
-            // this function uniform amongst all eventualities
-            Err(_) => Value::date(chrono::DateTime::default(), span),
-        },
+        toml::Value::Datetime(dt) => convert_toml_datetime_to_value(dt, span),
     }
 }
 
@@ -113,32 +155,6 @@ mod tests {
         test_examples(FromToml {})
     }
 
-    #[test]
-    fn from_toml_creates_nushell_date() {
-        let toml_date = toml::Value::Datetime(Datetime {
-            date: Option::from(toml::value::Date {
-                year: 1980,
-                month: 10,
-                day: 12,
-            }),
-            time: Option::from(toml::value::Time {
-                hour: 10,
-                minute: 12,
-                second: 44,
-                nanosecond: 0,
-            }),
-            offset: Option::from(toml::value::Offset::Custom { minutes: 120 }),
-        });
-
-        let span = Span::test_data();
-        let reference_date = Value::date(Default::default(), Span::test_data());
-
-        let result = convert_toml_to_value(&toml_date, span);
-
-        //positive test (from toml returns a nushell date)
-        assert_eq!(result.get_type(), reference_date.get_type());
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn from_toml_creates_correct_date() {
         let toml_date = toml::Value::Datetime(Datetime {
@@ -206,4 +222,113 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert!(result.is_err());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn convert_toml_datetime_to_value_date_time_offset() {
+        let toml_date = Datetime {
+            date: Option::from(toml::value::Date {
+                year: 2000,
+                month: 1,
+                day: 1,
+            }),
+            time: Option::from(toml::value::Time {
+                hour: 12,
+                minute: 12,
+                second: 12,
+                nanosecond: 0,
+            }),
+            offset: Option::from(toml::value::Offset::Custom { minutes: 120 }),
+        };
+
+        let span = Span::test_data();
+        let reference_date = Value::date(
+            chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(60 * 120)
+                .unwrap()
+                .with_ymd_and_hms(2000, 1, 1, 12, 12, 12)
+                .unwrap(),
+            span,
+        );
+
+        let result = convert_toml_datetime_to_value(&toml_date, span);
+
+        assert_eq!(result, reference_date);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn convert_toml_datetime_to_value_date_time() {
+        let toml_date = Datetime {
+            date: Option::from(toml::value::Date {
+                year: 2000,
+                month: 1,
+                day: 1,
+            }),
+            time: Option::from(toml::value::Time {
+                hour: 12,
+                minute: 12,
+                second: 12,
+                nanosecond: 0,
+            }),
+            offset: None,
+        };
+
+        let span = Span::test_data();
+        let reference_date = Value::date(
+            chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .with_ymd_and_hms(2000, 1, 1, 12, 12, 12)
+                .unwrap(),
+            span,
+        );
+
+        let result = convert_toml_datetime_to_value(&toml_date, span);
+
+        assert_eq!(result, reference_date);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn convert_toml_datetime_to_value_date() {
+        let toml_date = Datetime {
+            date: Option::from(toml::value::Date {
+                year: 2000,
+                month: 1,
+                day: 1,
+            }),
+            time: None,
+            offset: None,
+        };
+
+        let span = Span::test_data();
+        let reference_date = Value::date(
+            chrono::FixedOffset::east_opt(0)
+                .unwrap()
+                .with_ymd_and_hms(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+                .unwrap(),
+            span,
+        );
+
+        let result = convert_toml_datetime_to_value(&toml_date, span);
+
+        assert_eq!(result, reference_date);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn convert_toml_datetime_to_value_only_time() {
+        let toml_date = Datetime {
+            date: None,
+            time: Option::from(toml::value::Time {
+                hour: 12,
+                minute: 12,
+                second: 12,
+                nanosecond: 0,
+            }),
+            offset: None,
+        };
+
+        let span = Span::test_data();
+        let reference_date = Value::string(toml_date.to_string(), span);
+
+        let result = convert_toml_datetime_to_value(&toml_date, span);
+
+        assert_eq!(result, reference_date);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/csv.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/csv.rs
index e7786e60cc..c5847abd6a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/csv.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/csv.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ use crate::formats::to::delimited::to_delimited_data;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use nu_protocol::Config;
 
+use super::delimited::ToDelimitedDataArgs;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ToCsv;
 
@@ -116,17 +118,62 @@ fn to_csv(
         },
     };
 
-    to_delimited_data(noheaders, sep, columns, "CSV", input, head, config)
+    to_delimited_data(
+        ToDelimitedDataArgs {
+            noheaders,
+            separator: sep,
+            columns,
+            format_name: "CSV",
+            input,
+            head,
+            content_type: Some(mime::TEXT_CSV.to_string()),
+        },
+        config,
+    )
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_examples() {
         use crate::test_examples;
-
         test_examples(ToCsv {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToCsv {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to csv  | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("text/csv"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/delimited.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/delimited.rs
index a7a2480a34..ac04739a3d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/delimited.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/delimited.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use csv::WriterBuilder;
 use nu_cmd_base::formats::to::delimited::merge_descriptors;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Config, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Config, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 use std::{iter, sync::Arc};
 
@@ -69,18 +69,36 @@ fn make_cant_convert_error(value: &Value, format_name: &'static str) -> ShellErr
     }
 }
 
+pub struct ToDelimitedDataArgs {
+    pub noheaders: bool,
+    pub separator: Spanned<char>,
+    pub columns: Option<Vec<String>>,
+    pub format_name: &'static str,
+    pub input: PipelineData,
+    pub head: Span,
+    pub content_type: Option<String>,
+}
+
 pub fn to_delimited_data(
-    noheaders: bool,
-    separator: Spanned<char>,
-    columns: Option<Vec<String>>,
-    format_name: &'static str,
-    input: PipelineData,
-    head: Span,
+    ToDelimitedDataArgs {
+        noheaders,
+        separator,
+        columns,
+        format_name,
+        input,
+        head,
+        content_type,
+    }: ToDelimitedDataArgs,
     config: Arc<Config>,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let mut input = input;
     let span = input.span().unwrap_or(head);
-    let metadata = input.metadata();
+    let metadata = Some(
+        input
+            .metadata()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .with_content_type(content_type),
+    );
 
     let separator = u8::try_from(separator.item).map_err(|_| ShellError::IncorrectValue {
         msg: "separator must be an ASCII character".into(),
@@ -128,37 +146,42 @@ pub fn to_delimited_data(
     // If we're configured to generate a header, we generate it first, then set this false
     let mut is_header = !noheaders;
 
-    let stream = ByteStream::from_fn(head, None, ByteStreamType::String, move |buffer| {
-        let mut wtr = WriterBuilder::new()
-            .delimiter(separator)
-            .from_writer(buffer);
+    let stream = ByteStream::from_fn(
+        head,
+        Signals::empty(),
+        ByteStreamType::String,
+        move |buffer| {
+            let mut wtr = WriterBuilder::new()
+                .delimiter(separator)
+                .from_writer(buffer);
 
-        if is_header {
-            // Unless we are configured not to write a header, we write the header row now, once,
-            // before everything else.
-            wtr.write_record(&columns)
-                .map_err(|err| make_csv_error(err, format_name, head))?;
-            is_header = false;
-            Ok(true)
-        } else if let Some(row) = iter.next() {
-            // Write each column of a normal row, in order
-            let record = row.into_record()?;
-            for column in &columns {
-                let field = record
-                    .get(column)
-                    .map(|v| to_string_tagged_value(v, &config, format_name))
-                    .unwrap_or(Ok(String::new()))?;
-                wtr.write_field(field)
+            if is_header {
+                // Unless we are configured not to write a header, we write the header row now, once,
+                // before everything else.
+                wtr.write_record(&columns)
                     .map_err(|err| make_csv_error(err, format_name, head))?;
+                is_header = false;
+                Ok(true)
+            } else if let Some(row) = iter.next() {
+                // Write each column of a normal row, in order
+                let record = row.into_record()?;
+                for column in &columns {
+                    let field = record
+                        .get(column)
+                        .map(|v| to_string_tagged_value(v, &config, format_name))
+                        .unwrap_or(Ok(String::new()))?;
+                    wtr.write_field(field)
+                        .map_err(|err| make_csv_error(err, format_name, head))?;
+                }
+                // End the row
+                wtr.write_record(iter::empty::<String>())
+                    .map_err(|err| make_csv_error(err, format_name, head))?;
+                Ok(true)
+            } else {
+                Ok(false)
             }
-            // End the row
-            wtr.write_record(iter::empty::<String>())
-                .map_err(|err| make_csv_error(err, format_name, head))?;
-            Ok(true)
-        } else {
-            Ok(false)
-        }
-    });
+        },
+    );
 
     Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/json.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/json.rs
index 5722387e2c..729fe2293f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/json.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/json.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Command for ToJson {
                 let res = Value::string(serde_json_string, span);
                 let metadata = PipelineMetadata {
                     data_source: nu_protocol::DataSource::None,
-                    content_type: Some("application/json".to_string()),
+                    content_type: Some(mime::APPLICATION_JSON.to_string()),
                 };
                 Ok(PipelineData::Value(res, Some(metadata)))
             }
@@ -159,6 +159,10 @@ fn json_list(input: &[Value]) -> Result<Vec<nu_json::Value>, ShellError> {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -167,4 +171,34 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToJson {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToJson {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to json  | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("application/json"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/md.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/md.rs
index e2acdd703e..7f86c5eb06 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/md.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/md.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ impl Command for ToMd {
         let head = call.head;
         let pretty = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "pretty")?;
         let per_element = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "per-element")?;
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
-        to_md(input, pretty, per_element, config, head)
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+        to_md(input, pretty, per_element, &config, head)
     }
 }
 
@@ -82,6 +82,12 @@ fn to_md(
     config: &Config,
     head: Span,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    // text/markdown became a valid mimetype with rfc7763
+    let metadata = input
+        .metadata()
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .with_content_type(Some("text/markdown".into()));
+
     let (grouped_input, single_list) = group_by(input, head, config);
     if per_element || single_list {
         return Ok(Value::string(
@@ -95,9 +101,10 @@ fn to_md(
                 .join(""),
             head,
         )
-        .into_pipeline_data());
+        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata)));
     }
-    Ok(Value::string(table(grouped_input, pretty, config), head).into_pipeline_data())
+    Ok(Value::string(table(grouped_input, pretty, config), head)
+        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata)))
 }
 
 fn fragment(input: Value, pretty: bool, config: &Config) -> String {
@@ -328,7 +335,10 @@ fn get_padded_string(text: String, desired_length: usize, padding_character: cha
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
     use nu_protocol::{record, Config, IntoPipelineData, Value};
 
     fn one(string: &str) -> String {
@@ -453,4 +463,35 @@ mod tests {
         "#)
         );
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let state_delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToMd {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+        let delta = state_delta;
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to md  | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("text/markdown"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/msgpack.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/msgpack.rs
index bfeb428e3e..049b4de86d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/msgpack.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/msgpack.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::io;
 
 use byteorder::{BigEndian, WriteBytesExt};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::{ast::PathMember, Spanned};
+use nu_protocol::{ast::PathMember, Signals, Spanned};
 use rmp::encode as mp;
 
 /// Max recursion depth
@@ -74,13 +74,18 @@ MessagePack: https://msgpack.org/
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let metadata = input
+            .metadata()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .with_content_type(Some("application/x-msgpack".into()));
+
         let value_span = input.span().unwrap_or(call.head);
         let value = input.into_value(value_span)?;
         let mut out = vec![];
 
         write_value(&mut out, &value, 0)?;
 
-        Ok(Value::binary(out, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
+        Ok(Value::binary(out, call.head).into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata)))
     }
 }
 
@@ -189,7 +194,7 @@ pub(crate) fn write_value(
             // Convert range to list
             write_value(
                 out,
-                &Value::list(val.into_range_iter(span, None).collect(), span),
+                &Value::list(val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty()).collect(), span),
                 depth,
             )?;
         }
@@ -268,6 +273,10 @@ where
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -276,4 +285,36 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToMsgpack {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToMsgpack {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to msgpack | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(
+                record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("application/x-msgpack"))
+            ),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/nuon.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/nuon.rs
index f40b7b5c1d..809ddc01ad 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/nuon.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/nuon.rs
@@ -42,6 +42,11 @@ impl Command for ToNuon {
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let metadata = input
+            .metadata()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .with_content_type(Some("application/x-nuon".into()));
+
         let style = if call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "raw")? {
             nuon::ToStyle::Raw
         } else if let Some(t) = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "tabs")? {
@@ -56,9 +61,8 @@ impl Command for ToNuon {
         let value = input.into_value(span)?;
 
         match nuon::to_nuon(&value, style, Some(span)) {
-            Ok(serde_nuon_string) => {
-                Ok(Value::string(serde_nuon_string, span).into_pipeline_data())
-            }
+            Ok(serde_nuon_string) => Ok(Value::string(serde_nuon_string, span)
+                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata))),
             _ => Ok(Value::error(
                 ShellError::CantConvert {
                     to_type: "NUON".into(),
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ impl Command for ToNuon {
                 },
                 span,
             )
-            .into_pipeline_data()),
+            .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata))),
         }
     }
 
@@ -100,10 +104,45 @@ impl Command for ToNuon {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     #[test]
     fn test_examples() {
         use super::ToNuon;
         use crate::test_examples;
         test_examples(ToNuon {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToNuon {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to nuon | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("application/x-nuon"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/text.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/text.rs
index 1aa1114bce..111c42cdff 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/text.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/text.rs
@@ -31,18 +31,19 @@ impl Command for ToText {
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
-        _stack: &mut Stack,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let span = call.head;
         let input = input.try_expand_range()?;
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
         match input {
             PipelineData::Empty => Ok(Value::string(String::new(), span)
                 .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(update_metadata(None))),
             PipelineData::Value(value, ..) => {
-                let str = local_into_string(value, LINE_ENDING, engine_state.get_config());
+                let str = local_into_string(value, LINE_ENDING, &config);
                 Ok(
                     Value::string(str, span)
                         .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(update_metadata(None)),
@@ -50,7 +51,6 @@ impl Command for ToText {
             }
             PipelineData::ListStream(stream, meta) => {
                 let span = stream.span();
-                let config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
                 let iter = stream.into_inner().map(move |value| {
                     let mut str = local_into_string(value, LINE_ENDING, &config);
                     str.push_str(LINE_ENDING);
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl Command for ToText {
                     ByteStream::from_iter(
                         iter,
                         span,
-                        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+                        engine_state.signals().clone(),
                         ByteStreamType::String,
                     ),
                     update_metadata(meta),
@@ -134,14 +134,18 @@ fn local_into_string(value: Value, separator: &str, config: &Config) -> String {
 
 fn update_metadata(metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>) -> Option<PipelineMetadata> {
     metadata
-        .map(|md| md.with_content_type(Some("text/plain".to_string())))
+        .map(|md| md.with_content_type(Some(mime::TEXT_PLAIN.to_string())))
         .or_else(|| {
-            Some(PipelineMetadata::default().with_content_type(Some("text/plain".to_string())))
+            Some(PipelineMetadata::default().with_content_type(Some(mime::TEXT_PLAIN.to_string())))
         })
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -150,4 +154,34 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToText {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToText {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to text  | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("text/plain"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/tsv.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/tsv.rs
index edc9592409..63f72f4584 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/tsv.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/tsv.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ use crate::formats::to::delimited::to_delimited_data;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use nu_protocol::Config;
 
+use super::delimited::ToDelimitedDataArgs;
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ToTsv;
 
@@ -82,11 +84,26 @@ fn to_tsv(
         item: '\t',
         span: head,
     };
-    to_delimited_data(noheaders, sep, columns, "TSV", input, head, config)
+    to_delimited_data(
+        ToDelimitedDataArgs {
+            noheaders,
+            separator: sep,
+            columns,
+            format_name: "TSV",
+            input,
+            head,
+            content_type: Some(mime::TEXT_TAB_SEPARATED_VALUES.to_string()),
+        },
+        config,
+    )
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -95,4 +112,36 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToTsv {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToTsv {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to tsv | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(
+                record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("text/tab-separated-values"))
+            ),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/xml.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/xml.rs
index 648094318b..1285c558ee 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/xml.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/xml.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,10 @@ impl Job {
     }
 
     fn run(mut self, input: PipelineData, head: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let metadata = input
+            .metadata()
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .with_content_type(Some("application/xml".into()));
         let value = input.into_value(head)?;
 
         self.write_xml_entry(value, true).and_then(|_| {
@@ -141,7 +145,7 @@ impl Job {
             } else {
                 return Err(ShellError::NonUtf8 { span: head });
             };
-            Ok(Value::string(s, head).into_pipeline_data())
+            Ok(Value::string(s, head).into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata)))
         })
     }
 
@@ -508,6 +512,10 @@ impl Job {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -516,4 +524,34 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToXml {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToXml {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{tag: note attributes: {} content : [{tag: remember attributes: {} content : [{tag: null attributes: null content : Event}]}]} | to xml | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("application/xml"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/yaml.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/yaml.rs
index bea2dd3381..c1693cda7d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/yaml.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/yaml.rs
@@ -95,11 +95,18 @@ pub fn value_to_yaml_value(v: &Value) -> Result<serde_yaml::Value, ShellError> {
 }
 
 fn to_yaml(input: PipelineData, head: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    let metadata = input
+        .metadata()
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .with_content_type(Some("application/yaml".into()));
     let value = input.into_value(head)?;
 
     let yaml_value = value_to_yaml_value(&value)?;
     match serde_yaml::to_string(&yaml_value) {
-        Ok(serde_yaml_string) => Ok(Value::string(serde_yaml_string, head).into_pipeline_data()),
+        Ok(serde_yaml_string) => {
+            Ok(Value::string(serde_yaml_string, head)
+                .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata)))
+        }
         _ => Ok(Value::error(
             ShellError::CantConvert {
                 to_type: "YAML".into(),
@@ -109,12 +116,16 @@ fn to_yaml(input: PipelineData, head: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
             },
             head,
         )
-        .into_pipeline_data()),
+        .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(Some(metadata))),
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_cmd_lang::eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression;
+
+    use crate::Metadata;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -123,4 +134,34 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(ToYaml {})
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_content_type_metadata() {
+        let mut engine_state = Box::new(EngineState::new());
+        let delta = {
+            // Base functions that are needed for testing
+            // Try to keep this working set small to keep tests running as fast as possible
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(ToYaml {}));
+            working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Metadata {}));
+
+            working_set.render()
+        };
+
+        engine_state
+            .merge_delta(delta)
+            .expect("Error merging delta");
+
+        let cmd = "{a: 1 b: 2} | to yaml  | metadata | get content_type";
+        let result = eval_pipeline_without_terminal_expression(
+            cmd,
+            std::env::temp_dir().as_ref(),
+            &mut engine_state,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            Value::test_record(record!("content_type" => Value::test_string("application/yaml"))),
+            result.expect("There should be a result")
+        );
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/cal.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/cal.rs
index a257f3ab7c..018d9370dd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/cal.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/cal.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use chrono::{Datelike, Local, NaiveDate};
 use nu_color_config::StyleComputer;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::ast::{Expr, Expression};
+use nu_protocol::ast::{self, Expr, Expression};
 
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn cal(
         style_computer,
     )?;
 
-    let mut table_no_index = Call::new(Span::unknown());
+    let mut table_no_index = ast::Call::new(Span::unknown());
     table_no_index.add_named((
         Spanned {
             item: "index".to_string(),
@@ -160,7 +160,12 @@ pub fn cal(
     let cal_table_output =
         Value::list(calendar_vec_deque.into_iter().collect(), tag).into_pipeline_data();
     if !arguments.as_table {
-        crate::Table.run(engine_state, stack, &table_no_index, cal_table_output)
+        crate::Table.run(
+            engine_state,
+            stack,
+            &(&table_no_index).into(),
+            cal_table_output,
+        )
     } else {
         Ok(cal_table_output)
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/generate.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/generate.rs
index 44bca993d0..2b2cf838f4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/generate.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/generate.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ impl Command for Generate {
     fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
         Signature::build("generate")
             .input_output_types(vec![(Type::Nothing, Type::List(Box::new(Type::Any)))])
-            .required("initial", SyntaxShape::Any, "Initial value.")
             .required(
                 "closure",
                 SyntaxShape::Closure(Some(vec![SyntaxShape::Any])),
                 "Generator function.",
             )
+            .optional("initial", SyntaxShape::Any, "Initial value.")
             .allow_variants_without_examples(true)
             .category(Category::Generators)
     }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ used as the next argument to the closure, otherwise generation stops.
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
         vec![
             Example {
-                example: "generate 0 {|i| if $i <= 10 { {out: $i, next: ($i + 2)} }}",
+                example: "generate {|i| if $i <= 10 { {out: $i, next: ($i + 2)} }} 0",
                 description: "Generate a sequence of numbers",
                 result: Some(Value::list(
                     vec![
@@ -57,10 +57,17 @@ used as the next argument to the closure, otherwise generation stops.
             },
             Example {
                 example:
-                    "generate [0, 1] {|fib| {out: $fib.0, next: [$fib.1, ($fib.0 + $fib.1)]} }",
+                    "generate {|fib| {out: $fib.0, next: [$fib.1, ($fib.0 + $fib.1)]} } [0, 1]",
                 description: "Generate a continuous stream of Fibonacci numbers",
                 result: None,
             },
+            Example {
+                example:
+                    "generate {|fib=[0, 1]| {out: $fib.0, next: [$fib.1, ($fib.0 + $fib.1)]} }",
+                description:
+                    "Generate a continuous stream of Fibonacci numbers, using default parameters",
+                result: None,
+            },
         ]
     }
 
@@ -72,15 +79,15 @@ used as the next argument to the closure, otherwise generation stops.
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let initial: Value = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
-        let closure: Closure = call.req(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
-
+        let closure: Closure = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+        let initial: Option<Value> = call.opt(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
+        let block = engine_state.get_block(closure.block_id);
         let mut closure = ClosureEval::new(engine_state, stack, closure);
 
         // A type of Option<S> is used to represent state. Invocation
         // will stop on None. Using Option<S> allows functions to output
         // one final value before stopping.
-        let mut state = Some(initial);
+        let mut state = Some(get_initial_state(initial, &block.signature, call.head)?);
         let iter = std::iter::from_fn(move || {
             let arg = state.take()?;
 
@@ -166,7 +173,39 @@ used as the next argument to the closure, otherwise generation stops.
 
         Ok(iter
             .flatten()
-            .into_pipeline_data(call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(call.head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_initial_state(
+    initial: Option<Value>,
+    signature: &Signature,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+    match initial {
+        Some(v) => Ok(v),
+        None => {
+            // the initial state should be referred from signature
+            if !signature.optional_positional.is_empty()
+                && signature.optional_positional[0].default_value.is_some()
+            {
+                Ok(signature.optional_positional[0]
+                    .default_value
+                    .clone()
+                    .expect("Already checked default value"))
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                    error: "The initial value is missing".to_string(),
+                    msg: "Missing initial value".to_string(),
+                    span: Some(span),
+                    help: Some(
+                        "Provide an <initial> value as an argument to generate, or assign a default value to the closure parameter"
+                            .to_string(),
+                    ),
+                    inner: vec![],
+                })
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/seq.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/seq.rs
index 359d479ca0..3636d89d4c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/generators/seq.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/generators/seq.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ pub fn run_seq(
                 span,
             },
             span,
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
         )
     } else {
         ListStream::new(
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub fn run_seq(
                 span,
             },
             span,
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
         )
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/hash/generic_digest.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/hash/generic_digest.rs
index ab15ccae7a..f098f8a0cb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/hash/generic_digest.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/hash/generic_digest.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ where
             }
         } else {
             let args = Arguments { binary, cell_paths };
-            operate(action::<D>, args, input, head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            operate(action::<D>, args, input, head, engine_state.signals())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_aliases.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_aliases.rs
index da03fa6398..41af9da0b3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_aliases.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_aliases.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn help_aliases(
         long_desc.push_str("\n\n");
         long_desc.push_str(&format!("{G}Expansion{RESET}:\n  {alias_expansion}"));
 
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
         if !config.use_ansi_coloring {
             long_desc = nu_utils::strip_ansi_string_likely(long_desc);
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_modules.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_modules.rs
index 5b39133a6d..c2c00cf400 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_modules.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_modules.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ pub fn help_modules(
             ));
         }
 
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
         if !config.use_ansi_coloring {
             long_desc = nu_utils::strip_ansi_string_likely(long_desc);
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_operators.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_operators.rs
index a7beee3dd5..12803fad8e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_operators.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/help/help_operators.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::ast::{Assignment, Bits, Boolean, Comparison, Math, Operator};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct HelpOperators;
@@ -27,282 +28,148 @@ impl Command for HelpOperators {
         _input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        let op_info = generate_operator_info();
-        let mut recs = vec![];
-
-        for op in op_info {
-            recs.push(Value::record(
+        let mut operators = [
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::Assign),
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::PlusAssign),
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::AppendAssign),
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MinusAssign),
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MultiplyAssign),
+            Operator::Assignment(Assignment::DivideAssign),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::Equal),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith),
+            Operator::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Plus),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Append),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Minus),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Multiply),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Divide),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Modulo),
+            Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivision),
+            Operator::Math(Math::Pow),
+            Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr),
+            Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor),
+            Operator::Bits(Bits::BitAnd),
+            Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft),
+            Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight),
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And),
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or),
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor),
+        ]
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|op| {
+            Value::record(
                 record! {
-                    "type" => Value::string(op.op_type, head),
-                    "operator" => Value::string(op.operator, head),
-                    "name" => Value::string(op.name, head),
-                    "description" => Value::string(op.description, head),
-                    "precedence" => Value::int(op.precedence, head),
+                    "type" => Value::string(op_type(&op), head),
+                    "operator" => Value::string(op.to_string(), head),
+                    "name" => Value::string(name(&op), head),
+                    "description" => Value::string(description(&op), head),
+                    "precedence" => Value::int(op.precedence().into(), head),
                 },
                 head,
-            ));
-        }
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-        Ok(Value::list(recs, head).into_pipeline_data())
+        operators.push(Value::record(
+            record! {
+                "type" => Value::string("Boolean", head),
+                "operator" => Value::string("not", head),
+                "name" => Value::string("Not", head),
+                "description" => Value::string("Negates a value or expression.", head),
+                "precedence" => Value::int(0, head),
+            },
+            head,
+        ));
+
+        Ok(Value::list(operators, head).into_pipeline_data())
     }
 }
 
-struct OperatorInfo {
-    op_type: String,
-    operator: String,
-    name: String,
-    description: String,
-    precedence: i64,
+fn op_type(operator: &Operator) -> &'static str {
+    match operator {
+        Operator::Comparison(_) => "Comparison",
+        Operator::Math(_) => "Math",
+        Operator::Boolean(_) => "Boolean",
+        Operator::Bits(_) => "Bitwise",
+        Operator::Assignment(_) => "Assignment",
+    }
 }
 
-fn generate_operator_info() -> Vec<OperatorInfo> {
-    vec![
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "=".into(),
-            name: "Assign".into(),
-            description: "Assigns a value to a variable.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "+=".into(),
-            name: "PlusAssign".into(),
-            description: "Adds a value to a variable.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "++=".into(),
-            name: "AppendAssign".into(),
-            description: "Appends a list or a value to a variable.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "-=".into(),
-            name: "MinusAssign".into(),
-            description: "Subtracts a value from a variable.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "*=".into(),
-            name: "MultiplyAssign".into(),
-            description: "Multiplies a variable by a value.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Assignment".into(),
-            operator: "/=".into(),
-            name: "DivideAssign".into(),
-            description: "Divides a variable by a value.".into(),
-            precedence: 10,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "==".into(),
-            name: "Equal".into(),
-            description: "Checks if two values are equal.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "!=".into(),
-            name: "NotEqual".into(),
-            description: "Checks if two values are not equal.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "<".into(),
-            name: "LessThan".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is less than another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "<=".into(),
-            name: "LessThanOrEqual".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is less than or equal to another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: ">".into(),
-            name: "GreaterThan".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is greater than another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: ">=".into(),
-            name: "GreaterThanOrEqual".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is greater than or equal to another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "=~".into(),
-            name: "RegexMatch".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value matches a regular expression.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "!~".into(),
-            name: "NotRegexMatch".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value does not match a regular expression.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "in".into(),
-            name: "In".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is in a list or string.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "not-in".into(),
-            name: "NotIn".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a value is not in a list or string.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "starts-with".into(),
-            name: "StartsWith".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a string starts with another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "ends-with".into(),
-            name: "EndsWith".into(),
-            description: "Checks if a string ends with another.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Comparison".into(),
-            operator: "not".into(),
-            name: "UnaryNot".into(),
-            description: "Negates a value or expression.".into(),
-            precedence: 0,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "+".into(),
-            name: "Plus".into(),
-            description: "Adds two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 90,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "++".into(),
-            name: "Append".into(),
-            description: "Appends two lists or a list and a value.".into(),
-            precedence: 80,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "-".into(),
-            name: "Minus".into(),
-            description: "Subtracts two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 90,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "*".into(),
-            name: "Multiply".into(),
-            description: "Multiplies two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 95,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "/".into(),
-            name: "Divide".into(),
-            description: "Divides two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 95,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "//".into(),
-            name: "FloorDivision".into(),
-            description: "Divides two values and floors the result.".into(),
-            precedence: 95,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "mod".into(),
-            name: "Modulo".into(),
-            description: "Divides two values and returns the remainder.".into(),
-            precedence: 95,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Math".into(),
-            operator: "**".into(),
-            name: "Pow ".into(),
-            description: "Raises one value to the power of another.".into(),
-            precedence: 100,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Bitwise".into(),
-            operator: "bit-or".into(),
-            name: "BitOr".into(),
-            description: "Performs a bitwise OR on two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 60,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Bitwise".into(),
-            operator: "bit-xor".into(),
-            name: "BitXor".into(),
-            description: "Performs a bitwise XOR on two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 70,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Bitwise".into(),
-            operator: "bit-and".into(),
-            name: "BitAnd".into(),
-            description: "Performs a bitwise AND on two values.".into(),
-            precedence: 75,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Bitwise".into(),
-            operator: "bit-shl".into(),
-            name: "ShiftLeft".into(),
-            description: "Shifts a value left by another.".into(),
-            precedence: 85,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Bitwise".into(),
-            operator: "bit-shr".into(),
-            name: "ShiftRight".into(),
-            description: "Shifts a value right by another.".into(),
-            precedence: 85,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Boolean".into(),
-            operator: "and".into(),
-            name: "And".into(),
-            description: "Checks if two values are true.".into(),
-            precedence: 50,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Boolean".into(),
-            operator: "or".into(),
-            name: "Or".into(),
-            description: "Checks if either value is true.".into(),
-            precedence: 40,
-        },
-        OperatorInfo {
-            op_type: "Boolean".into(),
-            operator: "xor".into(),
-            name: "Xor".into(),
-            description: "Checks if one value is true and the other is false.".into(),
-            precedence: 45,
-        },
-    ]
+fn name(operator: &Operator) -> String {
+    match operator {
+        Operator::Comparison(op) => format!("{op:?}"),
+        Operator::Math(op) => format!("{op:?}"),
+        Operator::Boolean(op) => format!("{op:?}"),
+        Operator::Bits(op) => format!("{op:?}"),
+        Operator::Assignment(op) => format!("{op:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn description(operator: &Operator) -> &'static str {
+    // NOTE: if you have to add an operator here, also add it to the operator list above.
+    match operator {
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::Equal) => "Checks if two values are equal.",
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual) => "Checks if two values are not equal.",
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan) => "Checks if a value is less than another.",
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan) => {
+            "Checks if a value is greater than another."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual) => {
+            "Checks if a value is less than or equal to another."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual) => {
+            "Checks if a value is greater than or equal to another."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch) => {
+            "Checks if a value matches a regular expression."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch) => {
+            "Checks if a value does not match a regular expression."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In) => {
+            "Checks if a value is in a list, is part of a string, or is a key in a record."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn) => {
+            "Checks if a value is not in a list, is not part of a string, or is not a key in a record."
+        }
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith) => "Checks if a string starts with another.",
+        Operator::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith) => "Checks if a string ends with another.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Plus) => "Adds two values.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Append) => {
+            "Appends two lists, a list and a value, two strings, or two binary values."
+        }
+        Operator::Math(Math::Minus) => "Subtracts two values.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Multiply) => "Multiplies two values.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Divide) => "Divides two values.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Modulo) => "Divides two values and returns the remainder.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivision) => "Divides two values and floors the result.",
+        Operator::Math(Math::Pow) => "Raises one value to the power of another.",
+        Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And) => "Checks if both values are true.",
+        Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => "Checks if either value is true.",
+        Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor) => "Checks if one value is true and the other is false.",
+        Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr) => "Performs a bitwise OR on two values.",
+        Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor) => "Performs a bitwise XOR on two values.",
+        Operator::Bits(Bits::BitAnd) => "Performs a bitwise AND on two values.",
+        Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft) => "Bitwise shifts a value left by another.",
+        Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight) => "Bitwise shifts a value right by another.",
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::Assign) => "Assigns a value to a variable.",
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::PlusAssign) => "Adds a value to a variable.",
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::AppendAssign) => {
+            "Appends a list, a value, a string, or a binary value to a variable."
+        }
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MinusAssign) => "Subtracts a value from a variable.",
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MultiplyAssign) => "Multiplies a variable by a value.",
+        Operator::Assignment(Assignment::DivideAssign) => "Divides a variable by a value.",
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/lib.rs
index a854fe3507..55c4974325 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod bytes;
 mod charting;
 mod conversions;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/abs.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/abs.rs
index 8f653142fa..b16097ba8d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/abs.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/abs.rs
@@ -42,10 +42,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
-        input.map(
-            move |value| abs_helper(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| abs_helper(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/ceil.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/ceil.rs
index 0b0f6d1696..0886ff0bc5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/ceil.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/ceil.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/floor.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/floor.rs
index e85e3ca674..c2b34c2cf9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/floor.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/floor.rs
@@ -41,10 +41,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
             return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
         }
-        input.map(
-            move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-        )
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/log.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/log.rs
index 90fad17daf..7a7e4bd27b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/log.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/log.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         let base = base.item;
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, base),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/round.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/round.rs
index 7693c9a316..eafe669cf1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/round.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/round.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head, precision_param),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/sqrt.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/sqrt.rs
index c9c9765912..d20978222c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/sqrt.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/sqrt.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,30 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         vec!["square", "root"]
     }
 
+    fn is_const(&self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         _stack: &mut Stack,
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let head = call.head;
+        // This doesn't match explicit nulls
+        if matches!(input, PipelineData::Empty) {
+            return Err(ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: head });
+        }
+        input.map(move |value| operate(value, head), engine_state.signals())
+    }
+
+    fn run_const(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        call: &Call,
+        input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let head = call.head;
         // This doesn't match explicit nulls
@@ -43,7 +61,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| operate(value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/math/utils.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/math/utils.rs
index 9d2c15e15f..62f96ea073 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/math/utils.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/math/utils.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use core::slice;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
-use nu_protocol::{ast::Call, IntoPipelineData, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value};
+use nu_protocol::{engine::Call, IntoPipelineData, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
 
 pub fn run_with_function(
     call: &Call,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ pub fn calculate(
         }
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Range { val, .. }, ..) => {
             let new_vals: Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> = val
-                .into_range_iter(span, None)
+                .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
                 .map(|val| mf(&[val], span, name))
                 .collect();
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/client.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/client.rs
index 2c02d7be33..e348bedc25 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/client.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/client.rs
@@ -5,16 +5,12 @@ use base64::{
     Engine,
 };
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::ByteStream;
+use nu_protocol::{ByteStream, Signals};
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     path::PathBuf,
     str::FromStr,
-    sync::{
-        atomic::AtomicBool,
-        mpsc::{self, RecvTimeoutError},
-        Arc,
-    },
+    sync::mpsc::{self, RecvTimeoutError},
     time::Duration,
 };
 use ureq::{Error, ErrorKind, Request, Response};
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ pub fn response_to_buffer(
     let reader = response.into_reader();
 
     PipelineData::ByteStream(
-        ByteStream::read(reader, span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone(), response_type)
+        ByteStream::read(reader, span, engine_state.signals().clone(), response_type)
             .with_known_size(buffer_size),
         None,
     )
@@ -145,17 +141,17 @@ pub fn request_add_authorization_header(
     let login = match (user, password) {
         (Some(user), Some(password)) => {
             let mut enc_str = String::new();
-            base64_engine.encode_string(&format!("{user}:{password}"), &mut enc_str);
+            base64_engine.encode_string(format!("{user}:{password}"), &mut enc_str);
             Some(enc_str)
         }
         (Some(user), _) => {
             let mut enc_str = String::new();
-            base64_engine.encode_string(&format!("{user}:"), &mut enc_str);
+            base64_engine.encode_string(format!("{user}:"), &mut enc_str);
             Some(enc_str)
         }
         (_, Some(password)) => {
             let mut enc_str = String::new();
-            base64_engine.encode_string(&format!(":{password}"), &mut enc_str);
+            base64_engine.encode_string(format!(":{password}"), &mut enc_str);
             Some(enc_str)
         }
         _ => None,
@@ -192,13 +188,14 @@ pub fn send_request(
     request: Request,
     http_body: HttpBody,
     content_type: Option<String>,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    span: Span,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Response, ShellErrorOrRequestError> {
     let request_url = request.url().to_string();
 
     match http_body {
         HttpBody::None => {
-            send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(|| request.call()), ctrl_c)
+            send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(|| request.call()), span, signals)
         }
         HttpBody::ByteStream(byte_stream) => {
             let req = if let Some(content_type) = content_type {
@@ -207,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn send_request(
                 request
             };
 
-            send_cancellable_request_bytes(&request_url, req, byte_stream, ctrl_c)
+            send_cancellable_request_bytes(&request_url, req, byte_stream, span, signals)
         }
         HttpBody::Value(body) => {
             let (body_type, req) = match content_type {
@@ -224,20 +221,32 @@ pub fn send_request(
                 Value::Binary { val, .. } => send_cancellable_request(
                     &request_url,
                     Box::new(move || req.send_bytes(&val)),
-                    ctrl_c,
+                    span,
+                    signals,
                 ),
                 Value::String { .. } if body_type == BodyType::Json => {
                     let data = value_to_json_value(&body)?;
-                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)), ctrl_c)
+                    send_cancellable_request(
+                        &request_url,
+                        Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)),
+                        span,
+                        signals,
+                    )
                 }
                 Value::String { val, .. } => send_cancellable_request(
                     &request_url,
                     Box::new(move || req.send_string(&val)),
-                    ctrl_c,
+                    span,
+                    signals,
                 ),
                 Value::Record { .. } if body_type == BodyType::Json => {
                     let data = value_to_json_value(&body)?;
-                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)), ctrl_c)
+                    send_cancellable_request(
+                        &request_url,
+                        Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)),
+                        span,
+                        signals,
+                    )
                 }
                 Value::Record { val, .. } if body_type == BodyType::Form => {
                     let mut data: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::with_capacity(val.len());
@@ -254,7 +263,7 @@ pub fn send_request(
                             .collect::<Vec<(&str, &str)>>();
                         req.send_form(&data)
                     };
-                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(request_fn), ctrl_c)
+                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(request_fn), span, signals)
                 }
                 Value::List { vals, .. } if body_type == BodyType::Form => {
                     if vals.len() % 2 != 0 {
@@ -276,11 +285,16 @@ pub fn send_request(
                             .collect::<Vec<(&str, &str)>>();
                         req.send_form(&data)
                     };
-                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(request_fn), ctrl_c)
+                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(request_fn), span, signals)
                 }
                 Value::List { .. } if body_type == BodyType::Json => {
                     let data = value_to_json_value(&body)?;
-                    send_cancellable_request(&request_url, Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)), ctrl_c)
+                    send_cancellable_request(
+                        &request_url,
+                        Box::new(|| req.send_json(data)),
+                        span,
+                        signals,
+                    )
                 }
                 _ => Err(ShellErrorOrRequestError::ShellError(ShellError::IOError {
                     msg: "unsupported body input".into(),
@@ -295,7 +309,8 @@ pub fn send_request(
 fn send_cancellable_request(
     request_url: &str,
     request_fn: Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<Response, Error> + Sync + Send>,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    span: Span,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Response, ShellErrorOrRequestError> {
     let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Result<Response, Error>>();
 
@@ -310,12 +325,7 @@ fn send_cancellable_request(
 
     // ...and poll the channel for responses
     loop {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrl_c) {
-            // Return early and give up on the background thread. The connection will either time out or be disconnected
-            return Err(ShellErrorOrRequestError::ShellError(
-                ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: None },
-            ));
-        }
+        signals.check(span)?;
 
         // 100ms wait time chosen arbitrarily
         match rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(100)) {
@@ -336,7 +346,8 @@ fn send_cancellable_request_bytes(
     request_url: &str,
     request: Request,
     byte_stream: ByteStream,
-    ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    span: Span,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Response, ShellErrorOrRequestError> {
     let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<Result<Response, ShellErrorOrRequestError>>();
     let request_url_string = request_url.to_string();
@@ -369,12 +380,7 @@ fn send_cancellable_request_bytes(
 
     // ...and poll the channel for responses
     loop {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrl_c) {
-            // Return early and give up on the background thread. The connection will either time out or be disconnected
-            return Err(ShellErrorOrRequestError::ShellError(
-                ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: None },
-            ));
-        }
+        signals.check(span)?;
 
         // 100ms wait time chosen arbitrarily
         match rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(100)) {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/delete.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/delete.rs
index c2ef774a01..f32c9d15bb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/delete.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/delete.rs
@@ -203,7 +203,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
     let redirect_mode = http_parse_redirect_mode(args.redirect)?;
 
@@ -214,7 +213,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), args.data, args.content_type, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        args.data,
+        args.content_type,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     let request_flags = RequestFlags {
         raw: args.raw,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/get.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/get.rs
index 04582d5f00..3b702404f4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/get.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/get.rs
@@ -171,7 +171,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
     let redirect_mode = http_parse_redirect_mode(args.redirect)?;
 
@@ -182,7 +181,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), HttpBody::None, None, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        HttpBody::None,
+        None,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     let request_flags = RequestFlags {
         raw: args.raw,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/head.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/head.rs
index 57dfafcba2..797fa138e3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/head.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/head.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
+use super::client::HttpBody;
 use crate::network::http::client::{
     check_response_redirection, http_client, http_parse_redirect_mode, http_parse_url,
     request_add_authorization_header, request_add_custom_headers, request_handle_response_headers,
     request_set_timeout, send_request,
 };
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
-
-use super::client::HttpBody;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct SubCommand;
@@ -133,9 +131,8 @@ fn run_head(
         timeout: call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "max-time")?,
         redirect: call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "redirect-mode")?,
     };
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
-    helper(engine_state, stack, call, args, ctrl_c)
+    helper(engine_state, stack, call, args, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 // Helper function that actually goes to retrieve the resource from the url given
@@ -145,7 +142,7 @@ fn helper(
     stack: &mut Stack,
     call: &Call,
     args: Arguments,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
@@ -158,7 +155,7 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request, HttpBody::None, None, ctrlc);
+    let response = send_request(request, HttpBody::None, None, call.head, signals);
     check_response_redirection(redirect_mode, span, &response)?;
     request_handle_response_headers(span, response)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/options.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/options.rs
index 91ecac02d5..cd9a1f79c1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/options.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/options.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
 
     let client = http_client(args.insecure, RedirectMode::Follow, engine_state, stack)?;
@@ -161,7 +160,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), HttpBody::None, None, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        HttpBody::None,
+        None,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     // http options' response always showed in header, so we set full to true.
     // And `raw` is useless too because options method doesn't return body, here we set to true
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/patch.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/patch.rs
index 2cf66a2a82..7f49781284 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/patch.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/patch.rs
@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
     let redirect_mode = http_parse_redirect_mode(args.redirect)?;
 
@@ -216,7 +215,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), args.data, args.content_type, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        args.data,
+        args.content_type,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     let request_flags = RequestFlags {
         raw: args.raw,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/post.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/post.rs
index d48bbcc9fe..ea4ec093f3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/post.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/post.rs
@@ -203,7 +203,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
     let redirect_mode = http_parse_redirect_mode(args.redirect)?;
 
@@ -214,7 +213,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), args.data, args.content_type, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        args.data,
+        args.content_type,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     let request_flags = RequestFlags {
         raw: args.raw,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/put.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/put.rs
index dbd3b245cb..e2118ea359 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/put.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/http/put.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,6 @@ fn helper(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let span = args.url.span();
-    let ctrl_c = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
     let (requested_url, _) = http_parse_url(call, span, args.url)?;
     let redirect_mode = http_parse_redirect_mode(args.redirect)?;
 
@@ -215,7 +214,13 @@ fn helper(
     request = request_add_authorization_header(args.user, args.password, request);
     request = request_add_custom_headers(args.headers, request)?;
 
-    let response = send_request(request.clone(), args.data, args.content_type, ctrl_c);
+    let response = send_request(
+        request.clone(),
+        args.data,
+        args.content_type,
+        call.head,
+        engine_state.signals(),
+    );
 
     let request_flags = RequestFlags {
         raw: args.raw,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/decode.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/decode.rs
index 8789eb13ca..b98e50a56e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/decode.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/decode.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/encode.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/encode.rs
index 845487963b..96e0289903 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/encode.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/encode.rs
@@ -50,15 +50,9 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
         if call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "all")? {
-            operate(
-                action_all,
-                args,
-                input,
-                call.head,
-                engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
-            )
+            operate(action_all, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
         } else {
-            operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+            operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/parse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/parse.rs
index e71c8d472a..287c64c7b9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/parse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/network/url/parse.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Config;
 use url::Url;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -38,11 +39,15 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     fn run(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
-        _: &mut Stack,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
         call: &Call,
         input: PipelineData,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-        parse(input.into_value(call.head)?, call.head, engine_state)
+        parse(
+            input.into_value(call.head)?,
+            call.head,
+            &stack.get_config(engine_state),
+        )
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
@@ -68,12 +73,12 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     }
 }
 
-fn get_url_string(value: &Value, engine_state: &EngineState) -> String {
-    value.to_expanded_string("", engine_state.get_config())
+fn get_url_string(value: &Value, config: &Config) -> String {
+    value.to_expanded_string("", config)
 }
 
-fn parse(value: Value, head: Span, engine_state: &EngineState) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let url_string = get_url_string(&value, engine_state);
+fn parse(value: Value, head: Span, config: &Config) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    let url_string = get_url_string(&value, config);
 
     let result_url = Url::parse(url_string.as_str());
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/basename.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/basename.rs
index 04f7cf380e..8b7082048e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/basename.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/basename.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&get_basename, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&get_basename, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/dirname.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/dirname.rs
index 2eb864215e..218091ee34 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/dirname.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/dirname.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&get_dirname, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&get_dirname, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/exists.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/exists.rs
index a99f04113e..86b00c6024 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/exists.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/exists.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ If you need to distinguish dirs and files, please use `path type`."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&exists, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ If you need to distinguish dirs and files, please use `path type`."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&exists, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/expand.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/expand.rs
index 18497c6426..ac51978810 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/expand.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/expand.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&expand, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&expand, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/parse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/parse.rs
index 039f1012ed..cec2f5c6ac 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/parse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/parse.rs
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ On Windows, an extra 'prefix' column is added."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&parse, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ On Windows, an extra 'prefix' column is added."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&parse, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/relative_to.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/relative_to.rs
index 6533f6fa79..35df385d74 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/relative_to.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/relative_to.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ path."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&relative_to, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ path."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&relative_to, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/split.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/split.rs
index ea8e7e1b1f..80d86fb998 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/split.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/split.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&split, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&split, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/path/type.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/path/type.rs
index e58e697604..010fd295ad 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/path/type.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/path/type.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 use super::PathSubcommandArguments;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_path::AbsolutePathBuf;
 use nu_protocol::engine::StateWorkingSet;
-use std::{
-    io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
+use std::{io, path::Path};
 
 struct Arguments {
-    pwd: PathBuf,
+    pwd: AbsolutePathBuf,
 }
 
 impl PathSubcommandArguments for Arguments {}
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ If the path does not exist, null will be returned."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&path_type, &args, value, head),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -85,7 +83,7 @@ If the path does not exist, null will be returned."#
         }
         input.map(
             move |value| super::operate(&path_type, &args, value, head),
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/ansi_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/ansi_.rs
index 9e0b0bba66..3daed5e157 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/ansi_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/ansi_.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 use nu_ansi_term::*;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::engine::StateWorkingSet;
+use nu_protocol::{engine::StateWorkingSet, Signals};
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::{
-    collections::HashMap,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct AnsiCommand;
@@ -656,11 +653,14 @@ Operating system commands:
         let list: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "list")?;
         let escape: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "escape")?;
         let osc: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "osc")?;
-        let use_ansi_coloring = engine_state.get_config().use_ansi_coloring;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
+        let use_ansi_coloring = stack.get_config(engine_state).use_ansi_coloring;
 
         if list {
-            return Ok(generate_ansi_code_list(ctrlc, call.head, use_ansi_coloring));
+            return Ok(generate_ansi_code_list(
+                engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                call.head,
+                use_ansi_coloring,
+            ));
         }
 
         // The code can now be one of the ansi abbreviations like green_bold
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ Operating system commands:
             }
         };
 
-        let output = heavy_lifting(code, escape, osc, call)?;
+        let output = heavy_lifting(code, escape, osc, stack, call)?;
 
         Ok(Value::string(output, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
     }
@@ -691,10 +691,13 @@ Operating system commands:
         let escape: bool = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "escape")?;
         let osc: bool = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "osc")?;
         let use_ansi_coloring = working_set.get_config().use_ansi_coloring;
-        let ctrlc = working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone();
 
         if list {
-            return Ok(generate_ansi_code_list(ctrlc, call.head, use_ansi_coloring));
+            return Ok(generate_ansi_code_list(
+                working_set.permanent().signals().clone(),
+                call.head,
+                use_ansi_coloring,
+            ));
         }
 
         // The code can now be one of the ansi abbreviations like green_bold
@@ -710,26 +713,30 @@ Operating system commands:
             }
         };
 
-        let output = heavy_lifting(code, escape, osc, call)?;
+        let output = heavy_lifting(code, escape, osc, &Stack::new(), call)?;
 
         Ok(Value::string(output, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
     }
 }
 
-fn heavy_lifting(code: Value, escape: bool, osc: bool, call: &Call) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
+fn heavy_lifting(
+    code: Value,
+    escape: bool,
+    osc: bool,
+    stack: &Stack,
+    call: &Call,
+) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
     let param_is_string = matches!(code, Value::String { .. });
     if escape && osc {
         return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParameters {
             left_message: "escape".into(),
             left_span: call
-                .get_named_arg("escape")
-                .expect("Unexpected missing argument")
-                .span,
+                .get_flag_span(stack, "escape")
+                .expect("Unexpected missing argument"),
             right_message: "osc".into(),
             right_span: call
-                .get_named_arg("osc")
-                .expect("Unexpected missing argument")
-                .span,
+                .get_flag_span(stack, "osc")
+                .expect("Unexpected missing argument"),
         });
     }
     let code_string = if param_is_string {
@@ -741,10 +748,7 @@ fn heavy_lifting(code: Value, escape: bool, osc: bool, call: &Call) -> Result<St
     if (escape || osc) && (param_is_valid_string) {
         let code_vec: Vec<char> = code_string.chars().collect();
         if code_vec[0] == '\\' {
-            let span = match call.get_flag_expr("escape") {
-                Some(expr) => expr.span,
-                None => call.head,
-            };
+            let span = call.get_flag_span(stack, "escape").unwrap_or(call.head);
 
             return Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
                 err_message: "no need for escape characters".into(),
@@ -827,7 +831,7 @@ pub fn str_to_ansi(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
 }
 
 fn generate_ansi_code_list(
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
     call_span: Span,
     use_ansi_coloring: bool,
 ) -> PipelineData {
@@ -862,7 +866,7 @@ fn generate_ansi_code_list(
 
             Value::record(record, call_span)
         })
-        .into_pipeline_data(call_span, ctrlc)
+        .into_pipeline_data(call_span, signals.clone())
 }
 
 fn build_ansi_hashmap(v: &[AnsiCode]) -> HashMap<&str, &str> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/link.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/link.rs
index 68fc17977b..b45b365d3f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/link.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/link.rs
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ fn operate(
     if column_paths.is_empty() {
         input.map(
             move |v| process_value(&v, text.as_deref()),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     } else {
         input.map(
             move |v| process_each_path(v, &column_paths, text.as_deref(), command_span),
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/strip.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/strip.rs
index 35d410161c..4f7f8ea596 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/strip.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/ansi/strip.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
 use nu_cmd_base::input_handler::{operate, CmdArgument};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use nu_protocol::Config;
 
 pub struct Arguments {
     cell_paths: Option<Vec<CellPath>>,
-    config: Config,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 }
 
 impl CmdArgument for Arguments {
@@ -51,12 +53,9 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 1)?;
         let cell_paths = (!cell_paths.is_empty()).then_some(cell_paths);
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
-        let args = Arguments {
-            cell_paths,
-            config: config.clone(),
-        };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+        let args = Arguments { cell_paths, config };
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/dir_info.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/dir_info.rs
index e4a3039672..10ce4f5420 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/dir_info.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/dir_info.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use filesize::file_real_size_fast;
 use nu_glob::Pattern;
-use nu_protocol::{record, ShellError, Span, Value};
-use std::{
-    path::PathBuf,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use nu_protocol::{record, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
+use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DirBuilder {
@@ -82,8 +79,9 @@ impl DirInfo {
         path: impl Into<PathBuf>,
         params: &DirBuilder,
         depth: Option<u64>,
-        ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+        span: Span,
+        signals: &Signals,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         let path = path.into();
 
         let mut s = Self {
@@ -107,14 +105,12 @@ impl DirInfo {
         match std::fs::read_dir(&s.path) {
             Ok(d) => {
                 for f in d {
-                    if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrl_c) {
-                        break;
-                    }
+                    signals.check(span)?;
 
                     match f {
                         Ok(i) => match i.file_type() {
                             Ok(t) if t.is_dir() => {
-                                s = s.add_dir(i.path(), depth, params, ctrl_c.clone())
+                                s = s.add_dir(i.path(), depth, params, span, signals)?
                             }
                             Ok(_t) => s = s.add_file(i.path(), params),
                             Err(e) => s = s.add_error(e.into()),
@@ -125,7 +121,7 @@ impl DirInfo {
             }
             Err(e) => s = s.add_error(e.into()),
         }
-        s
+        Ok(s)
     }
 
     fn add_dir(
@@ -133,21 +129,22 @@ impl DirInfo {
         path: impl Into<PathBuf>,
         mut depth: Option<u64>,
         params: &DirBuilder,
-        ctrl_c: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Self {
+        span: Span,
+        signals: &Signals,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         if let Some(current) = depth {
             if let Some(new) = current.checked_sub(1) {
                 depth = Some(new);
             } else {
-                return self;
+                return Ok(self);
             }
         }
 
-        let d = DirInfo::new(path, params, depth, ctrl_c);
+        let d = DirInfo::new(path, params, depth, span, signals)?;
         self.size += d.size;
         self.blocks += d.blocks;
         self.dirs.push(d);
-        self
+        Ok(self)
     }
 
     fn add_file(mut self, f: impl Into<PathBuf>, params: &DirBuilder) -> Self {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/input/list.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/input/list.rs
index 44b21a8da4..37f16e75d7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/input/list.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/input/list.rs
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ impl Command for InputList {
         let fuzzy = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "fuzzy")?;
         let index = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "index")?;
         let display_path: Option<CellPath> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "display")?;
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
         let options: Vec<Options> = match input {
             PipelineData::Value(Value::Range { .. }, ..)
@@ -89,9 +90,9 @@ impl Command for InputList {
                     let display_value = if let Some(ref cellpath) = display_path {
                         val.clone()
                             .follow_cell_path(&cellpath.members, false)?
-                            .to_expanded_string(", ", engine_state.get_config())
+                            .to_expanded_string(", ", &config)
                     } else {
-                        val.to_expanded_string(", ", engine_state.get_config())
+                        val.to_expanded_string(", ", &config)
                     };
                     Ok(Options {
                         name: display_value,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/is_terminal.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/is_terminal.rs
index c67329e839..2195f3ff8a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/is_terminal.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/is_terminal.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl Command for IsTerminal {
             _ => {
                 return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParametersSingle {
                     msg: "Only one stream may be checked".into(),
-                    span: Span::merge_many(call.arguments.iter().map(|arg| arg.span())),
+                    span: call.arguments_span(),
                 });
             }
         };
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/kill.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/kill.rs
index 2e47ee8c78..1cf6f15f01 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/kill.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/kill.rs
@@ -84,27 +84,26 @@ impl Command for Kill {
                 {
                     return Err(ShellError::IncompatibleParameters {
                         left_message: "force".to_string(),
-                        left_span: call
-                            .get_named_arg("force")
-                            .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::GenericError {
+                        left_span: call.get_flag_span(stack, "force").ok_or_else(|| {
+                            ShellError::GenericError {
                                 error: "Flag error".into(),
                                 msg: "flag force not found".into(),
                                 span: Some(call.head),
                                 help: None,
                                 inner: vec![],
-                            })?
-                            .span,
+                            }
+                        })?,
                         right_message: "signal".to_string(),
                         right_span: Span::merge(
-                            call.get_named_arg("signal")
-                                .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::GenericError {
+                            call.get_flag_span(stack, "signal").ok_or_else(|| {
+                                ShellError::GenericError {
                                     error: "Flag error".into(),
                                     msg: "flag signal not found".into(),
                                     span: Some(call.head),
                                     help: None,
                                     inner: vec![],
-                                })?
-                                .span,
+                                }
+                            })?,
                             signal_span,
                         ),
                     });
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/sleep.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/sleep.rs
index ddf429509c..4d5f6ec827 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/platform/sleep.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/platform/sleep.rs
@@ -56,12 +56,7 @@ impl Command for Sleep {
                 break;
             }
             thread::sleep(CTRL_C_CHECK_INTERVAL.min(time_until_deadline));
-            // exit early if Ctrl+C was pressed
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-                return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser {
-                    span: Some(call.head),
-                });
-            }
+            engine_state.signals().check(call.head)?;
         }
 
         Ok(Value::nothing(call.head).into_pipeline_data())
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/random/binary.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/random/binary.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..57fd8b01a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/random/binary.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+
+use rand::{thread_rng, RngCore};
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SubCommand;
+
+impl Command for SubCommand {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "random binary"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build("random binary")
+            .input_output_types(vec![(Type::Nothing, Type::Binary)])
+            .allow_variants_without_examples(true)
+            .required("length", SyntaxShape::Int, "Length of the output binary.")
+            .category(Category::Random)
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Generate random bytes."
+    }
+
+    fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        vec!["generate", "bytes"]
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        call: &Call,
+        _input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let length = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
+        let mut rng = thread_rng();
+
+        let mut out = vec![0u8; length];
+        rng.fill_bytes(&mut out);
+
+        Ok(Value::binary(out, call.head).into_pipeline_data())
+    }
+
+    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
+        vec![Example {
+            description: "Generate 16 random bytes",
+            example: "random bytes 16",
+            result: None,
+        }]
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples() {
+        use crate::test_examples;
+
+        test_examples(SubCommand {})
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/random/chars.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/random/chars.rs
index fe1e6bcdc4..aea27129b9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/random/chars.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/random/chars.rs
@@ -19,12 +19,17 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         Signature::build("random chars")
             .input_output_types(vec![(Type::Nothing, Type::String)])
             .allow_variants_without_examples(true)
-            .named("length", SyntaxShape::Int, "Number of chars", Some('l'))
+            .named(
+                "length",
+                SyntaxShape::Int,
+                "Number of chars (default 25)",
+                Some('l'),
+            )
             .category(Category::Random)
     }
 
     fn usage(&self) -> &str {
-        "Generate random chars."
+        "Generate random chars uniformly distributed over ASCII letters and numbers: a-z, A-Z and 0-9."
     }
 
     fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
         vec![
             Example {
-                description: "Generate random chars",
+                description: "Generate a string with 25 random chars",
                 example: "random chars",
                 result: None,
             },
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/random/dice.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/random/dice.rs
index 2fb659ad1e..5e3a1b98b6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/random/dice.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/random/dice.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ fn dice(
         Value::int(thread_rng.gen_range(1..sides + 1) as i64, span)
     });
 
-    Ok(ListStream::new(iter, span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()).into())
+    Ok(ListStream::new(iter, span, engine_state.signals().clone()).into())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/random/int.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/random/int.rs
index 6a5467b010..c04e957bf4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/random/int.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/random/int.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         Signature::build("random int")
             .input_output_types(vec![(Type::Nothing, Type::Int)])
             .allow_variants_without_examples(true)
-            .optional("range", SyntaxShape::Range, "Range of values.")
+            .optional(
+                "range",
+                SyntaxShape::Range,
+                "Range of potential values, inclusive of both start and end values.",
+            )
             .category(Category::Random)
     }
 
@@ -40,12 +44,12 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
         vec![
             Example {
-                description: "Generate an unconstrained random integer",
+                description: "Generate a non-negative random integer",
                 example: "random int",
                 result: None,
             },
             Example {
-                description: "Generate a random integer less than or equal to 500",
+                description: "Generate a random integer between 0 (inclusive) and 500 (inclusive)",
                 example: "random int ..500",
                 result: None,
             },
@@ -55,8 +59,8 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
                 result: None,
             },
             Example {
-                description: "Generate a random integer between 1 and 10",
-                example: "random int 1..10",
+                description: "Generate a random integer between -10 (inclusive) and 10 (inclusive)",
+                example: "random int (-10)..10",
                 result: None,
             },
         ]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/random/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/random/mod.rs
index 5a1fb06cf8..4c05376c88 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/random/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/random/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod binary;
 mod bool;
 mod chars;
 mod dice;
@@ -6,6 +7,7 @@ mod int;
 mod random_;
 mod uuid;
 
+pub use self::binary::SubCommand as RandomBinary;
 pub use self::bool::SubCommand as RandomBool;
 pub use self::chars::SubCommand as RandomChars;
 pub use self::dice::SubCommand as RandomDice;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/create.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/create.rs
index 630718489b..1e1219889d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/create.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/create.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,10 @@ impl Command for StorCreate {
         let span = call.head;
         let table_name: Option<String> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "table-name")?;
         let columns: Option<Record> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "columns")?;
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            engine_state.signals().clone(),
+        ));
 
         process(table_name, span, &db, columns)?;
         // dbg!(db.clone());
@@ -141,6 +144,8 @@ fn process(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use nu_protocol::Signals;
+
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
@@ -154,7 +159,10 @@ mod test {
     fn test_process_with_valid_parameters() {
         let table_name = Some("test_table".to_string());
         let span = Span::unknown();
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let mut columns = Record::new();
         columns.insert(
             "int_column".to_string(),
@@ -170,7 +178,10 @@ mod test {
     fn test_process_with_missing_table_name() {
         let table_name = None;
         let span = Span::unknown();
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let mut columns = Record::new();
         columns.insert(
             "int_column".to_string(),
@@ -190,7 +201,10 @@ mod test {
     fn test_process_with_missing_columns() {
         let table_name = Some("test_table".to_string());
         let span = Span::unknown();
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         let result = process(table_name, span, &db, None);
 
@@ -205,7 +219,10 @@ mod test {
     fn test_process_with_unsupported_column_data_type() {
         let table_name = Some("test_table".to_string());
         let span = Span::unknown();
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let mut columns = Record::new();
         let column_datatype = "bogus_data_type".to_string();
         columns.insert(
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/delete.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/delete.rs
index 4de4874140..676e0490b0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/delete.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/delete.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorDelete;
@@ -82,7 +83,10 @@ impl Command for StorDelete {
         }
 
         // Open the in-mem database
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         if let Some(new_table_name) = table_name_opt {
             if let Ok(conn) = db.open_connection() {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/export.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/export.rs
index 95c5ee9f35..f8255eec49 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/export.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/export.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorExport;
@@ -58,7 +59,10 @@ impl Command for StorExport {
         };
 
         // Open the in-mem database
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         if let Ok(conn) = db.open_connection() {
             // This uses vacuum. I'm not really sure if this is the best way to do this.
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/import.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/import.rs
index 682694e8bb..20b5b64f2d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/import.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/import.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorImport;
@@ -58,7 +59,10 @@ impl Command for StorImport {
         };
 
         // Open the in-mem database
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         if let Ok(mut conn) = db.open_connection() {
             db.restore_database_from_file(&mut conn, file_name)
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/insert.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/insert.rs
index 4b9677941b..0e5c9ec6af 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/insert.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/insert.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{values_to_sql, SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use rusqlite::params_from_iter;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -64,8 +65,11 @@ impl Command for StorInsert {
         let span = call.head;
         let table_name: Option<String> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "table-name")?;
         let data_record: Option<Record> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "data-record")?;
-        // let config = engine_state.get_config();
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        // let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         // Check if the record is being passed as input or using the data record parameter
         let columns = handle(span, data_record, input)?;
@@ -198,7 +202,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_process_with_simple_parameters() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let create_stmt = "CREATE TABLE test_process_with_simple_parameters (
             int_column INTEGER,
             real_column REAL,
@@ -237,7 +244,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_process_string_with_space() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let create_stmt = "CREATE TABLE test_process_string_with_space (
             str_column VARCHAR(255)
         )";
@@ -262,7 +272,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_no_errors_when_string_too_long() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let create_stmt = "CREATE TABLE test_errors_when_string_too_long (
             str_column VARCHAR(8)
         )";
@@ -287,7 +300,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_no_errors_when_param_is_wrong_type() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let create_stmt = "CREATE TABLE test_errors_when_param_is_wrong_type (
             int_column INT
         )";
@@ -312,7 +328,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_errors_when_column_doesnt_exist() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
         let create_stmt = "CREATE TABLE test_errors_when_column_doesnt_exist (
             int_column INT
         )";
@@ -337,7 +356,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_errors_when_table_doesnt_exist() {
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         let table_name = Some("test_errors_when_table_doesnt_exist".to_string());
         let span = Span::unknown();
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/open.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/open.rs
index c7f6f9f746..ba0f17c2af 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/open.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/open.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorOpen;
@@ -54,7 +55,10 @@ impl Command for StorOpen {
         //   It returns the output of `select * from my_table_name`
 
         // Just create an empty database with MEMORY_DB and nothing else
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         // dbg!(db.clone());
         Ok(db.into_value(call.head).into_pipeline_data())
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/reset.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/reset.rs
index d4489fb702..ba9e2a9681 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/reset.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/reset.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorReset;
@@ -42,7 +43,10 @@ impl Command for StorReset {
         let span = call.head;
 
         // Open the in-mem database
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         if let Ok(conn) = db.open_connection() {
             db.drop_all_tables(&conn)
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/update.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/update.rs
index d731207a3f..18cf6f9f0f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/stor/update.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/stor/update.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::database::{SQLiteDatabase, MEMORY_DB};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct StorUpdate;
@@ -79,7 +80,10 @@ impl Command for StorUpdate {
             call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "where-clause")?;
 
         // Open the in-mem database
-        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB), None));
+        let db = Box::new(SQLiteDatabase::new(
+            std::path::Path::new(MEMORY_DB),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ));
 
         // Check if the record is being passed as input or using the update record parameter
         let columns = handle(span, update_record, input)?;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/char_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/char_.rs
index 6834134b26..aa987438d2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/char_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/char_.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use indexmap::{indexmap, IndexMap};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use std::collections::HashSet;
 
 // Character used to separate directories in a Path Environment variable on windows is ";"
 #[cfg(target_family = "windows")]
@@ -149,6 +150,24 @@ static CHAR_MAP: Lazy<IndexMap<&'static str, String>> = Lazy::new(|| {
     }
 });
 
+static NO_OUTPUT_CHARS: Lazy<HashSet<&'static str>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    [
+        // If the character is in the this set, we don't output it to prevent
+        // the broken of `char --list` command table format and alignment.
+        "newline",
+        "enter",
+        "nl",
+        "line_feed",
+        "lf",
+        "cr",
+        "crlf",
+        "bel",
+        "backspace",
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect()
+});
+
 impl Command for Char {
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         "char"
@@ -229,11 +248,13 @@ impl Command for Char {
         let list = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "list")?;
         let integer = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "integer")?;
         let unicode = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "unicode")?;
-        let ctrlc = working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone();
 
         // handle -l flag
         if list {
-            return Ok(generate_character_list(ctrlc, call.head));
+            return Ok(generate_character_list(
+                working_set.permanent().signals().clone(),
+                call.head,
+            ));
         }
 
         // handle -i flag
@@ -264,11 +285,13 @@ impl Command for Char {
         let list = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "list")?;
         let integer = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "integer")?;
         let unicode = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "unicode")?;
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
         // handle -l flag
         if list {
-            return Ok(generate_character_list(ctrlc, call_span));
+            return Ok(generate_character_list(
+                engine_state.signals().clone(),
+                call_span,
+            ));
         }
 
         // handle -i flag
@@ -289,10 +312,15 @@ impl Command for Char {
     }
 }
 
-fn generate_character_list(ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>, call_span: Span) -> PipelineData {
+fn generate_character_list(signals: Signals, call_span: Span) -> PipelineData {
     CHAR_MAP
         .iter()
         .map(move |(name, s)| {
+            let character = if NO_OUTPUT_CHARS.contains(name) {
+                Value::string("", call_span)
+            } else {
+                Value::string(s, call_span)
+            };
             let unicode = Value::string(
                 s.chars()
                     .map(|c| format!("{:x}", c as u32))
@@ -302,13 +330,13 @@ fn generate_character_list(ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>, call_span: Span) -> P
             );
             let record = record! {
                 "name" => Value::string(*name, call_span),
-                "character" => Value::string(s, call_span),
+                "character" => character,
                 "unicode" => unicode,
             };
 
             Value::record(record, call_span)
         })
-        .into_pipeline_data(call_span, ctrlc)
+        .into_pipeline_data(call_span, signals)
 }
 
 fn handle_integer_flag(
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/detect_columns.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/detect_columns.rs
index 62a2d8bbcc..37a7cfe303 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/detect_columns.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/detect_columns.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::Range;
-use std::{io::Cursor, iter::Peekable, str::CharIndices};
+use nu_protocol::{Config, Range};
+use std::{io::Cursor, iter::Peekable, str::CharIndices, sync::Arc};
 
 type Input<'t> = Peekable<CharIndices<'t>>;
 
@@ -110,11 +110,13 @@ none             8150224         4   8150220   1% /mnt/c' | detect columns --gue
         let num_rows_to_skip: Option<usize> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "skip")?;
         let noheader = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "no-headers")?;
         let range: Option<Range> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "combine-columns")?;
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
         let args = Arguments {
             noheader,
             num_rows_to_skip,
             range,
+            config,
         };
 
         if call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "guess")? {
@@ -133,11 +135,13 @@ none             8150224         4   8150220   1% /mnt/c' | detect columns --gue
         let num_rows_to_skip: Option<usize> = call.get_flag_const(working_set, "skip")?;
         let noheader = call.has_flag_const(working_set, "no-headers")?;
         let range: Option<Range> = call.get_flag_const(working_set, "combine-columns")?;
+        let config = working_set.get_config().clone();
 
         let args = Arguments {
             noheader,
             num_rows_to_skip,
             range,
+            config,
         };
 
         if call.has_flag_const(working_set, "guess")? {
@@ -152,6 +156,7 @@ struct Arguments {
     num_rows_to_skip: Option<usize>,
     noheader: bool,
     range: Option<Range>,
+    config: Arc<Config>,
 }
 
 fn guess_width(
@@ -163,7 +168,7 @@ fn guess_width(
     use super::guess_width::GuessWidth;
     let input_span = input.span().unwrap_or(call.head);
 
-    let mut input = input.collect_string("", engine_state.get_config())?;
+    let mut input = input.collect_string("", &args.config)?;
     if let Some(rows) = args.num_rows_to_skip {
         input = input.lines().skip(rows).map(|x| x.to_string()).join("\n");
     }
@@ -199,7 +204,7 @@ fn guess_width(
                     Err(e) => Value::error(e, input_span),
                 }
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data(input_span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(input_span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     } else {
         let length = result[0].len();
         let columns: Vec<String> = (0..length).map(|n| format!("column{n}")).collect();
@@ -224,7 +229,7 @@ fn guess_width(
                     Err(e) => Value::error(e, input_span),
                 }
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data(input_span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+            .into_pipeline_data(input_span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -235,9 +240,7 @@ fn detect_columns(
     args: Arguments,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
     let name_span = call.head;
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-    let config = engine_state.get_config();
-    let input = input.collect_string("", config)?;
+    let input = input.collect_string("", &args.config)?;
 
     let input: Vec<_> = input
         .lines()
@@ -316,7 +319,7 @@ fn detect_columns(
                     None => Value::record(record, name_span),
                 }
             })
-            .into_pipeline_data(call.head, ctrlc))
+            .into_pipeline_data(call.head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     } else {
         Ok(PipelineData::empty())
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/encode_decode/base64.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/encode_decode/base64.rs
index 8050193212..dd9289a141 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/encode_decode/base64.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/encode_decode/base64.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use base64::{
 };
 use nu_cmd_base::input_handler::{operate as general_operate, CmdArgument};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Call, CellPath},
-    engine::EngineState,
+    ast::CellPath,
+    engine::{Call, EngineState},
     PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ pub fn operate(
         cell_paths,
     };
 
-    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action(
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/date.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/date.rs
index 1aaf1fb851..dd005b9216 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/date.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/date.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ fn run(
             Some(format) => format_helper(value, format.item.as_str(), format.span, head),
             None => format_helper_rfc2822(value, head),
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/duration.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/duration.rs
index 281542f49a..fbbe192048 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/duration.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/duration.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl Command for FormatDuration {
             arg,
             input,
             call.head,
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Command for FormatDuration {
             arg,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/filesize.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/filesize.rs
index ebd43d90b1..63865ac2ac 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/filesize.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/filesize.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl Command for FormatFilesize {
             arg,
             input,
             call.head,
-            engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+            engine_state.signals(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl Command for FormatFilesize {
             arg,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/mod.rs
index d1ebf540e5..8b5af2dec4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/mod.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ pub use str_::*;
 
 use nu_engine::CallExt;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Call,
-    engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
+    engine::{Call, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     ShellError,
 };
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/parse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/parse.rs
index 4318b3da8b..86b27aecbc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/parse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/parse.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 use fancy_regex::{Captures, Regex};
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
-use nu_protocol::{engine::StateWorkingSet, ListStream};
-use std::{
-    collections::VecDeque,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use nu_protocol::{engine::StateWorkingSet, ListStream, Signals};
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Parse;
@@ -15,13 +12,17 @@ impl Command for Parse {
     }
 
     fn usage(&self) -> &str {
-        "Parse columns from string data using a simple pattern."
+        "Parse columns from string data using a simple pattern or a supplied regular expression."
     }
 
     fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
         vec!["pattern", "match", "regex", "str extract"]
     }
 
+    fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "The parse command always uses regular expressions even when you use a simple pattern. If a simple pattern is supplied, parse will transform that pattern into a regular expression."
+    }
+
     fn signature(&self) -> nu_protocol::Signature {
         Signature::build("parse")
             .required("pattern", SyntaxShape::String, "The pattern to match.")
@@ -35,21 +36,24 @@ impl Command for Parse {
     }
 
     fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
-        let result = Value::test_list(vec![Value::test_record(record! {
-            "foo" => Value::test_string("hi"),
-            "bar" => Value::test_string("there"),
-        })]);
-
         vec![
             Example {
                 description: "Parse a string into two named columns",
                 example: "\"hi there\" | parse \"{foo} {bar}\"",
-                result: Some(result.clone()),
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(
+                    vec![Value::test_record(record! {
+                        "foo" => Value::test_string("hi"),
+                        "bar" => Value::test_string("there"),
+                    })])),
             },
             Example {
-                description: "Parse a string using regex pattern",
-                example: "\"hi there\" | parse --regex '(?P<foo>\\w+) (?P<bar>\\w+)'",
-                result: Some(result),
+                description: "This is how the first example is interpreted in the source code",
+                example: "\"hi there\" | parse --regex '(?s)\\A(?P<foo>.*?) (?P<bar>.*?)\\z'",
+                result: Some(Value::test_list(
+                    vec![Value::test_record(record! {
+                        "foo" => Value::test_string("hi"),
+                        "bar" => Value::test_string("there"),
+                    })])),
             },
             Example {
                 description: "Parse a string using fancy-regex named capture group pattern",
@@ -163,8 +167,6 @@ fn operate(
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-
     match input {
         PipelineData::Empty => Ok(PipelineData::Empty),
         PipelineData::Value(value, ..) => match value {
@@ -192,10 +194,10 @@ fn operate(
                     columns,
                     iter,
                     span: head,
-                    ctrlc,
+                    signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 };
 
-                Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, None).into())
+                Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, Signals::empty()).into())
             }
             value => Err(ShellError::PipelineMismatch {
                 exp_input_type: "string".into(),
@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@ fn operate(
                     columns,
                     iter,
                     span: head,
-                    ctrlc,
+                    signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 }
             })
             .into()),
@@ -232,10 +234,10 @@ fn operate(
                     columns,
                     iter: lines,
                     span: head,
-                    ctrlc,
+                    signals: engine_state.signals().clone(),
                 };
 
-                Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, None).into())
+                Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, Signals::empty()).into())
             } else {
                 Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
             }
@@ -302,7 +304,7 @@ struct ParseIter<I: Iterator<Item = Result<String, ShellError>>> {
     columns: Vec<String>,
     iter: I,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 }
 
 impl<I: Iterator<Item = Result<String, ShellError>>> ParseIter<I> {
@@ -320,7 +322,7 @@ impl<I: Iterator<Item = Result<String, ShellError>>> Iterator for ParseIter<I> {
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Value> {
         loop {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
+            if self.signals.interrupted() {
                 return None;
             }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/chars.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/chars.rs
index 08e73b9830..370df262ea 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/chars.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/chars.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn split_chars(
     let span = call.head;
     input.map(
         move |x| split_chars_helper(&x, span, graphemes),
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/column.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/column.rs
index 02eff7845f..540cfabe54 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/column.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/column.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn split_column(
 
     input.flat_map(
         move |x| split_column_helper(&x, &regex, &args.rest, args.collapse_empty, name_span),
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/list.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/list.rs
index d52bb5401a..eb874841a2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/list.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/list.rs
@@ -215,9 +215,7 @@ fn split_list(
 
     let matcher = Matcher::new(has_regex, separator)?;
     for val in input {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-            break;
-        }
+        engine_state.signals().check(call.head)?;
 
         if matcher.compare(&val)? {
             if !temp_list.is_empty() {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/row.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/row.rs
index 8bc0003cb6..1f427a06e0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/row.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/row.rs
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn split_row(
     })?;
     input.flat_map(
         move |x| split_row_helper(&x, &regex, args.max_split, name_span),
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/words.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/words.rs
index 0dd5dc9383..b95a06f65c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/words.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/split/words.rs
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn split_words(
 
     input.map(
         move |x| split_words_helper(&x, args.word_length, span, args.graphemes),
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ fn split_words_helper(v: &Value, word_length: Option<usize>, span: Span, graphem
     // [^[:alpha:]\'] = do not match any uppercase or lowercase letters or apostrophes
     // [^\p{L}\'] = do not match any unicode uppercase or lowercase letters or apostrophes
     // Let's go with the unicode one in hopes that it works on more than just ascii characters
-    let regex_replace = Regex::new(r"[^\p{L}\']").expect("regular expression error");
+    let regex_replace = Regex::new(r"[^\p{L}\p{N}\']").expect("regular expression error");
     let v_span = v.span();
 
     match v {
@@ -422,4 +422,9 @@ mod test {
 
         test_examples(SubCommand {})
     }
+    #[test]
+    fn mixed_letter_number() {
+        let actual = nu!(r#"echo "a1 b2 c3" | split words | str join ','"#);
+        assert_eq!(actual.out, "a1,b2,c3");
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/capitalize.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/capitalize.rs
index 20f334976c..862ca127c2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/capitalize.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/capitalize.rs
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ fn operate(
                 ret
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/downcase.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/downcase.rs
index 316050d501..0493a663aa 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/downcase.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/downcase.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn operate(
                 ret
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
index 32b50c4bc6..3390ff097e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/mod.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ where
         case_operation,
         cell_paths,
     };
-    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    general_operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action<F>(input: &Value, args: &Arguments<F>, head: Span) -> Value
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/upcase.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/upcase.rs
index 9e55f25f64..557239ec91 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/upcase.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/case/upcase.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ fn operate(
                 ret
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/contains.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/contains.rs
index ff9cb85fcb..27d8a8e313 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/contains.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/contains.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             cell_paths,
             case_insensitive: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-case")?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/deunicode.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/deunicode.rs
index 0b70cf2003..ef732571f9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/deunicode.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/deunicode.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
 
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/distance.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/distance.rs
index bd666e53f5..9b88f8e3e0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/distance.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/distance.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             compare_string,
             cell_paths,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/ends_with.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/ends_with.rs
index 40f643ea8e..d4841b74e0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/ends_with.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/ends_with.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             cell_paths,
             case_insensitive: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-case")?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/expand.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/expand.rs
index 70fb51ec4c..b9759ef6a1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/expand.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/expand.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ fn run(
                 ),
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/index_of.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/index_of.rs
index 5b40f80d3d..a6b06ef9b7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/index_of.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/index_of.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             cell_paths,
             graphemes: grapheme_flags(engine_state, stack, call)?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/join.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/join.rs
index 1d36f216d0..d297ea4cbc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/join.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/join.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::Signals;
 
 use std::io::Write;
 
@@ -88,30 +89,35 @@ fn run(
     let mut iter = input.into_iter();
     let mut first = true;
 
-    let output = ByteStream::from_fn(span, None, ByteStreamType::String, move |buffer| {
-        // Write each input to the buffer
-        if let Some(value) = iter.next() {
-            // Write the separator if this is not the first
-            if first {
-                first = false;
-            } else if let Some(separator) = &separator {
-                write!(buffer, "{}", separator)?;
-            }
-
-            match value {
-                Value::Error { error, .. } => {
-                    return Err(*error);
+    let output = ByteStream::from_fn(
+        span,
+        Signals::empty(),
+        ByteStreamType::String,
+        move |buffer| {
+            // Write each input to the buffer
+            if let Some(value) = iter.next() {
+                // Write the separator if this is not the first
+                if first {
+                    first = false;
+                } else if let Some(separator) = &separator {
+                    write!(buffer, "{}", separator)?;
                 }
-                // Hmm, not sure what we actually want.
-                // `to_expanded_string` formats dates as human readable which feels funny.
-                Value::Date { val, .. } => write!(buffer, "{val:?}")?,
-                value => write!(buffer, "{}", value.to_expanded_string("\n", &config))?,
+
+                match value {
+                    Value::Error { error, .. } => {
+                        return Err(*error);
+                    }
+                    // Hmm, not sure what we actually want.
+                    // `to_expanded_string` formats dates as human readable which feels funny.
+                    Value::Date { val, .. } => write!(buffer, "{val:?}")?,
+                    value => write!(buffer, "{}", value.to_expanded_string("\n", &config))?,
+                }
+                Ok(true)
+            } else {
+                Ok(false)
             }
-            Ok(true)
-        } else {
-            Ok(false)
-        }
-    });
+        },
+    );
 
     Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(output, metadata))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/length.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/length.rs
index f456fe9467..ab0ba8db49 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/length.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/length.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ fn run(
         cell_paths: (!cell_paths.is_empty()).then_some(cell_paths),
         graphemes,
     };
-    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 fn action(input: &Value, arg: &Arguments, head: Span) -> Value {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/replace.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/replace.rs
index 58e2574681..342dd0693e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/replace.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/replace.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             no_regex,
             multiline,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/reverse.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/reverse.rs
index cc3772db7c..9a339f7bcc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/reverse.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/reverse.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         let cell_paths: Vec<CellPath> = call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let args = CellPathOnlyArgs::from(cell_paths);
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/starts_with.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/starts_with.rs
index aec12f6f77..bac451466c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/starts_with.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/starts_with.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             cell_paths,
             case_insensitive: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "ignore-case")?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/stats.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/stats.rs
index 28c65afe2b..eb091ae4f6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/stats.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/stats.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ fn stats(
                 ),
             }
         },
-        engine_state.ctrlc.clone(),
+        engine_state.signals(),
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/substring.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/substring.rs
index 5ad7a967da..10464580c7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/substring.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/substring.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             cell_paths,
             graphemes: grapheme_flags(engine_state, stack, call)?,
         };
-        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+        operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
     }
 
     fn run_const(
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl Command for SubCommand {
             args,
             input,
             call.head,
-            working_set.permanent().ctrlc.clone(),
+            working_set.permanent().signals(),
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/trim/trim_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/trim/trim_.rs
index 52c4017cda..76d886a010 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/trim/trim_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/strings/str_/trim/trim_.rs
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ fn run(
         cell_paths,
         mode,
     };
-    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.ctrlc.clone())
+    operate(action, args, input, call.head, engine_state.signals())
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/exec.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/exec.rs
index 35ab9428be..018017cfb2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/exec.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/exec.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ On Windows based systems, Nushell will wait for the command to finish and then e
         let name: Spanned<String> = call.req(engine_state, stack, 0)?;
         let executable = {
             let paths = nu_engine::env::path_str(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
-            let Some(executable) = crate::which(&name.item, &paths, &cwd) else {
+            let Some(executable) = crate::which(&name.item, &paths, cwd.as_ref()) else {
                 return Err(crate::command_not_found(
                     &name.item,
                     call.head,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/nu_check.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/nu_check.rs
index f9e0879c00..c0c29858d5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/nu_check.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/nu_check.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env::get_config, find_in_dirs_env, get_dirs_var_from_call};
+use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, find_in_dirs_env, get_dirs_var_from_call};
 use nu_parser::{parse, parse_module_block, parse_module_file_or_dir, unescape_unquote_string};
 use nu_protocol::engine::{FileStack, StateWorkingSet};
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl Command for NuCheck {
                 }
             }
             PipelineData::ListStream(stream, ..) => {
-                let config = get_config(engine_state, stack);
+                let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
                 let list_stream = stream.into_string("\n", &config);
                 let contents = Vec::from(list_stream);
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl Command for NuCheck {
                         &path_str.item,
                         engine_state,
                         stack,
-                        get_dirs_var_from_call(call),
+                        get_dirs_var_from_call(stack, call),
                     ) {
                         Ok(path) => {
                             if let Some(path) = path {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/ps.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/ps.rs
index c64549a44d..859575abbd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/ps.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/ps.rs
@@ -182,5 +182,5 @@ fn run_ps(
 
     Ok(output
         .into_iter()
-        .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+        .into_pipeline_data(span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/registry_query.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/registry_query.rs
index 1e2a328356..9b68059ffa 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/registry_query.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/registry_query.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn registry_query(
                 *registry_key_span,
             ))
         }
-        Ok(reg_values.into_pipeline_data(call_span, engine_state.ctrlc.clone()))
+        Ok(reg_values.into_pipeline_data(call_span, engine_state.signals().clone()))
     } else {
         match registry_value {
             Some(value) => {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/run_external.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/run_external.rs
index f82c23a0e0..0b9f1950ea 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/run_external.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/run_external.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 use nu_cmd_base::hook::eval_hook;
 use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env_to_strings, get_eval_expression};
 use nu_path::{dots::expand_ndots, expand_tilde};
-use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Expression, did_you_mean, process::ChildProcess, ByteStream, NuGlob, OutDest,
-};
+use nu_protocol::{did_you_mean, process::ChildProcess, ByteStream, NuGlob, OutDest, Signals};
 use nu_system::ForegroundChild;
 use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
 use pathdiff::diff_paths;
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ use std::{
     io::Write,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     process::Stdio,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
+    sync::Arc,
     thread,
 };
 
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ impl Command for External {
             // Determine the PATH to be used and then use `which` to find it - though this has no
             // effect if it's an absolute path already
             let paths = nu_engine::env::path_str(engine_state, stack, call.head)?;
-            let Some(executable) = which(expanded_name, &paths, &cwd) else {
+            let Some(executable) = which(expanded_name, &paths, cwd.as_ref()) else {
                 return Err(command_not_found(&name_str, call.head, engine_state, stack));
             };
             executable
@@ -221,22 +219,22 @@ pub fn eval_arguments_from_call(
     stack: &mut Stack,
     call: &Call,
 ) -> Result<Vec<Spanned<OsString>>, ShellError> {
-    let ctrlc = &engine_state.ctrlc;
     let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack))?;
-    let mut args: Vec<Spanned<OsString>> = vec![];
-    for (expr, spread) in call.rest_iter(1) {
-        for arg in eval_argument(engine_state, stack, expr, spread)? {
-            match arg {
-                // Expand globs passed to run-external
-                Value::Glob { val, no_expand, .. } if !no_expand => args.extend(
-                    expand_glob(&val, &cwd, expr.span, ctrlc)?
-                        .into_iter()
-                        .map(|s| s.into_spanned(expr.span)),
-                ),
-                other => {
-                    args.push(OsString::from(coerce_into_string(other)?).into_spanned(expr.span))
-                }
-            }
+    let eval_expression = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
+    let call_args = call.rest_iter_flattened(engine_state, stack, eval_expression, 1)?;
+    let mut args: Vec<Spanned<OsString>> = Vec::with_capacity(call_args.len());
+
+    for arg in call_args {
+        let span = arg.span();
+        match arg {
+            // Expand globs passed to run-external
+            Value::Glob { val, no_expand, .. } if !no_expand => args.extend(
+                expand_glob(&val, cwd.as_std_path(), span, engine_state.signals())?
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|s| s.into_spanned(span)),
+            ),
+            other => args
+                .push(OsString::from(coerce_into_string(engine_state, other)?).into_spanned(span)),
         }
     }
     Ok(args)
@@ -244,42 +242,17 @@ pub fn eval_arguments_from_call(
 
 /// Custom `coerce_into_string()`, including globs, since those are often args to `run-external`
 /// as well
-fn coerce_into_string(val: Value) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
+fn coerce_into_string(engine_state: &EngineState, val: Value) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
     match val {
+        Value::List { .. } => Err(ShellError::CannotPassListToExternal {
+            arg: String::from_utf8_lossy(engine_state.get_span_contents(val.span())).into_owned(),
+            span: val.span(),
+        }),
         Value::Glob { val, .. } => Ok(val),
         _ => val.coerce_into_string(),
     }
 }
 
-/// Evaluate an argument, returning more than one value if it was a list to be spread.
-fn eval_argument(
-    engine_state: &EngineState,
-    stack: &mut Stack,
-    expr: &Expression,
-    spread: bool,
-) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
-    let eval = get_eval_expression(engine_state);
-    match eval(engine_state, stack, expr)? {
-        Value::List { vals, .. } => {
-            if spread {
-                Ok(vals)
-            } else {
-                Err(ShellError::CannotPassListToExternal {
-                    arg: String::from_utf8_lossy(engine_state.get_span_contents(expr.span)).into(),
-                    span: expr.span,
-                })
-            }
-        }
-        value => {
-            if spread {
-                Err(ShellError::CannotSpreadAsList { span: expr.span })
-            } else {
-                Ok(vec![value])
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Performs glob expansion on `arg`. If the expansion found no matches or the pattern
 /// is not a valid glob, then this returns the original string as the expansion result.
 ///
@@ -289,7 +262,7 @@ fn expand_glob(
     arg: &str,
     cwd: &Path,
     span: Span,
-    interrupt: &Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<Vec<OsString>, ShellError> {
     const GLOB_CHARS: &[char] = &['*', '?', '['];
 
@@ -307,9 +280,7 @@ fn expand_glob(
         let mut result: Vec<OsString> = vec![];
 
         for m in matches {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(interrupt) {
-                return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: Some(span) });
-            }
+            signals.check(span)?;
             if let Ok(arg) = m {
                 let arg = resolve_globbed_path_to_cwd_relative(arg, prefix.as_ref(), cwd);
                 result.push(arg.into());
@@ -395,7 +366,7 @@ pub fn command_not_found(
     stack: &mut Stack,
 ) -> ShellError {
     // Run the `command_not_found` hook if there is one.
-    if let Some(hook) = &engine_state.config.hooks.command_not_found {
+    if let Some(hook) = &stack.get_config(engine_state).hooks.command_not_found {
         let mut stack = stack.start_capture();
         // Set a special environment variable to avoid infinite loops when the
         // `command_not_found` hook triggers itself.
@@ -609,33 +580,33 @@ mod test {
         Playground::setup("test_expand_glob", |dirs, play| {
             play.with_files(&[Stub::EmptyFile("a.txt"), Stub::EmptyFile("b.txt")]);
 
-            let cwd = dirs.test();
+            let cwd = dirs.test().as_std_path();
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob("*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             let expected = &["a.txt", "b.txt"];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("./*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob("./*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("'*.txt'", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob("'*.txt'", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             let expected = &["'*.txt'"];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob(".", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob(".", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             let expected = &["."];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("./a.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob("./a.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             let expected = &["./a.txt"];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("[*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
+            let actual = expand_glob("[*.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
             let expected = &["[*.txt"];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
 
-            let actual = expand_glob("~/foo.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &None).unwrap();
-            let home = dirs_next::home_dir().expect("failed to get home dir");
+            let actual = expand_glob("~/foo.txt", cwd, Span::unknown(), &Signals::empty()).unwrap();
+            let home = dirs::home_dir().expect("failed to get home dir");
             let expected: Vec<OsString> = vec![home.join("foo.txt").into()];
             assert_eq!(actual, expected);
         })
@@ -666,7 +637,7 @@ mod test {
             ByteStream::read(
                 b"foo".as_slice(),
                 Span::unknown(),
-                None,
+                Signals::empty(),
                 ByteStreamType::Unknown,
             ),
             None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/uname.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/uname.rs
index e267fcaeb2..0bcb749f02 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/uname.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/uname.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
-use nu_protocol::record;
-use nu_protocol::Value;
-use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Call,
-    engine::{Command, EngineState, Stack},
-    Category, Example, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature, Type,
-};
+use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
+use nu_protocol::{record, Value};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct UName;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/system/which_.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/system/which_.rs
index f0cf4ece39..fd5b0beb18 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/system/which_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/system/which_.rs
@@ -188,7 +188,6 @@ fn which(
         applications: call.rest(engine_state, stack, 0)?,
         all: call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "all")?,
     };
-    let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
 
     if which_args.applications.is_empty() {
         return Err(ShellError::MissingParameter {
@@ -214,7 +213,9 @@ fn which(
         output.extend(values);
     }
 
-    Ok(output.into_iter().into_pipeline_data(head, ctrlc))
+    Ok(output
+        .into_iter()
+        .into_pipeline_data(head, engine_state.signals().clone()))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/griddle.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/griddle.rs
index 8b39bf5649..c3e003be39 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/griddle.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/griddle.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ prints out the list properly."#
         let width_param: Option<i64> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "width")?;
         let color_param: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "color")?;
         let separator_param: Option<String> = call.get_flag(engine_state, stack, "separator")?;
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
+        let config = &stack.get_config(engine_state);
         let env_str = match stack.get_env_var(engine_state, "LS_COLORS") {
             Some(v) => Some(env_to_string("LS_COLORS", &v, engine_state, stack)?),
             None => None,
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ prints out the list properly."#
                         separator_param,
                         env_str,
                         use_grid_icons,
-                        &cwd,
+                        cwd.as_ref(),
                     )?)
                 } else {
                     Ok(PipelineData::empty())
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ prints out the list properly."#
                         separator_param,
                         env_str,
                         use_grid_icons,
-                        &cwd,
+                        cwd.as_ref(),
                     )?)
                 } else {
                     // dbg!(data);
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ prints out the list properly."#
                     separator_param,
                     env_str,
                     use_grid_icons,
-                    &cwd,
+                    cwd.as_ref(),
                 )?)
             }
             x => {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/table.rs b/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/table.rs
index f0cc90fa9f..e5fdf681f7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/src/viewers/table.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 
 use lscolors::{LsColors, Style};
 use nu_color_config::{color_from_hex, StyleComputer, TextStyle};
-use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env::get_config, env_to_string};
+use nu_engine::{command_prelude::*, env_to_string};
 use nu_pretty_hex::HexConfig;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ByteStream, Config, DataSource, ListStream, PipelineMetadata, TableMode, ValueIterator,
+    ByteStream, Config, DataSource, ListStream, PipelineMetadata, Signals, TableMode, ValueIterator,
 };
 use nu_table::{
     common::create_nu_table_config, CollapsedTable, ExpandedTable, JustTable, NuTable, NuTableCell,
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ use std::{
     io::{IsTerminal, Read},
     path::PathBuf,
     str::FromStr,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
     time::Instant,
 };
 use terminal_size::{Height, Width};
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ fn parse_table_config(
     let flatten_separator: Option<String> = call.get_flag(state, stack, "flatten-separator")?;
     let abbrivation: Option<usize> = call
         .get_flag(state, stack, "abbreviated")?
-        .or_else(|| get_config(state, stack).table_abbreviation_threshold);
+        .or_else(|| stack.get_config(state).table_abbreviation_threshold);
     let table_view = match (expand, collapse) {
         (false, false) => TableView::General,
         (_, true) => TableView::Collapsed,
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ fn parse_table_config(
         },
     };
     let theme =
-        get_theme_flag(call, state, stack)?.unwrap_or_else(|| get_config(state, stack).table_mode);
+        get_theme_flag(call, state, stack)?.unwrap_or_else(|| stack.get_config(state).table_mode);
     let index = get_index_flag(call, state, stack)?;
 
     let term_width = get_width_param(width_param);
@@ -345,7 +344,7 @@ fn get_theme_flag(
 struct CmdInput<'a> {
     engine_state: &'a EngineState,
     stack: &'a mut Stack,
-    call: &'a Call,
+    call: &'a Call<'a>,
     data: PipelineData,
 }
 
@@ -353,7 +352,7 @@ impl<'a> CmdInput<'a> {
     fn new(
         engine_state: &'a EngineState,
         stack: &'a mut Stack,
-        call: &'a Call,
+        call: &'a Call<'a>,
         data: PipelineData,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -377,8 +376,8 @@ fn handle_table_command(
         ),
         PipelineData::ByteStream(..) => Ok(input.data),
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Binary { val, .. }, ..) => {
-            let ctrlc = input.engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-            let stream = ByteStream::read_binary(val, input.call.head, ctrlc);
+            let signals = input.engine_state.signals().clone();
+            let stream = ByteStream::read_binary(val, input.call.head, signals);
             Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(
                 pretty_hex_stream(stream, input.call.head),
                 None,
@@ -386,8 +385,8 @@ fn handle_table_command(
         }
         // None of these two receive a StyleComputer because handle_row_stream() can produce it by itself using engine_state and stack.
         PipelineData::Value(Value::List { vals, .. }, metadata) => {
-            let ctrlc = input.engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-            let stream = ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), span, ctrlc);
+            let signals = input.engine_state.signals().clone();
+            let stream = ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), span, signals);
             input.data = PipelineData::Empty;
 
             handle_row_stream(input, cfg, stream, metadata)
@@ -410,8 +409,9 @@ fn handle_table_command(
             Table.run(input.engine_state, input.stack, input.call, base_pipeline)
         }
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Range { val, .. }, metadata) => {
-            let ctrlc = input.engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-            let stream = ListStream::new(val.into_range_iter(span, ctrlc), span, None);
+            let signals = input.engine_state.signals().clone();
+            let stream =
+                ListStream::new(val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty()), span, signals);
             input.data = PipelineData::Empty;
             handle_row_stream(input, cfg, stream, metadata)
         }
@@ -437,50 +437,55 @@ fn pretty_hex_stream(stream: ByteStream, span: Span) -> ByteStream {
         reader
     } else {
         // No stream to read from
-        return ByteStream::read_string("".into(), span, None);
+        return ByteStream::read_string("".into(), span, Signals::empty());
     };
 
-    ByteStream::from_fn(span, None, ByteStreamType::String, move |buffer| {
-        // Turn the buffer into a String we can write to
-        let mut write_buf = std::mem::take(buffer);
-        write_buf.clear();
-        // SAFETY: we just truncated it empty
-        let mut write_buf = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(write_buf) };
+    ByteStream::from_fn(
+        span,
+        Signals::empty(),
+        ByteStreamType::String,
+        move |buffer| {
+            // Turn the buffer into a String we can write to
+            let mut write_buf = std::mem::take(buffer);
+            write_buf.clear();
+            // SAFETY: we just truncated it empty
+            let mut write_buf = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(write_buf) };
 
-        // Write the title at the beginning
-        if cfg.title {
-            nu_pretty_hex::write_title(&mut write_buf, cfg, true).expect("format error");
-            cfg.title = false;
-
-            // Put the write_buf back into buffer
-            *buffer = write_buf.into_bytes();
-
-            Ok(true)
-        } else {
-            // Read up to `cfg.width` bytes
-            read_buf.clear();
-            (&mut reader)
-                .take(cfg.width as u64)
-                .read_to_end(&mut read_buf)
-                .err_span(span)?;
-
-            if !read_buf.is_empty() {
-                nu_pretty_hex::hex_write(&mut write_buf, &read_buf, cfg, Some(true))
-                    .expect("format error");
-                write_buf.push('\n');
-
-                // Advance the address offset for next time
-                cfg.address_offset += read_buf.len();
+            // Write the title at the beginning
+            if cfg.title {
+                nu_pretty_hex::write_title(&mut write_buf, cfg, true).expect("format error");
+                cfg.title = false;
 
                 // Put the write_buf back into buffer
                 *buffer = write_buf.into_bytes();
 
                 Ok(true)
             } else {
-                Ok(false)
+                // Read up to `cfg.width` bytes
+                read_buf.clear();
+                (&mut reader)
+                    .take(cfg.width as u64)
+                    .read_to_end(&mut read_buf)
+                    .err_span(span)?;
+
+                if !read_buf.is_empty() {
+                    nu_pretty_hex::hex_write(&mut write_buf, &read_buf, cfg, Some(true))
+                        .expect("format error");
+                    write_buf.push('\n');
+
+                    // Advance the address offset for next time
+                    cfg.address_offset += read_buf.len();
+
+                    // Put the write_buf back into buffer
+                    *buffer = write_buf.into_bytes();
+
+                    Ok(true)
+                } else {
+                    Ok(false)
+                }
             }
-        }
-    })
+        },
+    )
 }
 
 fn handle_record(
@@ -488,11 +493,13 @@ fn handle_record(
     cfg: TableConfig,
     mut record: Record,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let config = get_config(input.engine_state, input.stack);
+    let config = {
+        let state = input.engine_state;
+        let stack: &Stack = input.stack;
+        stack.get_config(state)
+    };
     let span = input.data.span().unwrap_or(input.call.head);
     let styles = &StyleComputer::from_config(input.engine_state, input.stack);
-    let ctrlc = input.engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-    let ctrlc1 = ctrlc.clone();
 
     if record.is_empty() {
         let value =
@@ -517,7 +524,7 @@ fn handle_record(
     let opts = TableOpts::new(
         &config,
         styles,
-        ctrlc,
+        input.engine_state.signals(),
         span,
         cfg.term_width,
         indent,
@@ -529,7 +536,7 @@ fn handle_record(
 
     let result = match result {
         Some(output) => maybe_strip_color(output, &config),
-        None => report_unsuccessful_output(ctrlc1, cfg.term_width),
+        None => report_unsuccessful_output(input.engine_state.signals(), cfg.term_width),
     };
 
     let val = Value::string(result, span);
@@ -537,8 +544,8 @@ fn handle_record(
     Ok(val.into_pipeline_data())
 }
 
-fn report_unsuccessful_output(ctrlc1: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>, term_width: usize) -> String {
-    if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc1) {
+fn report_unsuccessful_output(signals: &Signals, term_width: usize) -> String {
+    if signals.interrupted() {
         "".into()
     } else {
         // assume this failed because the table was too wide
@@ -599,15 +606,17 @@ fn handle_row_stream(
     stream: ListStream,
     metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let ctrlc = input.engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-
     let stream = match metadata.as_ref() {
         // First, `ls` sources:
         Some(PipelineMetadata {
             data_source: DataSource::Ls,
             ..
         }) => {
-            let config = get_config(input.engine_state, input.stack);
+            let config = {
+                let state = input.engine_state;
+                let stack: &Stack = input.stack;
+                stack.get_config(state)
+            };
             let ls_colors_env_str = match input.stack.get_env_var(input.engine_state, "LS_COLORS") {
                 Some(v) => Some(env_to_string(
                     "LS_COLORS",
@@ -680,11 +689,14 @@ fn handle_row_stream(
         // for the values it outputs. Because engine_state is passed in, config doesn't need to.
         input.engine_state.clone(),
         input.stack.clone(),
-        ctrlc.clone(),
         cfg,
     );
-    let stream =
-        ByteStream::from_result_iter(paginator, input.call.head, None, ByteStreamType::String);
+    let stream = ByteStream::from_result_iter(
+        paginator,
+        input.call.head,
+        Signals::empty(),
+        ByteStreamType::String,
+    );
     Ok(PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, None))
 }
 
@@ -717,7 +729,6 @@ struct PagingTableCreator {
     stream: ValueIterator,
     engine_state: EngineState,
     stack: Stack,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
     elements_displayed: usize,
     reached_end: bool,
     cfg: TableConfig,
@@ -730,7 +741,6 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
         stream: ListStream,
         engine_state: EngineState,
         stack: Stack,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
         cfg: TableConfig,
     ) -> Self {
         PagingTableCreator {
@@ -738,7 +748,6 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
             stream: stream.into_inner(),
             engine_state,
             stack,
-            ctrlc,
             cfg,
             elements_displayed: 0,
             reached_end: false,
@@ -757,7 +766,11 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let cfg = get_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
+        let cfg = {
+            let state = &self.engine_state;
+            let stack = &self.stack;
+            stack.get_config(state)
+        };
         let style_comp = StyleComputer::from_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
         let opts = self.create_table_opts(&cfg, &style_comp);
         let view = TableView::Expanded {
@@ -774,7 +787,11 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
             return Ok(None);
         }
 
-        let cfg = get_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
+        let cfg = {
+            let state = &self.engine_state;
+            let stack = &self.stack;
+            stack.get_config(state)
+        };
         let style_comp = StyleComputer::from_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
         let opts = self.create_table_opts(&cfg, &style_comp);
 
@@ -782,7 +799,11 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
     }
 
     fn build_general(&mut self, batch: Vec<Value>) -> StringResult {
-        let cfg = get_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
+        let cfg = {
+            let state = &self.engine_state;
+            let stack = &self.stack;
+            stack.get_config(state)
+        };
         let style_comp = StyleComputer::from_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
         let opts = self.create_table_opts(&cfg, &style_comp);
 
@@ -790,14 +811,14 @@ impl PagingTableCreator {
     }
 
     fn create_table_opts<'a>(
-        &self,
+        &'a self,
         cfg: &'a Config,
         style_comp: &'a StyleComputer<'a>,
     ) -> TableOpts<'a> {
         TableOpts::new(
             cfg,
             style_comp,
-            self.ctrlc.clone(),
+            self.engine_state.signals(),
             self.head,
             self.cfg.term_width,
             (cfg.table_indent.left, cfg.table_indent.right),
@@ -830,12 +851,15 @@ impl Iterator for PagingTableCreator {
         match self.cfg.abbreviation {
             Some(abbr) => {
                 (batch, _, end) =
-                    stream_collect_abbriviated(&mut self.stream, abbr, self.ctrlc.clone());
+                    stream_collect_abbriviated(&mut self.stream, abbr, self.engine_state.signals());
             }
             None => {
                 // Pull from stream until time runs out or we have enough items
-                (batch, end) =
-                    stream_collect(&mut self.stream, STREAM_PAGE_SIZE, self.ctrlc.clone());
+                (batch, end) = stream_collect(
+                    &mut self.stream,
+                    STREAM_PAGE_SIZE,
+                    self.engine_state.signals(),
+                );
             }
         }
 
@@ -868,15 +892,24 @@ impl Iterator for PagingTableCreator {
 
         self.row_offset += batch_size;
 
-        let config = get_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack);
-        convert_table_to_output(table, &config, &self.ctrlc, self.cfg.term_width)
+        let config = {
+            let state = &self.engine_state;
+            let stack = &self.stack;
+            stack.get_config(state)
+        };
+        convert_table_to_output(
+            table,
+            &config,
+            self.engine_state.signals(),
+            self.cfg.term_width,
+        )
     }
 }
 
 fn stream_collect(
     stream: impl Iterator<Item = Value>,
     size: usize,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> (Vec<Value>, bool) {
     let start_time = Instant::now();
     let mut end = true;
@@ -896,7 +929,7 @@ fn stream_collect(
             break;
         }
 
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
+        if signals.interrupted() {
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -907,7 +940,7 @@ fn stream_collect(
 fn stream_collect_abbriviated(
     stream: impl Iterator<Item = Value>,
     size: usize,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> (Vec<Value>, usize, bool) {
     let mut end = true;
     let mut read = 0;
@@ -930,7 +963,7 @@ fn stream_collect_abbriviated(
             tail.push_back(item);
         }
 
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&ctrlc) {
+        if signals.interrupted() {
             end = false;
             break;
         }
@@ -1040,7 +1073,7 @@ fn create_empty_placeholder(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &Stack,
 ) -> String {
-    let config = get_config(engine_state, stack);
+    let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
     if !config.table_show_empty {
         return String::new();
     }
@@ -1062,7 +1095,7 @@ fn create_empty_placeholder(
 fn convert_table_to_output(
     table: Result<Option<String>, ShellError>,
     config: &Config,
-    ctrlc: &Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     term_width: usize,
 ) -> Option<Result<Vec<u8>, ShellError>> {
     match table {
@@ -1075,7 +1108,7 @@ fn convert_table_to_output(
             Some(Ok(bytes))
         }
         Ok(None) => {
-            let msg = if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(ctrlc) {
+            let msg = if signals.interrupted() {
                 String::from("")
             } else {
                 // assume this failed because the table was too wide
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/break_.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/break_.rs
index 92a6564658..7398ac62e5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/break_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/break_.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,3 @@ fn break_while_loop() {
 
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "hello");
 }
-
-#[test]
-fn break_each() {
-    let actual = nu!("
-        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] | each {|x| if $x > 3 { break }; $x} | math sum
-        ");
-
-    assert_eq!(actual.out, "6");
-}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/cd.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/cd.rs
index 87af52aa4d..1b8e2dad5a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/cd.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/cd.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use nu_path::Path;
 use nu_test_support::fs::Stub::EmptyFile;
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[test]
 fn cd_works_with_in_var() {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_from_current_directory_using_relative_path() {
     Playground::setup("cd_test_1", |dirs, _| {
         let actual = nu!( cwd: dirs.root(), "cd cd_test_1; $env.PWD");
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), *dirs.test());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.test());
     })
 }
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_from_current_directory_using_relative_path_with_trailing_sl
         // Intentionally not using correct path sep because this should work on Windows
         let actual = nu!( cwd: dirs.root(), "cd cd_test_1_slash/; $env.PWD");
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), *dirs.test());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), *dirs.test());
     })
 }
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_from_current_directory_using_absolute_path() {
             dirs.formats().display()
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), dirs.formats());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.formats());
     })
 }
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_from_current_directory_using_absolute_path_with_trailing_sl
             std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR_STR,
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), dirs.formats());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.formats());
     })
 }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn filesystem_switch_back_to_previous_working_directory() {
             dirs.test().display()
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), dirs.test().join("odin"));
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.test().join("odin"));
     })
 }
 
@@ -101,10 +101,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_from_current_directory_using_relative_path_and_dash() {
             "
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(
-            PathBuf::from(actual.out),
-            dirs.test().join("odin").join("-")
-        );
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.test().join("odin").join("-"));
     })
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +116,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_current_directory_to_parent_directory() {
             "
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), *dirs.root());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), *dirs.root());
     })
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +133,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_current_directory_to_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots() {
             "
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), *dirs.test());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), *dirs.test());
     })
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_to_home_directory() {
             "
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(Some(PathBuf::from(actual.out)), dirs_next::home_dir());
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs::home_dir().unwrap());
     })
 }
 
@@ -169,7 +166,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_to_a_directory_containing_spaces() {
         );
 
         assert_eq!(
-            PathBuf::from(actual.out),
+            Path::new(&actual.out),
             dirs.test().join("robalino turner katz")
         );
     })
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_directory_to_symlink_relative() {
                 $env.PWD
             "
         );
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), dirs.test().join("foo_link"));
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.test().join("foo_link"));
 
         let actual = nu!(
             cwd: dirs.test().join("boo"),
@@ -243,7 +240,7 @@ fn filesystem_change_directory_to_symlink_relative() {
                 $env.PWD
             "
         );
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), dirs.test().join("foo"));
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), dirs.test().join("foo"));
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/chunks.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/chunks.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb0c580f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/chunks.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use nu_test_support::nu;
+
+#[test]
+fn chunk_size_negative() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | chunks -1");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("positive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn chunk_size_zero() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | chunks 0");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("zero"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn chunk_size_not_int() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | chunks (if true { 1sec })");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("can't convert"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty() {
+    let actual = nu!("[] | chunks 2 | is-empty");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_stream() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2] | every 1 | chunks 2) == ([0 1 2] | chunks 2)");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn table_stream() {
+    let actual = nu!("([[foo bar]; [0 1] [2 3] [4 5]] | every 1 | chunks 2) == ([[foo bar]; [0 1] [2 3] [4 5]] | chunks 2)");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_chunks() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4 5] | chunks 3 | length) == 2");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/complete.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/complete.rs
index 329e95ad71..5426d4e8bb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/complete.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/complete.rs
@@ -95,13 +95,13 @@ fn capture_error_with_both_stdout_stderr_messages_not_hang_nushell() {
 
 #[test]
 fn combined_pipe_redirection() {
-    let actual = nu!("$env.FOO = hello; $env.BAR = world; nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err FOO BAR o+e>| complete | get stdout");
+    let actual = nu!("$env.FOO = 'hello'; $env.BAR = 'world'; nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err FOO BAR o+e>| complete | get stdout");
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "helloworld");
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn err_pipe_redirection() {
     let actual =
-        nu!("$env.FOO = hello; nu --testbin echo_env_stderr FOO e>| complete | get stdout");
+        nu!("$env.FOO = 'hello'; nu --testbin echo_env_stderr FOO e>| complete | get stdout");
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "hello");
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/database/into_sqlite.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/database/into_sqlite.rs
index 595c88dc38..3de7973588 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/database/into_sqlite.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/database/into_sqlite.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-use std::{io::Write, path::PathBuf};
-
 use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset};
+use nu_path::AbsolutePathBuf;
 use nu_protocol::{ast::PathMember, record, Span, Value};
 use nu_test_support::{
     fs::{line_ending, Stub},
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ use rand::{
     rngs::StdRng,
     Rng, SeedableRng,
 };
+use std::io::Write;
 
 #[test]
 fn into_sqlite_schema() {
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ impl Distribution<TestRow> for Standard {
     }
 }
 
-fn make_sqlite_db(dirs: &Dirs, nu_table: &str) -> PathBuf {
+fn make_sqlite_db(dirs: &Dirs, nu_table: &str) -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     let testdir = dirs.test();
     let testdb_path =
         testdir.join(testdir.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap().to_owned() + ".db");
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/default.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/default.rs
index 4fd41d7ec0..6ecd14960a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/default.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/default.rs
@@ -32,3 +32,15 @@ fn default_after_empty_filter() {
 
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "d");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn keeps_nulls_in_lists() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#"[null, 2, 3] | default [] | to json -r"#);
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "[null,2,3]");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn replaces_null() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#"null | default 1"#);
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "1");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/each.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/each.rs
index f8e87d5537..65b922bb6e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/each.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/each.rs
@@ -58,22 +58,6 @@ fn each_while_uses_enumerate_index() {
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "[0, 1, 2, 3]");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn each_element_continue_command() {
-    let actual =
-        nu!("[1,2,3,4,6,7] | each { |x| if ($x mod 2 == 0) {continue} else { $x }} | to nuon");
-
-    assert_eq!(actual.out, "[1, 3, 7]");
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn each_element_break_command() {
-    let actual =
-        nu!("[1,2,5,4,6,7] | each { |x| if ($x mod 3 == 0) {break} else { $x }} | to nuon");
-
-    assert_eq!(actual.out, "[1, 2, 5, 4]");
-}
-
 #[test]
 fn errors_in_nested_each_show() {
     let actual = nu!("[[1,2]] | each {|x| $x | each {|y| error make {msg: \"oh noes\"} } }");
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/generate.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/generate.rs
index 9dc2142515..9ae3b8823e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/generate.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/generate.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use nu_test_support::{nu, pipeline};
 #[test]
 fn generate_no_next_break() {
     let actual = nu!(
-        "generate 1 {|x| if $x == 3 { {out: $x}} else { {out: $x, next: ($x + 1)} }} | to nuon"
+        "generate {|x| if $x == 3 { {out: $x}} else { {out: $x, next: ($x + 1)} }} 1 | to nuon"
     );
 
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "[1, 2, 3]");
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fn generate_no_next_break() {
 
 #[test]
 fn generate_null_break() {
-    let actual = nu!("generate 1 {|x| if $x <= 3 { {out: $x, next: ($x + 1)} }} | to nuon");
+    let actual = nu!("generate {|x| if $x <= 3 { {out: $x, next: ($x + 1)} }} 1 | to nuon");
 
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "[1, 2, 3]");
 }
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ fn generate_null_break() {
 fn generate_allows_empty_output() {
     let actual = nu!(pipeline(
         r#"
-        generate 0 {|x|
+        generate {|x|
           if $x == 1 {
             {next: ($x + 1)}
           } else if $x < 3 {
             {out: $x, next: ($x + 1)}
           }
-        } | to nuon
+        } 0 | to nuon
       "#
     ));
 
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ fn generate_allows_empty_output() {
 fn generate_allows_no_output() {
     let actual = nu!(pipeline(
         r#"
-        generate 0 {|x|
+        generate {|x|
           if $x < 3 {
             {next: ($x + 1)}
           }
-        } | to nuon
+        } 0 | to nuon
       "#
     ));
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn generate_allows_no_output() {
 fn generate_allows_null_state() {
     let actual = nu!(pipeline(
         r#"
-        generate 0 {|x|
+        generate {|x|
           if $x == null {
             {out: "done"}
           } else if $x < 1 {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn generate_allows_null_state() {
           } else {
             {out: "stopping", next: null}
           }
-        } | to nuon
+        } 0 | to nuon
       "#
     ));
 
@@ -71,7 +71,42 @@ fn generate_allows_null_state() {
 fn generate_allows_null_output() {
     let actual = nu!(pipeline(
         r#"
-        generate 0 {|x|
+        generate {|x|
+          if $x == 3 {
+            {out: "done"}
+          } else {
+            {out: null, next: ($x + 1)}
+          }
+        } 0 | to nuon
+      "#
+    ));
+
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "[null, null, null, done]");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_disallows_extra_keys() {
+    let actual = nu!("generate {|x| {foo: bar, out: $x}} 0 ");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_disallows_list() {
+    let actual = nu!("generate {|x| [$x, ($x + 1)]} 0 ");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_disallows_primitive() {
+    let actual = nu!("generate {|x| 1} 0");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn generate_allow_default_parameter() {
+    let actual = nu!(pipeline(
+        r#"
+        generate {|x = 0|
           if $x == 3 {
             {out: "done"}
           } else {
@@ -82,22 +117,34 @@ fn generate_allows_null_output() {
     ));
 
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "[null, null, null, done]");
+
+    // if initial is given, use initial value
+    let actual = nu!(pipeline(
+        r#"
+        generate {|x = 0|
+          if $x == 3 {
+            {out: "done"}
+          } else {
+            {out: null, next: ($x + 1)}
+          }
+        } 1 | to nuon
+      "#
+    ));
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "[null, null, done]");
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn generate_disallows_extra_keys() {
-    let actual = nu!("generate 0 {|x| {foo: bar, out: $x}}");
-    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generate_disallows_list() {
-    let actual = nu!("generate 0 {|x| [$x, ($x + 1)]}");
-    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn generate_disallows_primitive() {
-    let actual = nu!("generate 0 {|x| 1}");
-    assert!(actual.err.contains("Invalid block return"));
+fn generate_raise_error_on_no_default_parameter_closure_and_init_val() {
+    let actual = nu!(pipeline(
+        r#"
+        generate {|x|
+          if $x == 3 {
+            {out: "done"}
+          } else {
+            {out: null, next: ($x + 1)}
+          }
+        } | to nuon
+      "#
+    ));
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("The initial value is missing"));
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/let_.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/let_.rs
index 4bedf31104..e05d34d258 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/let_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/let_.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ fn let_takes_pipeline() {
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "11");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn let_takes_pipeline_with_declared_type() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#"let x: list<string> = [] | append "hello world"; print $x.0"#);
+
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "hello world");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn let_pipeline_allows_in() {
     let actual =
@@ -38,6 +45,13 @@ fn mut_takes_pipeline() {
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "11");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn mut_takes_pipeline_with_declared_type() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#"mut x: list<string> = [] | append "hello world"; print $x.0"#);
+
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "hello world");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn mut_pipeline_allows_in() {
     let actual =
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mktemp.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mktemp.rs
index cda3f59978..30de3beb33 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mktemp.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mktemp.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use nu_path::AbsolutePath;
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 #[test]
 fn creates_temp_file() {
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fn creates_temp_file() {
             cwd: dirs.test(),
             "mktemp"
         );
-        let loc = PathBuf::from(output.out.clone());
+        let loc = AbsolutePath::try_new(&output.out).unwrap();
         println!("{:?}", loc);
         assert!(loc.exists());
     })
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn creates_temp_file_with_suffix() {
             cwd: dirs.test(),
             "mktemp --suffix .txt tempfileXXX"
         );
-        let loc = PathBuf::from(output.out.clone());
+        let loc = AbsolutePath::try_new(&output.out).unwrap();
         assert!(loc.exists());
         assert!(loc.is_file());
         assert!(output.out.ends_with(".txt"));
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ fn creates_temp_directory() {
             cwd: dirs.test(),
             "mktemp -d"
         );
-
-        let loc = PathBuf::from(output.out);
+        let loc = AbsolutePath::try_new(&output.out).unwrap();
         assert!(loc.exists());
         assert!(loc.is_dir());
     })
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mod.rs
index a1cb82a4b4..3cb468ad30 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/mod.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ mod break_;
 mod bytes;
 mod cal;
 mod cd;
+mod chunks;
 mod compact;
 mod complete;
 mod config_env_default;
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@ mod try_;
 mod ucp;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 mod ulimit;
+mod window;
 
 mod debug;
 mod umkdir;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/move_/umv.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/move_/umv.rs
index 0c96c88a36..b193d5b7cb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/move_/umv.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/move_/umv.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use nu_test_support::fs::{files_exist_at, Stub::EmptyFile, Stub::FileWithContent
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 use rstest::rstest;
-use std::path::Path;
 
 #[test]
 fn moves_a_file() {
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ fn moves_the_directory_inside_directory_if_path_to_move_is_existing_directory()
 
         assert!(!original_dir.exists());
         assert!(expected.exists());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["jttxt"], expected))
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["jttxt"], expected))
     })
 }
 
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ fn moves_using_path_with_wildcard() {
         nu!(cwd: work_dir, "mv ../originals/*.ini ../expected");
 
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec!["yehuda.ini", "jt.ini", "sample.ini", "andres.ini",],
+            &["yehuda.ini", "jt.ini", "sample.ini", "andres.ini",],
             expected
         ));
     })
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ fn moves_using_a_glob() {
 
         assert!(meal_dir.exists());
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec!["arepa.txt", "empanada.txt", "taquiza.txt",],
+            &["arepa.txt", "empanada.txt", "taquiza.txt",],
             expected
         ));
     })
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ fn moves_a_directory_with_files() {
         assert!(!original_dir.exists());
         assert!(expected_dir.exists());
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![
+            &[
                 "car/car1.txt",
                 "car/car2.txt",
                 "bicycle/bicycle1.txt",
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ fn move_files_using_glob_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots() {
             "#
         );
 
-        let files = vec![
+        let files = &[
             "yehuda.yaml",
             "jtjson",
             "andres.xml",
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ fn move_files_using_glob_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots() {
         let original_dir = dirs.test().join("foo/bar");
         let destination_dir = dirs.test();
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(files.clone(), destination_dir));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(files, destination_dir));
         assert!(!files_exist_at(files, original_dir))
     })
 }
@@ -440,10 +439,7 @@ fn mv_change_case_of_directory() {
         );
 
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "freebsd"))]
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec!["somefile.txt",],
-            dirs.test().join(new_dir)
-        ));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["somefile.txt"], dirs.test().join(new_dir)));
 
         #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "freebsd")))]
         _actual.err.contains("to a subdirectory of itself");
@@ -647,10 +643,10 @@ fn test_cp_inside_glob_metachars_dir() {
 
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
         assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec!["test_file.txt"],
+            &["test_file.txt"],
             dirs.test().join(sub_dir)
         ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["test_file.txt"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["test_file.txt"], dirs.test()));
     });
 }
 
@@ -667,19 +663,13 @@ fn mv_with_tilde() {
         // mv file
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "mv '~tilde/f1.txt' ./");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f1.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("f1.txt")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test()));
 
         // pass variable
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde/f2.txt'; mv $f ./");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f2.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("f1.txt")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["f2.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/path/expand.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/path/expand.rs
index 71f2e03284..4c18c5fd4e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/path/expand.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/path/expand.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+use nu_path::Path;
 use nu_test_support::fs::Stub::EmptyFile;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 use nu_test_support::{nu, pipeline};
 
-use std::path::PathBuf;
-
 #[test]
 fn expands_path_with_dot() {
     Playground::setup("path_expand_1", |dirs, sandbox| {
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ fn expands_path_with_dot() {
         ));
 
         let expected = dirs.test.join("menu").join("spam.txt");
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), expected);
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), expected);
     })
 }
 
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ fn expands_path_without_follow_symlink() {
         ));
 
         let expected = dirs.test.join("menu").join("spam_link.ln");
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), expected);
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), expected);
     })
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ fn expands_path_with_double_dot() {
         ));
 
         let expected = dirs.test.join("menu").join("spam.txt");
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), expected);
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), expected);
     })
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ fn const_path_expand() {
         ));
 
         let expected = dirs.test.join("menu").join("spam.txt");
-        assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), expected);
+        assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), expected);
     })
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ mod windows {
                 "#
             ));
 
-            assert!(!PathBuf::from(actual.out).starts_with("~"));
+            assert!(!Path::new(&actual.out).starts_with("~"));
         })
     }
 
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ mod windows {
                 "#
             ));
 
-            assert!(!PathBuf::from(actual.out).starts_with("~"));
+            assert!(!Path::new(&actual.out).starts_with("~"));
         })
     }
 
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ mod windows {
             ));
 
             let expected = dirs.test.join("menu").join("spam_link.ln");
-            assert_eq!(PathBuf::from(actual.out), expected);
+            assert_eq!(Path::new(&actual.out), expected);
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/mod.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/mod.rs
index 5a6b4c4b4a..a879b524b8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/mod.rs
@@ -3,5 +3,4 @@ mod chars;
 mod dice;
 mod float;
 mod int;
-#[cfg(feature = "uuid_crate")]
 mod uuid;
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/uuid.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/uuid.rs
index c38db6da27..4182824cab 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/uuid.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/random/uuid.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use nu_test_support::nu;
-use uuid_crate::Uuid;
+use uuid::Uuid;
 
 #[test]
 fn generates_valid_uuid4() {
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/redirection.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/redirection.rs
index 1eb57077b9..02f85a90f8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/redirection.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/redirection.rs
@@ -439,3 +439,37 @@ fn no_duplicate_redirection() {
         );
     });
 }
+
+#[rstest::rstest]
+#[case("let", "out>")]
+#[case("let", "err>")]
+#[case("let", "out+err>")]
+#[case("mut", "out>")]
+#[case("mut", "err>")]
+#[case("mut", "out+err>")]
+fn file_redirection_in_let_and_mut(#[case] keyword: &str, #[case] redir: &str) {
+    Playground::setup("file redirection in let and mut", |dirs, _| {
+        let actual = nu!(
+            cwd: dirs.test(),
+            format!("$env.BAZ = 'foo'; {keyword} v = nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err BAZ BAZ {redir} result.txt")
+        );
+        assert!(actual.status.success());
+        assert!(file_contents(dirs.test().join("result.txt")).contains("foo"));
+    })
+}
+
+#[rstest::rstest]
+#[case("let", "err>|", "foo3")]
+#[case("let", "out+err>|", "7")]
+#[case("mut", "err>|", "foo3")]
+#[case("mut", "out+err>|", "7")]
+fn pipe_redirection_in_let_and_mut(
+    #[case] keyword: &str,
+    #[case] redir: &str,
+    #[case] output: &str,
+) {
+    let actual = nu!(
+        format!("$env.BAZ = 'foo'; {keyword} v = nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err BAZ BAZ {redir} str length; $v")
+    );
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, output);
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/rm.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/rm.rs
index b3a273ea86..fdd7258bd4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/rm.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/rm.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+use nu_path::AbsolutePath;
 use nu_test_support::fs::{files_exist_at, Stub::EmptyFile};
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 use rstest::rstest;
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
 
 #[test]
 fn removes_a_file() {
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ fn removes_files_with_wildcard() {
         );
 
         assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec![
+            &[
                 "src/parser/parse/token_tree.rs",
                 "src/parser/hir/baseline_parse.rs",
                 "src/parser/hir/baseline_parse_tokens.rs"
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ fn removes_deeply_nested_directories_with_wildcard_and_recursive_flag() {
         );
 
         assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec!["src/parser/parse", "src/parser/hir"],
+            &["src/parser/parse", "src/parser/hir"],
             dirs.test()
         ));
     })
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ fn errors_if_attempting_to_delete_home() {
     Playground::setup("rm_test_8", |dirs, _| {
         let actual = nu!(
             cwd: dirs.root(),
-            "$env.HOME = myhome ; rm -rf ~"
+            "$env.HOME = 'myhome' ; rm -rf ~"
         );
 
         assert!(actual.err.contains("please use -I or -i"));
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ fn remove_files_from_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots_and_glob() {
         );
 
         assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec!["yehuda.txt", "jttxt", "kevin.txt"],
+            &["yehuda.txt", "jttxt", "kevin.txt"],
             dirs.test()
         ));
     })
@@ -302,8 +304,8 @@ fn rm_wildcard_keeps_dotfiles() {
             r#"rm *"#
         );
 
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(vec!["foo"], dirs.test()));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![".bar"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["foo"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&[".bar"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
 
@@ -317,8 +319,8 @@ fn rm_wildcard_leading_dot_deletes_dotfiles() {
             "rm .*"
         );
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["foo"], dirs.test()));
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(vec![".bar"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["foo"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&[".bar"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
 
@@ -404,16 +406,19 @@ fn removes_file_after_cd() {
     })
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
 struct Cleanup<'a> {
-    dir_to_clean: &'a Path,
+    dir_to_clean: &'a AbsolutePath,
 }
 
-fn set_dir_read_only(directory: &Path, read_only: bool) {
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn set_dir_read_only(directory: &AbsolutePath, read_only: bool) {
     let mut permissions = fs::metadata(directory).unwrap().permissions();
     permissions.set_readonly(read_only);
     fs::set_permissions(directory, permissions).expect("failed to set directory permissions");
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
 impl<'a> Drop for Cleanup<'a> {
     /// Restores write permissions to the given directory so that the Playground can be successfully
     /// cleaned up.
@@ -447,7 +452,7 @@ fn rm_prints_filenames_on_error() {
         // This rm is expected to fail, and stderr output indicating so is also expected.
         let actual = nu!(cwd: test_dir, "rm test*.txt");
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(file_names.clone(), test_dir));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&file_names, test_dir));
         for file_name in file_names {
             let path = test_dir.join(file_name);
             let substr = format!("Could not delete {}", path.to_string_lossy());
@@ -476,7 +481,7 @@ fn rm_files_inside_glob_metachars_dir() {
 
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
         assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec!["test_file.txt"],
+            &["test_file.txt"],
             dirs.test().join(sub_dir)
         ));
     });
@@ -550,22 +555,16 @@ fn rm_with_tilde() {
 
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "rm '~tilde/f1.txt'");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f1.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
 
         // pass variable
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde/f2.txt'; rm $f");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f2.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["f2.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
 
         // remove directory
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde'; rm -r $f");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(!files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("~tilde")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(!files_exist_at(&["~tilde"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/run_external.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/run_external.rs
index 154c31b71c..17667c9bb3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/run_external.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/run_external.rs
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ fn external_arg_expand_tilde() {
             "#
         ));
 
-        let home = dirs_next::home_dir().expect("failed to find home dir");
+        let home = dirs::home_dir().expect("failed to find home dir");
 
         assert_eq!(
             actual.out,
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/save.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/save.rs
index 8a2332afdf..85076099bf 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/save.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/save.rs
@@ -463,3 +463,65 @@ fn save_same_file_with_collect_and_filter() {
         assert_eq!("helloworld", actual.out);
     })
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn save_from_child_process_dont_sink_stderr() {
+    Playground::setup("save_test_22", |dirs, sandbox| {
+        sandbox.with_files(&[
+            Stub::FileWithContent("log.txt", "Old"),
+            Stub::FileWithContent("err.txt", "Old Err"),
+        ]);
+
+        let expected_file = dirs.test().join("log.txt");
+        let expected_stderr_file = dirs.test().join("err.txt");
+
+        let actual = nu!(
+            cwd: dirs.root(),
+            r#"
+            $env.FOO = " New";
+            $env.BAZ = " New Err";
+            do -i {nu -n -c 'nu --testbin echo_env FOO; nu --testbin echo_env_stderr BAZ'} | save -a -r save_test_22/log.txt"#,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(actual.err.trim_end(), " New Err");
+
+        let actual = file_contents(expected_file);
+        assert_eq!(actual.trim_end(), "Old New");
+
+        let actual = file_contents(expected_stderr_file);
+        assert_eq!(actual.trim_end(), "Old Err");
+    })
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn parent_redirection_doesnt_affect_save() {
+    Playground::setup("save_test_23", |dirs, sandbox| {
+        sandbox.with_files(&[
+            Stub::FileWithContent("log.txt", "Old"),
+            Stub::FileWithContent("err.txt", "Old Err"),
+        ]);
+
+        let expected_file = dirs.test().join("log.txt");
+        let expected_stderr_file = dirs.test().join("err.txt");
+
+        let actual = nu!(
+            cwd: dirs.root(),
+            r#"
+            $env.FOO = " New";
+            $env.BAZ = " New Err";
+            def tttt [] {
+                do -i {nu -n -c 'nu --testbin echo_env FOO; nu --testbin echo_env_stderr BAZ'} | save -a -r save_test_23/log.txt
+            };
+            tttt e> ("save_test_23" | path join empty_file)"#
+        );
+        assert_eq!(actual.err.trim_end(), " New Err");
+
+        let actual = file_contents(expected_file);
+        assert_eq!(actual.trim_end(), "Old New");
+
+        let actual = file_contents(expected_stderr_file);
+        assert_eq!(actual.trim_end(), "Old Err");
+
+        let actual = file_contents(dirs.test().join("empty_file"));
+        assert_eq!(actual.trim_end(), "");
+    })
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/select.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/select.rs
index 741386998a..004aa16d6b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/select.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/select.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn complex_nested_columns() {
         r#"
                 {sample}
                 | select nu."0xATYKARNU" nu.committers.name nu.releases.version
-                | get nu_releases_version
+                | get "nu.releases.version"
                 | where $it > "0.8"
                 | get 0
             "#
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/source_env.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/source_env.rs
index 9dd0320a45..f9cc3fbc1c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/source_env.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/source_env.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use nu_test_support::fs::AbsolutePath;
 use nu_test_support::fs::Stub::{FileWithContent, FileWithContentToBeTrimmed};
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::pipeline;
@@ -8,17 +7,18 @@ use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 #[test]
 fn sources_also_files_under_custom_lib_dirs_path() {
     Playground::setup("source_test_1", |dirs, nu| {
-        let file = AbsolutePath::new(dirs.test().join("config.toml"));
-        let library_path = AbsolutePath::new(dirs.test().join("lib"));
+        let file = dirs.test().join("config.toml");
+        let library_path = dirs.test().join("lib");
 
-        nu.with_config(&file);
+        nu.with_config(file);
         nu.with_files(&[FileWithContent(
             "config.toml",
             &format!(
                 r#"
-                lib_dirs = ["{library_path}"]
+                lib_dirs = ["{}"]
                 skip_welcome_message = true
-            "#
+            "#,
+                library_path.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap(),
             ),
         )]);
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/table.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/table.rs
index 9c4f34ebfd..f73cce6540 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/table.rs
@@ -2567,7 +2567,7 @@ fn theme_cmd(theme: &str, footer: bool, then: &str) -> String {
         with_footer = "$env.config.footer_mode = \"always\"".to_string();
     }
 
-    format!("$env.config.table.mode = {theme}; $env.config.table.header_on_separator = true; {with_footer}; {then}")
+    format!("$env.config.table.mode = \"{theme}\"; $env.config.table.header_on_separator = true; {with_footer}; {then}")
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -2889,3 +2889,21 @@ fn table_list() {
     let actual = nu!("table --list --theme basic");
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "╭────┬────────────────╮│  0 │ basic          ││  1 │ compact        ││  2 │ compact_double ││  3 │ default        ││  4 │ heavy          ││  5 │ light          ││  6 │ none           ││  7 │ reinforced     ││  8 │ rounded        ││  9 │ thin           ││ 10 │ with_love      ││ 11 │ psql           ││ 12 │ markdown       ││ 13 │ dots           ││ 14 │ restructured   ││ 15 │ ascii_rounded  ││ 16 │ basic_compact  │╰────┴────────────────╯");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn table_kv_header_on_separator_trim_algorithm() {
+    let actual = nu!("$env.config.table.header_on_separator = true; {key1: '111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'} | table --width=60 --theme basic");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "+------+---------------------------------------------------+| key1 | 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ||      | 11111111111                                       |+------+---------------------------------------------------+");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn table_general_header_on_separator_trim_algorithm() {
+    let actual = nu!("$env.config.table.header_on_separator = true; [[a b]; ['11111111111111111111111111111111111111' 2] ] | table --width=20 --theme basic");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "+-#-+----a-----+-b-+| 0 | 11111111 | 2 ||   | 11111111 |   ||   | 11111111 |   ||   | 11111111 |   ||   | 111111   |   |+---+----------+---+");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn table_general_header_on_separator_issue1() {
+    let actual = nu!("$env.config.table.header_on_separator = true; [['Llll oo Bbbbbbbb' 'Bbbbbbbb Aaaa' Nnnnnn Ggggg 'Xxxxx Llllllll #' Bbb 'Pppp Ccccc' 'Rrrrrrrr Dddd' Rrrrrr 'Rrrrrr Ccccc II' 'Rrrrrr Ccccc Ppppppp II' 'Pppppp Dddddddd Tttt' 'Pppppp Dddddddd Dddd' 'Rrrrrrrrr Trrrrrr' 'Pppppp Ppppp Dddd' 'Ppppp Dddd' Hhhh]; [RRRRRRR FFFFFFFF UUUU VV 202407160001 BBB 1 '7/16/2024' '' AAA-1111 AAA-1111-11 '7 YEARS' 2555 'RRRRRRRR DDDD' '7/16/2031' '7/16/2031' NN]] | table --width=87 --theme basic");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "+-#-+-Llll oo Bbbbbbbb-+-Bbbbbbbb Aaaa-+-Nnnnnn-+-Ggggg-+-Xxxxx Llllllll #-+-...-+| 0 | RRRRRRR          | FFFFFFFF      | UUUU   | VV    |     202407160001 | ... |+---+------------------+---------------+--------+-------+------------------+-----+");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/touch.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/touch.rs
index 5f454cdec4..10ae299a0f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/touch.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/touch.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use chrono::{DateTime, Local};
 use nu_test_support::fs::{files_exist_at, Stub};
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
-use std::path::Path;
 
 // Use 1 instead of 0 because 0 has a special meaning in Windows
 const TIME_ONE: filetime::FileTime = filetime::FileTime::from_unix_time(1, 0);
@@ -494,12 +493,12 @@ fn create_a_file_with_tilde() {
     Playground::setup("touch with tilde", |dirs, _| {
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "touch '~tilde'");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("~tilde")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["~tilde"], dirs.test()));
 
         // pass variable
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde2'; touch $f");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("~tilde2")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["~tilde2"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/ucp.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/ucp.rs
index 728cf1dcb2..eb2363e68c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/ucp.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/ucp.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use nu_test_support::fs::file_contents;
 use nu_test_support::fs::{
-    files_exist_at, AbsoluteFile,
+    files_exist_at,
     Stub::{EmptyFile, FileWithContent, FileWithPermission},
 };
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 
 use rstest::rstest;
-use std::path::Path;
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 const PATH_SEPARATOR: &str = "/";
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ fn copies_the_file_inside_directory_if_path_to_copy_is_directory() {
 
 fn copies_the_file_inside_directory_if_path_to_copy_is_directory_impl(progress: bool) {
     Playground::setup("ucp_test_2", |dirs, _| {
-        let expected_file = AbsoluteFile::new(dirs.test().join("sample.ini"));
+        let expected_file = dirs.test().join("sample.ini");
         let progress_flag = if progress { "-p" } else { "" };
 
         // Get the hash of the file content to check integrity after copy.
@@ -64,13 +63,13 @@ fn copies_the_file_inside_directory_if_path_to_copy_is_directory_impl(progress:
             cwd: dirs.formats(),
             "cp {} ../formats/sample.ini {}",
             progress_flag,
-            expected_file.dir()
+            expected_file.parent().unwrap().as_os_str().to_str().unwrap(),
         );
 
         assert!(dirs.test().join("sample.ini").exists());
 
         // Check the integrity of the file.
-        let after_cp_hash = get_file_hash(expected_file);
+        let after_cp_hash = get_file_hash(expected_file.display());
         assert_eq!(first_hash, after_cp_hash);
     })
 }
@@ -131,11 +130,7 @@ fn copies_the_directory_inside_directory_if_path_to_copy_is_directory_and_with_r
 
         assert!(expected_dir.exists());
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![
-                Path::new("yehuda.txt"),
-                Path::new("jttxt"),
-                Path::new("andres.txt")
-            ],
+            &["yehuda.txt", "jttxt", "andres.txt"],
             &expected_dir
         ));
     })
@@ -181,15 +176,15 @@ fn deep_copies_with_recursive_flag_impl(progress: bool) {
 
         assert!(expected_dir.exists());
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("errors.txt"), Path::new("multishells.txt")],
+            &["errors.txt", "multishells.txt"],
             jts_expected_copied_dir
         ));
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("coverage.txt"), Path::new("commands.txt")],
+            &["coverage.txt", "commands.txt"],
             andres_expected_copied_dir
         ));
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("defer-evaluation.txt")],
+            &["defer-evaluation.txt"],
             yehudas_expected_copied_dir
         ));
     })
@@ -220,13 +215,13 @@ fn copies_using_path_with_wildcard_impl(progress: bool) {
         );
 
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![
-                Path::new("caco3_plastics.csv"),
-                Path::new("cargo_sample.toml"),
-                Path::new("jt.xml"),
-                Path::new("sample.ini"),
-                Path::new("sgml_description.json"),
-                Path::new("utf16.ini"),
+            &[
+                "caco3_plastics.csv",
+                "cargo_sample.toml",
+                "jt.xml",
+                "sample.ini",
+                "sgml_description.json",
+                "utf16.ini",
             ],
             dirs.test()
         ));
@@ -265,13 +260,13 @@ fn copies_using_a_glob_impl(progress: bool) {
         );
 
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![
-                Path::new("caco3_plastics.csv"),
-                Path::new("cargo_sample.toml"),
-                Path::new("jt.xml"),
-                Path::new("sample.ini"),
-                Path::new("sgml_description.json"),
-                Path::new("utf16.ini"),
+            &[
+                "caco3_plastics.csv",
+                "cargo_sample.toml",
+                "jt.xml",
+                "sample.ini",
+                "sgml_description.json",
+                "utf16.ini",
             ],
             dirs.test()
         ));
@@ -341,7 +336,7 @@ fn copy_files_using_glob_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots_imp(progress: bool)
         );
 
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![
+            &[
                 "yehuda.yaml",
                 "jtjson",
                 "andres.xml",
@@ -377,7 +372,7 @@ fn copy_file_and_dir_from_two_parents_up_using_multiple_dots_to_current_dir_recu
 
         let expected = dirs.test().join("foo/bar");
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["hello_there", "hello_again"], expected));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["hello_there", "hello_again"], expected));
     })
 }
 
@@ -428,7 +423,7 @@ fn copy_dir_contains_symlink_ignored_impl(progress: bool) {
 
         // check hello_there exists inside `tmp_dir_2`, and `dangle_symlink` don't exists inside `tmp_dir_2`.
         let expected = sandbox.cwd().join("tmp_dir_2");
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["hello_there"], expected));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["hello_there"], expected));
         // GNU cp will copy the broken symlink, so following their behavior
         // thus commenting out below
         // let path = expected.join("dangle_symlink");
@@ -461,7 +456,7 @@ fn copy_dir_contains_symlink_impl(progress: bool) {
 
         // check hello_there exists inside `tmp_dir_2`, and `dangle_symlink` also exists inside `tmp_dir_2`.
         let expected = sandbox.cwd().join("tmp_dir_2");
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["hello_there"], expected.clone()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["hello_there"], expected.clone()));
         let path = expected.join("dangle_symlink");
         assert!(path.is_symlink());
     });
@@ -1151,10 +1146,10 @@ fn test_cp_inside_glob_metachars_dir() {
 
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
         assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec!["test_file.txt"],
+            &["test_file.txt"],
             dirs.test().join(sub_dir)
         ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec!["test_file.txt"], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["test_file.txt"], dirs.test()));
     });
 }
 
@@ -1167,10 +1162,7 @@ fn test_cp_to_customized_home_directory() {
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "mkdir test; cp test_file.txt ~/test/");
 
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec!["test_file.txt"],
-            dirs.test().join("test")
-        ));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["test_file.txt"], dirs.test().join("test")));
     })
 }
 
@@ -1193,20 +1185,14 @@ fn cp_with_tilde() {
         // cp file
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "cp '~tilde/f1.txt' ./");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f1.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("f1.txt")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test()));
 
         // pass variable
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde/f2.txt'; cp $f ./");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("f2.txt")],
-            dirs.test().join("~tilde")
-        ));
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("f1.txt")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f2.txt"], dirs.test().join("~tilde")));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["f1.txt"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/umkdir.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/umkdir.rs
index 3ca1b3bdfb..fdaaf4f721 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/umkdir.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/umkdir.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use nu_test_support::fs::files_exist_at;
 use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 use nu_test_support::{nu, pipeline};
-use std::path::Path;
 
 #[test]
 fn creates_directory() {
@@ -25,10 +24,7 @@ fn accepts_and_creates_directories() {
             "mkdir dir_1 dir_2 dir_3"
         );
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("dir_1"), Path::new("dir_2"), Path::new("dir_3")],
-            dirs.test()
-        ));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["dir_1", "dir_2", "dir_3"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
 
@@ -70,10 +66,7 @@ fn print_created_paths() {
             pipeline("mkdir -v dir_1 dir_2 dir_3")
         );
 
-        assert!(files_exist_at(
-            vec![Path::new("dir_1"), Path::new("dir_2"), Path::new("dir_3")],
-            dirs.test()
-        ));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["dir_1", "dir_2", "dir_3"], dirs.test()));
 
         assert!(actual.out.contains("dir_1"));
         assert!(actual.out.contains("dir_2"));
@@ -165,11 +158,11 @@ fn mkdir_with_tilde() {
     Playground::setup("mkdir with tilde", |dirs, _| {
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "mkdir '~tilde'");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("~tilde")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["~tilde"], dirs.test()));
 
         // pass variable
         let actual = nu!(cwd: dirs.test(), "let f = '~tilde2'; mkdir $f");
         assert!(actual.err.is_empty());
-        assert!(files_exist_at(vec![Path::new("~tilde2")], dirs.test()));
+        assert!(files_exist_at(&["~tilde2"], dirs.test()));
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/use_.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/use_.rs
index 63b1f8391a..2895e1635f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/use_.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/use_.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use nu_test_support::fs::AbsolutePath;
 use nu_test_support::fs::Stub::{FileWithContent, FileWithContentToBeTrimmed};
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::pipeline;
@@ -7,10 +6,10 @@ use nu_test_support::playground::Playground;
 #[test]
 fn use_module_file_within_block() {
     Playground::setup("use_test_1", |dirs, nu| {
-        let file = AbsolutePath::new(dirs.test().join("spam.nu"));
+        let file = dirs.test().join("spam.nu");
 
         nu.with_files(&[FileWithContent(
-            &file.to_string(),
+            file.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap(),
             r#"
                 export def foo [] {
                     echo "hello world"
@@ -37,10 +36,10 @@ fn use_module_file_within_block() {
 #[test]
 fn use_keeps_doc_comments() {
     Playground::setup("use_doc_comments", |dirs, nu| {
-        let file = AbsolutePath::new(dirs.test().join("spam.nu"));
+        let file = dirs.test().join("spam.nu");
 
         nu.with_files(&[FileWithContent(
-            &file.to_string(),
+            file.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap(),
             r#"
                 # this is my foo command
                 export def foo [
diff --git a/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/window.rs b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/window.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e4addc6c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-command/tests/commands/window.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use nu_test_support::nu;
+
+#[test]
+fn window_size_negative() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window -1");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("positive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn window_size_zero() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window 0");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("zero"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn window_size_not_int() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window (if true { 1sec })");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("can't convert"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_negative() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window 1 -s -1");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("positive"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_zero() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window 1 -s 0");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("zero"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_not_int() {
+    let actual = nu!("[0 1 2] | window 1 -s (if true { 1sec })");
+    assert!(actual.err.contains("can't convert"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn empty() {
+    let actual = nu!("[] | window 2 | is-empty");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_stream() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2] | every 1 | window 2) == ([0 1 2] | window 2)");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn table_stream() {
+    let actual = nu!("([[foo bar]; [0 1] [2 3] [4 5]] | every 1 | window 2) == ([[foo bar]; [0 1] [2 3] [4 5]] | window 2)");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn no_empty_chunks() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4 5] | window 3 -s 3 -r | length) == 2");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn same_as_chunks() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4] | window 2 -s 2 -r) == ([0 1 2 3 4 ] | chunks 2)");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_equal_to_window_size() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3] | window 2 -s 2 | flatten) == [0 1 2 3]");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_greater_than_window_size() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4] | window 2 -s 3 | flatten) == [0 1 3 4]");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_less_than_window_size() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4 5] | window 3 -s 2 | length) == 2");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_equal_to_window_size_remainder() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4] | window 2 -s 2 -r | flatten) == [0 1 2 3 4]");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_greater_than_window_size_remainder() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4] | window 2 -s 3 -r | flatten) == [0 1 3 4]");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn stride_less_than_window_size_remainder() {
+    let actual = nu!("([0 1 2 3 4 5] | window 3 -s 2 -r | length) == 3");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "true");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-derive-value/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-derive-value/Cargo.toml
index 50ca5d2407..0e76564308 100644
--- a/crates/nu-derive-value/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-derive-value/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-derive-value"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-derive-value"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-engine/Cargo.toml
index 3e6c3f787b..2324eb5676 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-engine"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-engine"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", features = ["plugin"], version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", features = ["plugin"], version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
+log = { workspace = true }
+terminal_size = { workspace = true }
 
 [features]
-plugin = []
\ No newline at end of file
+plugin = []
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/README.md b/crates/nu-engine/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d5198cfc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+This crate primarily drives the evaluation of expressions.
+
+(Some overlap with nu-protocol)
+
+- Provides `CallExt`
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/call_ext.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/call_ext.rs
index daedb24a1f..d3f36215e6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/call_ext.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/call_ext.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::eval_expression;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Call,
+    ast,
     debugger::WithoutDebug,
-    engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
+    engine::{self, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     eval_const::eval_constant,
-    FromValue, ShellError, Value,
+    ir, FromValue, ShellError, Span, Value,
 };
 
 pub trait CallExt {
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ pub trait CallExt {
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError>;
 
+    /// Efficiently get the span of a flag argument
+    fn get_flag_span(&self, stack: &Stack, name: &str) -> Option<Span>;
+
     fn rest<T: FromValue>(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -56,9 +59,12 @@ pub trait CallExt {
         stack: &mut Stack,
         name: &str,
     ) -> Result<T, ShellError>;
+
+    /// True if the command has any positional or rest arguments, excluding before the given index.
+    fn has_positional_args(&self, stack: &Stack, starting_pos: usize) -> bool;
 }
 
-impl CallExt for Call {
+impl CallExt for ast::Call {
     fn has_flag(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -104,6 +110,10 @@ impl CallExt for Call {
         }
     }
 
+    fn get_flag_span(&self, _stack: &Stack, name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
+        self.get_named_arg(name).map(|arg| arg.span)
+    }
+
     fn rest<T: FromValue>(
         &self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -189,4 +199,205 @@ impl CallExt for Call {
             })
         }
     }
+
+    fn has_positional_args(&self, _stack: &Stack, starting_pos: usize) -> bool {
+        self.rest_iter(starting_pos).next().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl CallExt for ir::Call {
+    fn has_flag(
+        &self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        flag_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
+        Ok(self
+            .named_iter(stack)
+            .find(|(name, _)| name.item == flag_name)
+            .is_some_and(|(_, value)| {
+                // Handle --flag=false
+                !matches!(value, Some(Value::Bool { val: false, .. }))
+            }))
+    }
+
+    fn get_flag<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        if let Some(val) = self.get_named_arg(stack, name) {
+            T::from_value(val.clone()).map(Some)
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_flag_span(&self, stack: &Stack, name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
+        self.named_iter(stack)
+            .find_map(|(i_name, _)| (i_name.item == name).then_some(i_name.span))
+    }
+
+    fn rest<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        starting_pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, ShellError> {
+        self.rest_iter_flattened(stack, starting_pos)?
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(T::from_value)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn opt<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        self.positional_iter(stack)
+            .nth(pos)
+            .cloned()
+            .map(T::from_value)
+            .transpose()
+    }
+
+    fn opt_const<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        _working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        _pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+            msg: "const evaluation is not yet implemented on ir::Call".into(),
+            span: Some(self.head),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn req<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
+        if let Some(val) = self.opt(engine_state, stack, pos)? {
+            Ok(val)
+        } else if self.positional_len(stack) == 0 {
+            Err(ShellError::AccessEmptyContent { span: self.head })
+        } else {
+            Err(ShellError::AccessBeyondEnd {
+                max_idx: self.positional_len(stack) - 1,
+                span: self.head,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn req_parser_info<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
+        // FIXME: this depends on the AST evaluator. We can fix this by making the parser info an
+        // enum rather than using expressions. It's not clear that evaluation of this is ever really
+        // needed.
+        if let Some(expr) = self.get_parser_info(stack, name) {
+            let expr = expr.clone();
+            let stack = &mut stack.use_call_arg_out_dest();
+            let result = eval_expression::<WithoutDebug>(engine_state, stack, &expr)?;
+            FromValue::from_value(result)
+        } else {
+            Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
+                col_name: name.into(),
+                span: None,
+                src_span: self.head,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn has_positional_args(&self, stack: &Stack, starting_pos: usize) -> bool {
+        self.rest_iter(stack, starting_pos).next().is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! proxy {
+    ($self:ident . $method:ident ($($param:expr),*)) => (match &$self.inner {
+        engine::CallImpl::AstRef(call) => call.$method($($param),*),
+        engine::CallImpl::AstBox(call) => call.$method($($param),*),
+        engine::CallImpl::IrRef(call) => call.$method($($param),*),
+        engine::CallImpl::IrBox(call) => call.$method($($param),*),
+    })
+}
+
+impl CallExt for engine::Call<'_> {
+    fn has_flag(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        flag_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.has_flag(engine_state, stack, flag_name))
+    }
+
+    fn get_flag<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.get_flag(engine_state, stack, name))
+    }
+
+    fn get_flag_span(&self, stack: &Stack, name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
+        proxy!(self.get_flag_span(stack, name))
+    }
+
+    fn rest<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        starting_pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.rest(engine_state, stack, starting_pos))
+    }
+
+    fn opt<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.opt(engine_state, stack, pos))
+    }
+
+    fn opt_const<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.opt_const(working_set, pos))
+    }
+
+    fn req<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.req(engine_state, stack, pos))
+    }
+
+    fn req_parser_info<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
+        proxy!(self.req_parser_info(engine_state, stack, name))
+    }
+
+    fn has_positional_args(&self, stack: &Stack, starting_pos: usize) -> bool {
+        proxy!(self.has_positional_args(stack, starting_pos))
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/closure_eval.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/closure_eval.rs
index f4bc40658b..b271d90cbe 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/closure_eval.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/closure_eval.rs
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ pub struct ClosureEval {
     stack: Stack,
     block: Arc<Block>,
     arg_index: usize,
-    env_vars: Vec<EnvVars>,
-    env_hidden: HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
+    env_vars: Vec<Arc<EnvVars>>,
+    env_hidden: Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>>,
     eval: EvalBlockWithEarlyReturnFn,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/command_prelude.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/command_prelude.rs
index 5c21af27e0..e6ddb5fb91 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/command_prelude.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/command_prelude.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 pub use crate::CallExt;
 pub use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Call, CellPath},
-    engine::{Command, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
+    ast::CellPath,
+    engine::{Call, Command, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     record, ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Category, ErrSpan, Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData,
     IntoPipelineData, IntoSpanned, PipelineData, Record, ShellError, Signature, Span, Spanned,
     SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/builder.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/builder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a443b7bde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/builder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ir::{DataSlice, Instruction, IrAstRef, IrBlock, Literal},
+    CompileError, IntoSpanned, RegId, Span, Spanned,
+};
+
+/// A label identifier. Only exists while building code. Replaced with the actual target.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct LabelId(pub usize);
+
+/// Builds [`IrBlock`]s progressively by consuming instructions and handles register allocation.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct BlockBuilder {
+    pub(crate) block_span: Option<Span>,
+    pub(crate) instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
+    pub(crate) spans: Vec<Span>,
+    /// The actual instruction index that a label refers to. While building IR, branch targets are
+    /// specified as indices into this array rather than the true instruction index. This makes it
+    /// easier to make modifications to code, as just this array needs to be changed, and it's also
+    /// less error prone as during `finish()` we check to make sure all of the used labels have had
+    /// an index actually set.
+    pub(crate) labels: Vec<Option<usize>>,
+    pub(crate) data: Vec<u8>,
+    pub(crate) ast: Vec<Option<IrAstRef>>,
+    pub(crate) comments: Vec<String>,
+    pub(crate) register_allocation_state: Vec<bool>,
+    pub(crate) file_count: u32,
+    pub(crate) loop_stack: Vec<Loop>,
+}
+
+impl BlockBuilder {
+    /// Starts a new block, with the first register (`%0`) allocated as input.
+    pub(crate) fn new(block_span: Option<Span>) -> Self {
+        BlockBuilder {
+            block_span,
+            instructions: vec![],
+            spans: vec![],
+            labels: vec![],
+            data: vec![],
+            ast: vec![],
+            comments: vec![],
+            register_allocation_state: vec![true],
+            file_count: 0,
+            loop_stack: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the next unused register for code generation.
+    pub(crate) fn next_register(&mut self) -> Result<RegId, CompileError> {
+        if let Some(index) = self
+            .register_allocation_state
+            .iter_mut()
+            .position(|is_allocated| {
+                if !*is_allocated {
+                    *is_allocated = true;
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            })
+        {
+            Ok(RegId(index as u32))
+        } else if self.register_allocation_state.len() < (u32::MAX as usize - 2) {
+            let reg_id = RegId(self.register_allocation_state.len() as u32);
+            self.register_allocation_state.push(true);
+            Ok(reg_id)
+        } else {
+            Err(CompileError::RegisterOverflow {
+                block_span: self.block_span,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if a register is initialized with a value.
+    pub(crate) fn is_allocated(&self, reg_id: RegId) -> bool {
+        self.register_allocation_state
+            .get(reg_id.0 as usize)
+            .is_some_and(|state| *state)
+    }
+
+    /// Mark a register as initialized.
+    pub(crate) fn mark_register(&mut self, reg_id: RegId) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        if let Some(is_allocated) = self.register_allocation_state.get_mut(reg_id.0 as usize) {
+            *is_allocated = true;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(CompileError::RegisterOverflow {
+                block_span: self.block_span,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark a register as empty, so that it can be used again by something else.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn free_register(&mut self, reg_id: RegId) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        let index = reg_id.0 as usize;
+
+        if self
+            .register_allocation_state
+            .get(index)
+            .is_some_and(|is_allocated| *is_allocated)
+        {
+            self.register_allocation_state[index] = false;
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            log::warn!("register {reg_id} uninitialized, builder = {self:#?}");
+            Err(CompileError::RegisterUninitialized {
+                reg_id,
+                caller: std::panic::Location::caller().to_string(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Define a label, which can be used by branch instructions. The target can optionally be
+    /// specified now.
+    pub(crate) fn label(&mut self, target_index: Option<usize>) -> LabelId {
+        let label_id = self.labels.len();
+        self.labels.push(target_index);
+        LabelId(label_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Change the target of a label.
+    pub(crate) fn set_label(
+        &mut self,
+        label_id: LabelId,
+        target_index: usize,
+    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        *self
+            .labels
+            .get_mut(label_id.0)
+            .ok_or(CompileError::UndefinedLabel {
+                label_id: label_id.0,
+                span: None,
+            })? = Some(target_index);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Insert an instruction into the block, automatically marking any registers populated by
+    /// the instruction, and freeing any registers consumed by the instruction.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, instruction: Spanned<Instruction>) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        // Free read registers, and mark write registers.
+        //
+        // If a register is both read and written, it should be on both sides, so that we can verify
+        // that the register was in the right state beforehand.
+        let mut allocate = |read: &[RegId], write: &[RegId]| -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+            for reg in read {
+                self.free_register(*reg)?;
+            }
+            for reg in write {
+                self.mark_register(*reg)?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        };
+
+        let allocate_result = match &instruction.item {
+            Instruction::Unreachable => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::LoadLiteral { dst, lit } => {
+                allocate(&[], &[*dst]).and(
+                    // Free any registers on the literal
+                    match lit {
+                        Literal::Range {
+                            start,
+                            step,
+                            end,
+                            inclusion: _,
+                        } => allocate(&[*start, *step, *end], &[]),
+                        Literal::Bool(_)
+                        | Literal::Int(_)
+                        | Literal::Float(_)
+                        | Literal::Filesize(_)
+                        | Literal::Duration(_)
+                        | Literal::Binary(_)
+                        | Literal::Block(_)
+                        | Literal::Closure(_)
+                        | Literal::RowCondition(_)
+                        | Literal::List { capacity: _ }
+                        | Literal::Record { capacity: _ }
+                        | Literal::Filepath {
+                            val: _,
+                            no_expand: _,
+                        }
+                        | Literal::Directory {
+                            val: _,
+                            no_expand: _,
+                        }
+                        | Literal::GlobPattern {
+                            val: _,
+                            no_expand: _,
+                        }
+                        | Literal::String(_)
+                        | Literal::RawString(_)
+                        | Literal::CellPath(_)
+                        | Literal::Date(_)
+                        | Literal::Nothing => Ok(()),
+                    },
+                )
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadValue { dst, val: _ } => allocate(&[], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::Move { dst, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::Clone { dst, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[*dst, *src]),
+            Instruction::Collect { src_dst } => allocate(&[*src_dst], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::Span { src_dst } => allocate(&[*src_dst], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::Drop { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::Drain { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::LoadVariable { dst, var_id: _ } => allocate(&[], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::StoreVariable { var_id: _, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::DropVariable { var_id: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::LoadEnv { dst, key: _ } => allocate(&[], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::LoadEnvOpt { dst, key: _ } => allocate(&[], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::StoreEnv { key: _, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::PushPositional { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::AppendRest { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::PushFlag { name: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::PushShortFlag { short: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::PushNamed { name: _, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::PushShortNamed { short: _, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::PushParserInfo { name: _, info: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::RedirectOut { mode: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::RedirectErr { mode: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::CheckErrRedirected { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[*src]),
+            Instruction::OpenFile {
+                file_num: _,
+                path,
+                append: _,
+            } => allocate(&[*path], &[]),
+            Instruction::WriteFile { file_num: _, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::CloseFile { file_num: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::Call {
+                decl_id: _,
+                src_dst,
+            } => allocate(&[*src_dst], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::StringAppend { src_dst, val } => allocate(&[*src_dst, *val], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::GlobFrom {
+                src_dst,
+                no_expand: _,
+            } => allocate(&[*src_dst], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::ListPush { src_dst, item } => allocate(&[*src_dst, *item], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::ListSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+                allocate(&[*src_dst, *items], &[*src_dst])
+            }
+            Instruction::RecordInsert { src_dst, key, val } => {
+                allocate(&[*src_dst, *key, *val], &[*src_dst])
+            }
+            Instruction::RecordSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+                allocate(&[*src_dst, *items], &[*src_dst])
+            }
+            Instruction::Not { src_dst } => allocate(&[*src_dst], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::BinaryOp {
+                lhs_dst,
+                op: _,
+                rhs,
+            } => allocate(&[*lhs_dst, *rhs], &[*lhs_dst]),
+            Instruction::FollowCellPath { src_dst, path } => {
+                allocate(&[*src_dst, *path], &[*src_dst])
+            }
+            Instruction::CloneCellPath { dst, src, path } => {
+                allocate(&[*src, *path], &[*src, *dst])
+            }
+            Instruction::UpsertCellPath {
+                src_dst,
+                path,
+                new_value,
+            } => allocate(&[*src_dst, *path, *new_value], &[*src_dst]),
+            Instruction::Jump { index: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::BranchIf { cond, index: _ } => allocate(&[*cond], &[]),
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { src, index: _ } => allocate(&[*src], &[*src]),
+            Instruction::Match {
+                pattern: _,
+                src,
+                index: _,
+            } => allocate(&[*src], &[*src]),
+            Instruction::CheckMatchGuard { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[*src]),
+            Instruction::Iterate {
+                dst,
+                stream,
+                end_index: _,
+            } => allocate(&[*stream], &[*dst, *stream]),
+            Instruction::OnError { index: _ } => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto { index: _, dst } => allocate(&[], &[*dst]),
+            Instruction::PopErrorHandler => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::CheckExternalFailed { dst, src } => allocate(&[*src], &[*dst, *src]),
+            Instruction::ReturnEarly { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+            Instruction::Return { src } => allocate(&[*src], &[]),
+        };
+
+        // Add more context to the error
+        match allocate_result {
+            Ok(()) => (),
+            Err(CompileError::RegisterUninitialized { reg_id, caller }) => {
+                return Err(CompileError::RegisterUninitializedWhilePushingInstruction {
+                    reg_id,
+                    caller,
+                    instruction: format!("{:?}", instruction.item),
+                    span: instruction.span,
+                });
+            }
+            Err(err) => return Err(err),
+        }
+
+        self.instructions.push(instruction.item);
+        self.spans.push(instruction.span);
+        self.ast.push(None);
+        self.comments.push(String::new());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set the AST of the last instruction. Separate method because it's rarely used.
+    pub(crate) fn set_last_ast(&mut self, ast_ref: Option<IrAstRef>) {
+        *self.ast.last_mut().expect("no last instruction") = ast_ref;
+    }
+
+    /// Add a comment to the last instruction.
+    pub(crate) fn add_comment(&mut self, comment: impl std::fmt::Display) {
+        add_comment(
+            self.comments.last_mut().expect("no last instruction"),
+            comment,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Load a register with a literal.
+    pub(crate) fn load_literal(
+        &mut self,
+        reg_id: RegId,
+        literal: Spanned<Literal>,
+    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(
+            Instruction::LoadLiteral {
+                dst: reg_id,
+                lit: literal.item,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(literal.span),
+        )?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate a new register and load a literal into it.
+    pub(crate) fn literal(&mut self, literal: Spanned<Literal>) -> Result<RegId, CompileError> {
+        let reg_id = self.next_register()?;
+        self.load_literal(reg_id, literal)?;
+        Ok(reg_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Deallocate a register and set it to `Empty`, if it is allocated
+    pub(crate) fn drop_reg(&mut self, reg_id: RegId) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        if self.is_allocated(reg_id) {
+            self.push(Instruction::Drop { src: reg_id }.into_spanned(Span::unknown()))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Set a register to `Empty`, but mark it as in-use, e.g. for input
+    pub(crate) fn load_empty(&mut self, reg_id: RegId) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.drop_reg(reg_id)?;
+        self.mark_register(reg_id)
+    }
+
+    /// Drain the stream in a register (fully consuming it)
+    pub(crate) fn drain(&mut self, src: RegId, span: Span) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(Instruction::Drain { src }.into_spanned(span))
+    }
+
+    /// Add data to the `data` array and return a [`DataSlice`] referencing it.
+    pub(crate) fn data(&mut self, data: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Result<DataSlice, CompileError> {
+        let data = data.as_ref();
+        let start = self.data.len();
+        if data.is_empty() {
+            Ok(DataSlice::empty())
+        } else if start + data.len() < u32::MAX as usize {
+            let slice = DataSlice {
+                start: start as u32,
+                len: data.len() as u32,
+            };
+            self.data.extend_from_slice(data);
+            Ok(slice)
+        } else {
+            Err(CompileError::DataOverflow {
+                block_span: self.block_span,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clone a register with a `clone` instruction.
+    pub(crate) fn clone_reg(&mut self, src: RegId, span: Span) -> Result<RegId, CompileError> {
+        let dst = self.next_register()?;
+        self.push(Instruction::Clone { dst, src }.into_spanned(span))?;
+        Ok(dst)
+    }
+
+    /// Add a `branch-if` instruction
+    pub(crate) fn branch_if(
+        &mut self,
+        cond: RegId,
+        label_id: LabelId,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(
+            Instruction::BranchIf {
+                cond,
+                index: label_id.0,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(span),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add a `branch-if-empty` instruction
+    pub(crate) fn branch_if_empty(
+        &mut self,
+        src: RegId,
+        label_id: LabelId,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty {
+                src,
+                index: label_id.0,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(span),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add a `jump` instruction
+    pub(crate) fn jump(&mut self, label_id: LabelId, span: Span) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(Instruction::Jump { index: label_id.0 }.into_spanned(span))
+    }
+
+    /// The index that the next instruction [`.push()`](Self::push)ed will have.
+    pub(crate) fn here(&self) -> usize {
+        self.instructions.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Allocate a new file number, for redirection.
+    pub(crate) fn next_file_num(&mut self) -> Result<u32, CompileError> {
+        let next = self.file_count;
+        self.file_count = self
+            .file_count
+            .checked_add(1)
+            .ok_or(CompileError::FileOverflow {
+                block_span: self.block_span,
+            })?;
+        Ok(next)
+    }
+
+    /// Push a new loop state onto the builder. Creates new labels that must be set.
+    pub(crate) fn begin_loop(&mut self) -> Loop {
+        let loop_ = Loop {
+            break_label: self.label(None),
+            continue_label: self.label(None),
+        };
+        self.loop_stack.push(loop_);
+        loop_
+    }
+
+    /// True if we are currently in a loop.
+    pub(crate) fn is_in_loop(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.loop_stack.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Add a loop breaking jump instruction.
+    pub(crate) fn push_break(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        let loop_ = self
+            .loop_stack
+            .last()
+            .ok_or_else(|| CompileError::NotInALoop {
+                msg: "`break` called from outside of a loop".into(),
+                span: Some(span),
+            })?;
+        self.jump(loop_.break_label, span)
+    }
+
+    /// Add a loop continuing jump instruction.
+    pub(crate) fn push_continue(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        let loop_ = self
+            .loop_stack
+            .last()
+            .ok_or_else(|| CompileError::NotInALoop {
+                msg: "`continue` called from outside of a loop".into(),
+                span: Some(span),
+            })?;
+        self.jump(loop_.continue_label, span)
+    }
+
+    /// Pop the loop state. Checks that the loop being ended is the same one that was expected.
+    pub(crate) fn end_loop(&mut self, loop_: Loop) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        let ended_loop = self
+            .loop_stack
+            .pop()
+            .ok_or_else(|| CompileError::NotInALoop {
+                msg: "end_loop() called outside of a loop".into(),
+                span: None,
+            })?;
+
+        if ended_loop == loop_ {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(CompileError::IncoherentLoopState {
+                block_span: self.block_span,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Mark an unreachable code path. Produces an error at runtime if executed.
+    pub(crate) fn unreachable(&mut self, span: Span) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+        self.push(Instruction::Unreachable.into_spanned(span))
+    }
+
+    /// Consume the builder and produce the final [`IrBlock`].
+    pub(crate) fn finish(mut self) -> Result<IrBlock, CompileError> {
+        // Add comments to label targets
+        for (index, label_target) in self.labels.iter().enumerate() {
+            if let Some(label_target) = label_target {
+                add_comment(
+                    &mut self.comments[*label_target],
+                    format_args!("label({index})"),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Populate the actual target indices of labels into the instructions
+        for ((index, instruction), span) in
+            self.instructions.iter_mut().enumerate().zip(&self.spans)
+        {
+            if let Some(label_id) = instruction.branch_target() {
+                let target_index = self.labels.get(label_id).cloned().flatten().ok_or(
+                    CompileError::UndefinedLabel {
+                        label_id,
+                        span: Some(*span),
+                    },
+                )?;
+                // Add a comment to the target index that we come from here
+                add_comment(
+                    &mut self.comments[target_index],
+                    format_args!("from({index}:)"),
+                );
+                instruction.set_branch_target(target_index).map_err(|_| {
+                    CompileError::SetBranchTargetOfNonBranchInstruction {
+                        instruction: format!("{:?}", instruction),
+                        span: *span,
+                    }
+                })?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(IrBlock {
+            instructions: self.instructions,
+            spans: self.spans,
+            data: self.data.into(),
+            ast: self.ast,
+            comments: self.comments.into_iter().map(|s| s.into()).collect(),
+            register_count: self
+                .register_allocation_state
+                .len()
+                .try_into()
+                .expect("register count overflowed in finish() despite previous checks"),
+            file_count: self.file_count,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Keeps track of the `break` and `continue` target labels for a loop.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct Loop {
+    pub(crate) break_label: LabelId,
+    pub(crate) continue_label: LabelId,
+}
+
+/// Add a new comment to an existing one
+fn add_comment(comment: &mut String, new_comment: impl std::fmt::Display) {
+    use std::fmt::Write;
+    write!(
+        comment,
+        "{}{}",
+        if comment.is_empty() { "" } else { ", " },
+        new_comment
+    )
+    .expect("formatting failed");
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/call.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/call.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9f1b8e581
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/call.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Argument, Call, Expression, ExternalArgument},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::{Instruction, IrAstRef, Literal},
+    IntoSpanned, RegId, Span, Spanned,
+};
+
+use super::{compile_expression, keyword::*, BlockBuilder, CompileError, RedirectModes};
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_call(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let decl = working_set.get_decl(call.decl_id);
+
+    // Check if this call has --help - if so, just redirect to `help`
+    if call.named_iter().any(|(name, _, _)| name.item == "help") {
+        return compile_help(
+            working_set,
+            builder,
+            decl.name().into_spanned(call.head),
+            io_reg,
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Try to figure out if this is a keyword call like `if`, and handle those specially
+    if decl.is_keyword() {
+        match decl.name() {
+            "if" => {
+                return compile_if(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "match" => {
+                return compile_match(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "const" => {
+                // This differs from the behavior of the const command, which adds the const value
+                // to the stack. Since `load-variable` also checks `engine_state` for the variable
+                // and will get a const value though, is it really necessary to do that?
+                return builder.load_empty(io_reg);
+            }
+            "alias" => {
+                // Alias does nothing
+                return builder.load_empty(io_reg);
+            }
+            "let" | "mut" => {
+                return compile_let(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "try" => {
+                return compile_try(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "loop" => {
+                return compile_loop(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "while" => {
+                return compile_while(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "for" => {
+                return compile_for(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "break" => {
+                return compile_break(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "continue" => {
+                return compile_continue(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            "return" => {
+                return compile_return(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, io_reg);
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Keep AST if the decl needs it.
+    let requires_ast = decl.requires_ast_for_arguments();
+
+    // It's important that we evaluate the args first before trying to set up the argument
+    // state for the call.
+    //
+    // We could technically compile anything that isn't another call safely without worrying about
+    // the argument state, but we'd have to check all of that first and it just isn't really worth
+    // it.
+    enum CompiledArg<'a> {
+        Positional(RegId, Span, Option<IrAstRef>),
+        Named(
+            &'a str,
+            Option<&'a str>,
+            Option<RegId>,
+            Span,
+            Option<IrAstRef>,
+        ),
+        Spread(RegId, Span, Option<IrAstRef>),
+    }
+
+    let mut compiled_args = vec![];
+
+    for arg in &call.arguments {
+        let arg_reg = arg
+            .expr()
+            .map(|expr| {
+                let arg_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    expr,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(arg.span()),
+                    None,
+                    arg_reg,
+                )?;
+
+                Ok(arg_reg)
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        let ast_ref = arg
+            .expr()
+            .filter(|_| requires_ast)
+            .map(|expr| IrAstRef(Arc::new(expr.clone())));
+
+        match arg {
+            Argument::Positional(_) | Argument::Unknown(_) => {
+                compiled_args.push(CompiledArg::Positional(
+                    arg_reg.expect("expr() None in non-Named"),
+                    arg.span(),
+                    ast_ref,
+                ))
+            }
+            Argument::Named((name, short, _)) => compiled_args.push(CompiledArg::Named(
+                &name.item,
+                short.as_ref().map(|spanned| spanned.item.as_str()),
+                arg_reg,
+                arg.span(),
+                ast_ref,
+            )),
+            Argument::Spread(_) => compiled_args.push(CompiledArg::Spread(
+                arg_reg.expect("expr() None in non-Named"),
+                arg.span(),
+                ast_ref,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Now that the args are all compiled, set up the call state (argument stack and redirections)
+    for arg in compiled_args {
+        match arg {
+            CompiledArg::Positional(reg, span, ast_ref) => {
+                builder.push(Instruction::PushPositional { src: reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                builder.set_last_ast(ast_ref);
+            }
+            CompiledArg::Named(name, short, Some(reg), span, ast_ref) => {
+                if !name.is_empty() {
+                    let name = builder.data(name)?;
+                    builder.push(Instruction::PushNamed { name, src: reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                } else {
+                    let short = builder.data(short.unwrap_or(""))?;
+                    builder
+                        .push(Instruction::PushShortNamed { short, src: reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                }
+                builder.set_last_ast(ast_ref);
+            }
+            CompiledArg::Named(name, short, None, span, ast_ref) => {
+                if !name.is_empty() {
+                    let name = builder.data(name)?;
+                    builder.push(Instruction::PushFlag { name }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                } else {
+                    let short = builder.data(short.unwrap_or(""))?;
+                    builder.push(Instruction::PushShortFlag { short }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                }
+                builder.set_last_ast(ast_ref);
+            }
+            CompiledArg::Spread(reg, span, ast_ref) => {
+                builder.push(Instruction::AppendRest { src: reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                builder.set_last_ast(ast_ref);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Add any parser info from the call
+    for (name, info) in &call.parser_info {
+        let name = builder.data(name)?;
+        let info = Box::new(info.clone());
+        builder.push(Instruction::PushParserInfo { name, info }.into_spanned(call.head))?;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(mode) = redirect_modes.out {
+        builder.push(mode.map(|mode| Instruction::RedirectOut { mode }))?;
+    }
+
+    if let Some(mode) = redirect_modes.err {
+        builder.push(mode.map(|mode| Instruction::RedirectErr { mode }))?;
+    }
+
+    // The state is set up, so we can do the call into io_reg
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::Call {
+            decl_id: call.decl_id,
+            src_dst: io_reg,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(call.head),
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_help(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet<'_>,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    decl_name: Spanned<&str>,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let help_command_id =
+        working_set
+            .find_decl(b"help")
+            .ok_or_else(|| CompileError::MissingRequiredDeclaration {
+                decl_name: "help".into(),
+                span: decl_name.span,
+            })?;
+
+    let name_data = builder.data(decl_name.item)?;
+    let name_literal = builder.literal(decl_name.map(|_| Literal::String(name_data)))?;
+
+    builder.push(Instruction::PushPositional { src: name_literal }.into_spanned(decl_name.span))?;
+
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::Call {
+            decl_id: help_command_id,
+            src_dst: io_reg,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(decl_name.span),
+    )?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_external_call(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    head: &Expression,
+    args: &[ExternalArgument],
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pass everything to run-external
+    let run_external_id = working_set
+        .find_decl(b"run-external")
+        .ok_or(CompileError::RunExternalNotFound { span: head.span })?;
+
+    let mut call = Call::new(head.span);
+    call.decl_id = run_external_id;
+
+    call.arguments.push(Argument::Positional(head.clone()));
+
+    for arg in args {
+        match arg {
+            ExternalArgument::Regular(expr) => {
+                call.arguments.push(Argument::Positional(expr.clone()));
+            }
+            ExternalArgument::Spread(expr) => {
+                call.arguments.push(Argument::Spread(expr.clone()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    compile_call(working_set, builder, &call, redirect_modes, io_reg)
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/expression.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/expression.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80fc4fb3fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/expression.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+use super::{
+    compile_binary_op, compile_block, compile_call, compile_external_call, compile_load_env,
+    BlockBuilder, CompileError, RedirectModes,
+};
+
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{CellPath, Expr, Expression, ListItem, RecordItem, ValueWithUnit},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::{DataSlice, Instruction, Literal},
+    IntoSpanned, RegId, Span, Value, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
+};
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_expression(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    expr: &Expression,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    in_reg: Option<RegId>,
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let drop_input = |builder: &mut BlockBuilder| {
+        if let Some(in_reg) = in_reg {
+            if in_reg != out_reg {
+                builder.drop_reg(in_reg)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    };
+
+    let lit = |builder: &mut BlockBuilder, literal: Literal| {
+        drop_input(builder)?;
+
+        builder
+            .push(
+                Instruction::LoadLiteral {
+                    dst: out_reg,
+                    lit: literal,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(expr.span),
+            )
+            .map(|_| ())
+    };
+
+    let ignore = |builder: &mut BlockBuilder| {
+        drop_input(builder)?;
+        builder.load_empty(out_reg)
+    };
+
+    let unexpected = |expr_name: &str| CompileError::UnexpectedExpression {
+        expr_name: expr_name.into(),
+        span: expr.span,
+    };
+
+    let move_in_reg_to_out_reg = |builder: &mut BlockBuilder| {
+        // Ensure that out_reg contains the input value, because a call only uses one register
+        if let Some(in_reg) = in_reg {
+            if in_reg != out_reg {
+                // Have to move in_reg to out_reg so it can be used
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::Move {
+                        dst: out_reg,
+                        src: in_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                )?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Will have to initialize out_reg with Empty first
+            builder.load_empty(out_reg)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    };
+
+    match &expr.expr {
+        Expr::Bool(b) => lit(builder, Literal::Bool(*b)),
+        Expr::Int(i) => lit(builder, Literal::Int(*i)),
+        Expr::Float(f) => lit(builder, Literal::Float(*f)),
+        Expr::Binary(bin) => {
+            let data_slice = builder.data(bin)?;
+            lit(builder, Literal::Binary(data_slice))
+        }
+        Expr::Range(range) => {
+            // Compile the subexpressions of the range
+            let compile_part = |builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+                                part_expr: Option<&Expression>|
+             -> Result<RegId, CompileError> {
+                let reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                if let Some(part_expr) = part_expr {
+                    compile_expression(
+                        working_set,
+                        builder,
+                        part_expr,
+                        RedirectModes::capture_out(part_expr.span),
+                        None,
+                        reg,
+                    )?;
+                } else {
+                    builder.load_literal(reg, Literal::Nothing.into_spanned(expr.span))?;
+                }
+                Ok(reg)
+            };
+
+            drop_input(builder)?;
+
+            let start = compile_part(builder, range.from.as_ref())?;
+            let step = compile_part(builder, range.next.as_ref())?;
+            let end = compile_part(builder, range.to.as_ref())?;
+
+            // Assemble the range
+            builder.load_literal(
+                out_reg,
+                Literal::Range {
+                    start,
+                    step,
+                    end,
+                    inclusion: range.operator.inclusion,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(expr.span),
+            )
+        }
+        Expr::Var(var_id) => {
+            drop_input(builder)?;
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::LoadVariable {
+                    dst: out_reg,
+                    var_id: *var_id,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(expr.span),
+            )?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::VarDecl(_) => Err(unexpected("VarDecl")),
+        Expr::Call(call) => {
+            move_in_reg_to_out_reg(builder)?;
+
+            compile_call(working_set, builder, call, redirect_modes, out_reg)
+        }
+        Expr::ExternalCall(head, args) => {
+            move_in_reg_to_out_reg(builder)?;
+
+            compile_external_call(working_set, builder, head, args, redirect_modes, out_reg)
+        }
+        Expr::Operator(_) => Err(unexpected("Operator")),
+        Expr::RowCondition(block_id) => lit(builder, Literal::RowCondition(*block_id)),
+        Expr::UnaryNot(subexpr) => {
+            drop_input(builder)?;
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                subexpr,
+                RedirectModes::capture_out(subexpr.span),
+                None,
+                out_reg,
+            )?;
+            builder.push(Instruction::Not { src_dst: out_reg }.into_spanned(expr.span))?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::BinaryOp(lhs, op, rhs) => {
+            if let Expr::Operator(ref operator) = op.expr {
+                drop_input(builder)?;
+                compile_binary_op(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    lhs,
+                    operator.clone().into_spanned(op.span),
+                    rhs,
+                    expr.span,
+                    out_reg,
+                )
+            } else {
+                Err(CompileError::UnsupportedOperatorExpression { span: op.span })
+            }
+        }
+        Expr::Collect(var_id, expr) => {
+            let store_reg = if let Some(in_reg) = in_reg {
+                // Collect, clone, store
+                builder.push(Instruction::Collect { src_dst: in_reg }.into_spanned(expr.span))?;
+                builder.clone_reg(in_reg, expr.span)?
+            } else {
+                // Just store nothing in the variable
+                builder.literal(Literal::Nothing.into_spanned(Span::unknown()))?
+            };
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::StoreVariable {
+                    var_id: *var_id,
+                    src: store_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(expr.span),
+            )?;
+            compile_expression(working_set, builder, expr, redirect_modes, in_reg, out_reg)?;
+            // Clean it up afterward
+            builder.push(Instruction::DropVariable { var_id: *var_id }.into_spanned(expr.span))?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
+            let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
+            compile_block(working_set, builder, block, redirect_modes, in_reg, out_reg)
+        }
+        Expr::Block(block_id) => lit(builder, Literal::Block(*block_id)),
+        Expr::Closure(block_id) => lit(builder, Literal::Closure(*block_id)),
+        Expr::MatchBlock(_) => Err(unexpected("MatchBlock")), // only for `match` keyword
+        Expr::List(items) => {
+            // Guess capacity based on items (does not consider spread as more than 1)
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::List {
+                    capacity: items.len(),
+                },
+            )?;
+            for item in items {
+                // Compile the expression of the item / spread
+                let reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                let expr = match item {
+                    ListItem::Item(expr) | ListItem::Spread(_, expr) => expr,
+                };
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    expr,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(expr.span),
+                    None,
+                    reg,
+                )?;
+
+                match item {
+                    ListItem::Item(_) => {
+                        // Add each item using list-push
+                        builder.push(
+                            Instruction::ListPush {
+                                src_dst: out_reg,
+                                item: reg,
+                            }
+                            .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                    ListItem::Spread(spread_span, _) => {
+                        // Spread the list using list-spread
+                        builder.push(
+                            Instruction::ListSpread {
+                                src_dst: out_reg,
+                                items: reg,
+                            }
+                            .into_spanned(*spread_span),
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::Table(table) => {
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::List {
+                    capacity: table.rows.len(),
+                },
+            )?;
+
+            // Evaluate the columns
+            let column_registers = table
+                .columns
+                .iter()
+                .map(|column| {
+                    let reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                    compile_expression(
+                        working_set,
+                        builder,
+                        column,
+                        RedirectModes::capture_out(column.span),
+                        None,
+                        reg,
+                    )?;
+                    Ok(reg)
+                })
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<RegId>, CompileError>>()?;
+
+            // Build records for each row
+            for row in table.rows.iter() {
+                let row_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                builder.load_literal(
+                    row_reg,
+                    Literal::Record {
+                        capacity: table.columns.len(),
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                )?;
+                for (column_reg, item) in column_registers.iter().zip(row.iter()) {
+                    let column_reg = builder.clone_reg(*column_reg, item.span)?;
+                    let item_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                    compile_expression(
+                        working_set,
+                        builder,
+                        item,
+                        RedirectModes::capture_out(item.span),
+                        None,
+                        item_reg,
+                    )?;
+                    builder.push(
+                        Instruction::RecordInsert {
+                            src_dst: row_reg,
+                            key: column_reg,
+                            val: item_reg,
+                        }
+                        .into_spanned(item.span),
+                    )?;
+                }
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::ListPush {
+                        src_dst: out_reg,
+                        item: row_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                )?;
+            }
+
+            // Free the column registers, since they aren't needed anymore
+            for reg in column_registers {
+                builder.drop_reg(reg)?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::Record(items) => {
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::Record {
+                    capacity: items.len(),
+                },
+            )?;
+
+            for item in items {
+                match item {
+                    RecordItem::Pair(key, val) => {
+                        // Add each item using record-insert
+                        let key_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                        let val_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                        compile_expression(
+                            working_set,
+                            builder,
+                            key,
+                            RedirectModes::capture_out(key.span),
+                            None,
+                            key_reg,
+                        )?;
+                        compile_expression(
+                            working_set,
+                            builder,
+                            val,
+                            RedirectModes::capture_out(val.span),
+                            None,
+                            val_reg,
+                        )?;
+                        builder.push(
+                            Instruction::RecordInsert {
+                                src_dst: out_reg,
+                                key: key_reg,
+                                val: val_reg,
+                            }
+                            .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                    RecordItem::Spread(spread_span, expr) => {
+                        // Spread the expression using record-spread
+                        let reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                        compile_expression(
+                            working_set,
+                            builder,
+                            expr,
+                            RedirectModes::capture_out(expr.span),
+                            None,
+                            reg,
+                        )?;
+                        builder.push(
+                            Instruction::RecordSpread {
+                                src_dst: out_reg,
+                                items: reg,
+                            }
+                            .into_spanned(*spread_span),
+                        )?;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::Keyword(kw) => {
+            // keyword: just pass through expr, since commands that use it and are not being
+            // specially handled already are often just positional anyway
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                &kw.expr,
+                redirect_modes,
+                in_reg,
+                out_reg,
+            )
+        }
+        Expr::ValueWithUnit(value_with_unit) => {
+            lit(builder, literal_from_value_with_unit(value_with_unit)?)
+        }
+        Expr::DateTime(dt) => lit(builder, Literal::Date(Box::new(*dt))),
+        Expr::Filepath(path, no_expand) => {
+            let val = builder.data(path)?;
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::Filepath {
+                    val,
+                    no_expand: *no_expand,
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        Expr::Directory(path, no_expand) => {
+            let val = builder.data(path)?;
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::Directory {
+                    val,
+                    no_expand: *no_expand,
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        Expr::GlobPattern(path, no_expand) => {
+            let val = builder.data(path)?;
+            lit(
+                builder,
+                Literal::GlobPattern {
+                    val,
+                    no_expand: *no_expand,
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        Expr::String(s) => {
+            let data_slice = builder.data(s)?;
+            lit(builder, Literal::String(data_slice))
+        }
+        Expr::RawString(rs) => {
+            let data_slice = builder.data(rs)?;
+            lit(builder, Literal::RawString(data_slice))
+        }
+        Expr::CellPath(path) => lit(builder, Literal::CellPath(Box::new(path.clone()))),
+        Expr::FullCellPath(full_cell_path) => {
+            if matches!(full_cell_path.head.expr, Expr::Var(ENV_VARIABLE_ID)) {
+                compile_load_env(builder, expr.span, &full_cell_path.tail, out_reg)
+            } else {
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    &full_cell_path.head,
+                    // Only capture the output if there is a tail. This was a bit of a headscratcher
+                    // as the parser emits a FullCellPath with no tail for subexpressions in
+                    // general, which shouldn't be captured any differently than they otherwise
+                    // would be.
+                    if !full_cell_path.tail.is_empty() {
+                        RedirectModes::capture_out(expr.span)
+                    } else {
+                        redirect_modes
+                    },
+                    in_reg,
+                    out_reg,
+                )?;
+                // Only do the follow if this is actually needed
+                if !full_cell_path.tail.is_empty() {
+                    let cell_path_reg = builder.literal(
+                        Literal::CellPath(Box::new(CellPath {
+                            members: full_cell_path.tail.clone(),
+                        }))
+                        .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                    )?;
+                    builder.push(
+                        Instruction::FollowCellPath {
+                            src_dst: out_reg,
+                            path: cell_path_reg,
+                        }
+                        .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                    )?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+        Expr::ImportPattern(_) => Err(unexpected("ImportPattern")),
+        Expr::Overlay(_) => Err(unexpected("Overlay")),
+        Expr::Signature(_) => ignore(builder), // no effect
+        Expr::StringInterpolation(exprs) | Expr::GlobInterpolation(exprs, _) => {
+            let mut exprs_iter = exprs.iter().peekable();
+
+            if exprs_iter
+                .peek()
+                .is_some_and(|e| matches!(e.expr, Expr::String(..) | Expr::RawString(..)))
+            {
+                // If the first expression is a string or raw string literal, just take it and build
+                // from that
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    exprs_iter.next().expect("peek() was Some"),
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(expr.span),
+                    None,
+                    out_reg,
+                )?;
+            } else {
+                // Start with an empty string
+                lit(builder, Literal::String(DataSlice::empty()))?;
+            }
+
+            // Compile each expression and append to out_reg
+            for expr in exprs_iter {
+                let scratch_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    expr,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(expr.span),
+                    None,
+                    scratch_reg,
+                )?;
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::StringAppend {
+                        src_dst: out_reg,
+                        val: scratch_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                )?;
+            }
+
+            // If it's a glob interpolation, change it to a glob
+            if let Expr::GlobInterpolation(_, no_expand) = expr.expr {
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::GlobFrom {
+                        src_dst: out_reg,
+                        no_expand,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(expr.span),
+                )?;
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::Nothing => lit(builder, Literal::Nothing),
+        Expr::Garbage => Err(CompileError::Garbage { span: expr.span }),
+    }
+}
+
+fn literal_from_value_with_unit(value_with_unit: &ValueWithUnit) -> Result<Literal, CompileError> {
+    let Expr::Int(int_value) = value_with_unit.expr.expr else {
+        return Err(CompileError::UnexpectedExpression {
+            expr_name: format!("{:?}", value_with_unit.expr),
+            span: value_with_unit.expr.span,
+        });
+    };
+
+    match value_with_unit
+        .unit
+        .item
+        .build_value(int_value, Span::unknown())
+        .map_err(|err| CompileError::InvalidLiteral {
+            msg: err.to_string(),
+            span: value_with_unit.expr.span,
+        })? {
+        Value::Filesize { val, .. } => Ok(Literal::Filesize(val)),
+        Value::Duration { val, .. } => Ok(Literal::Duration(val)),
+        other => Err(CompileError::InvalidLiteral {
+            msg: format!("bad value returned by Unit::build_value(): {other:?}"),
+            span: value_with_unit.unit.span,
+        }),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/keyword.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/keyword.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12f4a54c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/keyword.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,902 @@
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Block, Call, Expr, Expression},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::Instruction,
+    IntoSpanned, RegId, Type, VarId,
+};
+
+use super::{compile_block, compile_expression, BlockBuilder, CompileError, RedirectModes};
+
+/// Compile a call to `if` as a branch-if
+pub(crate) fn compile_if(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    //        %io_reg <- <condition>
+    //        not %io_reg
+    //        branch-if %io_reg, FALSE
+    // TRUE:  ...<true_block>...
+    //        jump END
+    // FALSE: ...<else_expr>... OR drop %io_reg
+    // END:
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "if".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let condition = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let true_block_arg = call.positional_nth(1).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let else_arg = call.positional_nth(2);
+
+    let true_block_id = true_block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let true_block = working_set.get_block(true_block_id);
+
+    let true_label = builder.label(None);
+    let false_label = builder.label(None);
+    let end_label = builder.label(None);
+
+    let not_condition_reg = {
+        // Compile the condition first
+        let condition_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+        compile_expression(
+            working_set,
+            builder,
+            condition,
+            RedirectModes::capture_out(condition.span),
+            None,
+            condition_reg,
+        )?;
+
+        // Negate the condition - we basically only want to jump if the condition is false
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::Not {
+                src_dst: condition_reg,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(call.head),
+        )?;
+
+        condition_reg
+    };
+
+    // Set up a branch if the condition is false.
+    builder.branch_if(not_condition_reg, false_label, call.head)?;
+    builder.add_comment("if false");
+
+    // Compile the true case
+    builder.set_label(true_label, builder.here())?;
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        true_block,
+        redirect_modes.clone(),
+        Some(io_reg),
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Add a jump over the false case
+    builder.jump(end_label, else_arg.map(|e| e.span).unwrap_or(call.head))?;
+    builder.add_comment("end if");
+
+    // On the else side now, assert that io_reg is still valid
+    builder.set_label(false_label, builder.here())?;
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+
+    if let Some(else_arg) = else_arg {
+        let Expression {
+            expr: Expr::Keyword(else_keyword),
+            ..
+        } = else_arg
+        else {
+            return Err(invalid());
+        };
+
+        if else_keyword.keyword.as_ref() != b"else" {
+            return Err(invalid());
+        }
+
+        let else_expr = &else_keyword.expr;
+
+        match &else_expr.expr {
+            Expr::Block(block_id) => {
+                let false_block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
+                compile_block(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    false_block,
+                    redirect_modes,
+                    Some(io_reg),
+                    io_reg,
+                )?;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // The else case supports bare expressions too, not only blocks
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    else_expr,
+                    redirect_modes,
+                    Some(io_reg),
+                    io_reg,
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        // We don't have an else expression/block, so just set io_reg = Empty
+        builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+    }
+
+    // Set the end label
+    builder.set_label(end_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `match`
+pub(crate) fn compile_match(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    //         %match_reg <- <match_expr>
+    //         collect %match_reg
+    //         match (pat1), %match_reg, PAT1
+    // MATCH2: match (pat2), %match_reg, PAT2
+    // FAIL:   drop %io_reg
+    //         drop %match_reg
+    //         jump END
+    // PAT1:   %guard_reg <- <guard_expr>
+    //         check-match-guard %guard_reg
+    //         not %guard_reg
+    //         branch-if %guard_reg, MATCH2
+    //         drop %match_reg
+    //         <...expr...>
+    //         jump END
+    // PAT2:   drop %match_reg
+    //         <...expr...>
+    //         jump END
+    // END:
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "match".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let match_expr = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+
+    let match_block_arg = call.positional_nth(1).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let match_block = match_block_arg.as_match_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+
+    let match_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+    // Evaluate the match expression (patterns will be checked against this).
+    compile_expression(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        match_expr,
+        RedirectModes::capture_out(match_expr.span),
+        None,
+        match_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Important to collect it first
+    builder.push(Instruction::Collect { src_dst: match_reg }.into_spanned(match_expr.span))?;
+
+    // Generate the `match` instructions. Guards are not used at this stage.
+    let mut match_labels = Vec::with_capacity(match_block.len());
+    let mut next_labels = Vec::with_capacity(match_block.len());
+    let end_label = builder.label(None);
+
+    for (pattern, _) in match_block {
+        let match_label = builder.label(None);
+        match_labels.push(match_label);
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::Match {
+                pattern: Box::new(pattern.pattern.clone()),
+                src: match_reg,
+                index: match_label.0,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(pattern.span),
+        )?;
+        // Also add a label for the next match instruction or failure case
+        next_labels.push(builder.label(Some(builder.here())));
+    }
+
+    // Match fall-through to jump to the end, if no match
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+    builder.drop_reg(match_reg)?;
+    builder.jump(end_label, call.head)?;
+
+    // Generate each of the match expressions. Handle guards here, if present.
+    for (index, (pattern, expr)) in match_block.iter().enumerate() {
+        let match_label = match_labels[index];
+        let next_label = next_labels[index];
+
+        // `io_reg` and `match_reg` are still valid at each of these branch targets
+        builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+        builder.mark_register(match_reg)?;
+
+        // Set the original match instruction target here
+        builder.set_label(match_label, builder.here())?;
+
+        // Handle guard, if present
+        if let Some(guard) = &pattern.guard {
+            let guard_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                guard,
+                RedirectModes::capture_out(guard.span),
+                None,
+                guard_reg,
+            )?;
+            builder
+                .push(Instruction::CheckMatchGuard { src: guard_reg }.into_spanned(guard.span))?;
+            builder.push(Instruction::Not { src_dst: guard_reg }.into_spanned(guard.span))?;
+            // Branch to the next match instruction if the branch fails to match
+            builder.branch_if(
+                guard_reg,
+                next_label,
+                // Span the branch with the next pattern, or the head if this is the end
+                match_block
+                    .get(index + 1)
+                    .map(|b| b.0.span)
+                    .unwrap_or(call.head),
+            )?;
+            builder.add_comment("if match guard false");
+        }
+
+        // match_reg no longer needed, successful match
+        builder.drop_reg(match_reg)?;
+
+        // Execute match right hand side expression
+        if let Some(block_id) = expr.as_block() {
+            let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+            compile_block(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                block,
+                redirect_modes.clone(),
+                Some(io_reg),
+                io_reg,
+            )?;
+        } else {
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                redirect_modes.clone(),
+                Some(io_reg),
+                io_reg,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        // Jump to the end after the match logic is done
+        builder.jump(end_label, call.head)?;
+        builder.add_comment("end match");
+    }
+
+    // Set the end destination
+    builder.set_label(end_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `let` or `mut` (just do store-variable)
+pub(crate) fn compile_let(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    // %io_reg <- ...<block>... <- %io_reg
+    // store-variable $var, %io_reg
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "let".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let var_decl_arg = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_arg = call.positional_nth(1).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+
+    let var_id = var_decl_arg.as_var().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_id = block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+
+    let variable = working_set.get_variable(var_id);
+
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        block,
+        RedirectModes::capture_out(call.head),
+        Some(io_reg),
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // If the variable is a glob type variable, we should cast it with GlobFrom
+    if variable.ty == Type::Glob {
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::GlobFrom {
+                src_dst: io_reg,
+                no_expand: true,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(call.head),
+        )?;
+    }
+
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::StoreVariable {
+            var_id,
+            src: io_reg,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(call.head),
+    )?;
+    builder.add_comment("let");
+
+    // Don't forget to set io_reg to Empty afterward, as that's the result of an assignment
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `try`, setting an error handler over the evaluated block
+pub(crate) fn compile_try(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode (literal block):
+    //
+    //       on-error-into ERR, %io_reg           // or without
+    //       %io_reg <- <...block...> <- %io_reg
+    //       check-external-failed %failed_reg, %io_reg
+    //       branch-if %failed_reg, FAIL
+    //       pop-error-handler
+    //       jump END
+    // FAIL: drain %io_reg
+    //       unreachable
+    // ERR:  clone %err_reg, %io_reg
+    //       store-variable $err_var, %err_reg         // or without
+    //       %io_reg <- <...catch block...> <- %io_reg // set to empty if no catch block
+    // END:
+    //
+    // with expression that can't be inlined:
+    //
+    //       %closure_reg <- <catch_expr>
+    //       on-error-into ERR, %io_reg
+    //       %io_reg <- <...block...> <- %io_reg
+    //       check-external-failed %failed_reg, %io_reg
+    //       branch-if %failed_reg, FAIL
+    //       pop-error-handler
+    //       jump END
+    // FAIL: drain %io_reg
+    //       unreachable
+    // ERR:  clone %err_reg, %io_reg
+    //       push-positional %closure_reg
+    //       push-positional %err_reg
+    //       call "do", %io_reg
+    // END:
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "try".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let block_arg = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_id = block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+
+    let catch_expr = match call.positional_nth(1) {
+        Some(kw_expr) => Some(kw_expr.as_keyword().ok_or_else(invalid)?),
+        None => None,
+    };
+    let catch_span = catch_expr.map(|e| e.span).unwrap_or(call.head);
+
+    let err_label = builder.label(None);
+    let failed_label = builder.label(None);
+    let end_label = builder.label(None);
+
+    // We have two ways of executing `catch`: if it was provided as a literal, we can inline it.
+    // Otherwise, we have to evaluate the expression and keep it as a register, and then call `do`.
+    enum CatchType<'a> {
+        Block {
+            block: &'a Block,
+            var_id: Option<VarId>,
+        },
+        Closure {
+            closure_reg: RegId,
+        },
+    }
+
+    let catch_type = catch_expr
+        .map(|catch_expr| match catch_expr.as_block() {
+            Some(block_id) => {
+                let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+                let var_id = block.signature.get_positional(0).and_then(|v| v.var_id);
+                Ok(CatchType::Block { block, var_id })
+            }
+            None => {
+                // We have to compile the catch_expr and use it as a closure
+                let closure_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    catch_expr,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(catch_expr.span),
+                    None,
+                    closure_reg,
+                )?;
+                Ok(CatchType::Closure { closure_reg })
+            }
+        })
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    // Put the error handler instruction. If we have a catch expression then we should capture the
+    // error.
+    if catch_type.is_some() {
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto {
+                index: err_label.0,
+                dst: io_reg,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(call.head),
+        )?
+    } else {
+        // Otherwise, we don't need the error value.
+        builder.push(Instruction::OnError { index: err_label.0 }.into_spanned(call.head))?
+    };
+
+    builder.add_comment("try");
+
+    // Compile the block
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        block,
+        redirect_modes.clone(),
+        Some(io_reg),
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Check for external command exit code failure, and also redirect that to the catch handler
+    let failed_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::CheckExternalFailed {
+            dst: failed_reg,
+            src: io_reg,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(catch_span),
+    )?;
+    builder.branch_if(failed_reg, failed_label, catch_span)?;
+
+    // Successful case: pop the error handler
+    builder.push(Instruction::PopErrorHandler.into_spanned(call.head))?;
+
+    // Jump over the failure case
+    builder.jump(end_label, catch_span)?;
+
+    // Set up an error handler preamble for failed external.
+    // Draining the %io_reg results in the error handler being called with Empty, and sets
+    // $env.LAST_EXIT_CODE
+    builder.set_label(failed_label, builder.here())?;
+    builder.drain(io_reg, catch_span)?;
+    builder.add_comment("branches to err");
+    builder.unreachable(catch_span)?;
+
+    // This is the real error handler
+    builder.set_label(err_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    // Mark out register as likely not clean - state in error handler is not well defined
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+
+    // Now compile whatever is necessary for the error handler
+    match catch_type {
+        Some(CatchType::Block { block, var_id }) => {
+            // Error will be in io_reg
+            builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+            if let Some(var_id) = var_id {
+                // Take a copy of the error as $err, since it will also be input
+                let err_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::Clone {
+                        dst: err_reg,
+                        src: io_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(catch_span),
+                )?;
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::StoreVariable {
+                        var_id,
+                        src: err_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(catch_span),
+                )?;
+            }
+            // Compile the block, now that the variable is set
+            compile_block(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                block,
+                redirect_modes,
+                Some(io_reg),
+                io_reg,
+            )?;
+        }
+        Some(CatchType::Closure { closure_reg }) => {
+            // We should call `do`. Error will be in io_reg
+            let do_decl_id = working_set.find_decl(b"do").ok_or_else(|| {
+                CompileError::MissingRequiredDeclaration {
+                    decl_name: "do".into(),
+                    span: call.head,
+                }
+            })?;
+
+            // Take a copy of io_reg, because we pass it both as an argument and input
+            builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+            let err_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::Clone {
+                    dst: err_reg,
+                    src: io_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(catch_span),
+            )?;
+
+            // Push the closure and the error
+            builder
+                .push(Instruction::PushPositional { src: closure_reg }.into_spanned(catch_span))?;
+            builder.push(Instruction::PushPositional { src: err_reg }.into_spanned(catch_span))?;
+
+            // Call `$err | do $closure $err`
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::Call {
+                    decl_id: do_decl_id,
+                    src_dst: io_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(catch_span),
+            )?;
+        }
+        None => {
+            // Just set out to empty.
+            builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This is the end - if we succeeded, should jump here
+    builder.set_label(end_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `loop` (via `jump`)
+pub(crate) fn compile_loop(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    //       drop %io_reg
+    // LOOP: %io_reg <- ...<block>...
+    //       drain %io_reg
+    //       jump %LOOP
+    // END:  drop %io_reg
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "loop".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let block_arg = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_id = block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+
+    let loop_ = builder.begin_loop();
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    builder.set_label(loop_.continue_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        block,
+        RedirectModes::default(),
+        None,
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Drain the output, just like for a semicolon
+    builder.drain(io_reg, call.head)?;
+
+    builder.jump(loop_.continue_label, call.head)?;
+    builder.add_comment("loop");
+
+    builder.set_label(loop_.break_label, builder.here())?;
+    builder.end_loop(loop_)?;
+
+    // State of %io_reg is not necessarily well defined here due to control flow, so make sure it's
+    // empty.
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `while`, via branch instructions
+pub(crate) fn compile_while(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    // LOOP:  %io_reg <- <condition>
+    //        branch-if %io_reg, TRUE
+    //        jump FALSE
+    // TRUE:  %io_reg <- ...<block>...
+    //        drain %io_reg
+    //        jump LOOP
+    // FALSE: drop %io_reg
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "while".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    let cond_arg = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_arg = call.positional_nth(1).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_id = block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+
+    let loop_ = builder.begin_loop();
+    builder.set_label(loop_.continue_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    let true_label = builder.label(None);
+
+    compile_expression(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        cond_arg,
+        RedirectModes::capture_out(call.head),
+        None,
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    builder.branch_if(io_reg, true_label, call.head)?;
+    builder.add_comment("while");
+    builder.jump(loop_.break_label, call.head)?;
+    builder.add_comment("end while");
+
+    builder.set_label(true_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        block,
+        RedirectModes::default(),
+        None,
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Drain the result, just like for a semicolon
+    builder.drain(io_reg, call.head)?;
+
+    builder.jump(loop_.continue_label, call.head)?;
+    builder.add_comment("while");
+
+    builder.set_label(loop_.break_label, builder.here())?;
+    builder.end_loop(loop_)?;
+
+    // State of %io_reg is not necessarily well defined here due to control flow, so make sure it's
+    // empty.
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `for` (via `iterate`)
+pub(crate) fn compile_for(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    //       %stream_reg <- <in_expr>
+    // LOOP: iterate %io_reg, %stream_reg, END
+    //       store-variable $var, %io_reg
+    //       %io_reg <- <...block...>
+    //       drain %io_reg
+    //       jump LOOP
+    // END:  drop %io_reg
+    let invalid = || CompileError::InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: "for".into(),
+        span: call.head,
+    };
+
+    if call.get_named_arg("numbered").is_some() {
+        // This is deprecated and we don't support it.
+        return Err(invalid());
+    }
+
+    let var_decl_arg = call.positional_nth(0).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let var_id = var_decl_arg.as_var().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+
+    let in_arg = call.positional_nth(1).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let in_expr = in_arg.as_keyword().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+
+    let block_arg = call.positional_nth(2).ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block_id = block_arg.as_block().ok_or_else(invalid)?;
+    let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+
+    // Ensure io_reg is marked so we don't use it
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+
+    let stream_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+    compile_expression(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        in_expr,
+        RedirectModes::capture_out(in_expr.span),
+        None,
+        stream_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Set up loop state
+    let loop_ = builder.begin_loop();
+    builder.set_label(loop_.continue_label, builder.here())?;
+
+    // This gets a value from the stream each time it's executed
+    // io_reg basically will act as our scratch register here
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::Iterate {
+            dst: io_reg,
+            stream: stream_reg,
+            end_index: loop_.break_label.0,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(call.head),
+    )?;
+    builder.add_comment("for");
+
+    // Put the received value in the variable
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::StoreVariable {
+            var_id,
+            src: io_reg,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(var_decl_arg.span),
+    )?;
+
+    // Do the body of the block
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        builder,
+        block,
+        RedirectModes::default(),
+        None,
+        io_reg,
+    )?;
+
+    // Drain the output, just like for a semicolon
+    builder.drain(io_reg, call.head)?;
+
+    // Loop back to iterate to get the next value
+    builder.jump(loop_.continue_label, call.head)?;
+
+    // Set the end of the loop
+    builder.set_label(loop_.break_label, builder.here())?;
+    builder.end_loop(loop_)?;
+
+    // We don't need stream_reg anymore, after the loop
+    // io_reg may or may not be empty, so be sure it is
+    builder.free_register(stream_reg)?;
+    builder.mark_register(io_reg)?;
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `break`.
+pub(crate) fn compile_break(
+    _working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    if builder.is_in_loop() {
+        builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+        builder.push_break(call.head)?;
+        builder.add_comment("break");
+    } else {
+        // Fall back to calling the command if we can't find the loop target statically
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::Call {
+                decl_id: call.decl_id,
+                src_dst: io_reg,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(call.head),
+        )?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `continue`.
+pub(crate) fn compile_continue(
+    _working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    if builder.is_in_loop() {
+        builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+        builder.push_continue(call.head)?;
+        builder.add_comment("continue");
+    } else {
+        // Fall back to calling the command if we can't find the loop target statically
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::Call {
+                decl_id: call.decl_id,
+                src_dst: io_reg,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(call.head),
+        )?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile a call to `return` as a `return-early` instruction.
+///
+/// This is not strictly necessary, but it is more efficient.
+pub(crate) fn compile_return(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    call: &Call,
+    _redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    io_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    // Pseudocode:
+    //
+    // %io_reg <- <arg_expr>
+    // return-early %io_reg
+    if let Some(arg_expr) = call.positional_nth(0) {
+        compile_expression(
+            working_set,
+            builder,
+            arg_expr,
+            RedirectModes::capture_out(arg_expr.span),
+            None,
+            io_reg,
+        )?;
+    } else {
+        builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: It would be nice if this could be `return` instead, but there is a little bit of
+    // behaviour remaining that still depends on `ShellError::Return`
+    builder.push(Instruction::ReturnEarly { src: io_reg }.into_spanned(call.head))?;
+
+    // io_reg is supposed to remain allocated
+    builder.load_empty(io_reg)?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/mod.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f6ae22682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Block, Pipeline, PipelineRedirection, RedirectionSource, RedirectionTarget},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::{Instruction, IrBlock, RedirectMode},
+    CompileError, IntoSpanned, RegId, Span,
+};
+
+mod builder;
+mod call;
+mod expression;
+mod keyword;
+mod operator;
+mod redirect;
+
+use builder::BlockBuilder;
+use call::*;
+use expression::compile_expression;
+use operator::*;
+use redirect::*;
+
+const BLOCK_INPUT: RegId = RegId(0);
+
+/// Compile Nushell pipeline abstract syntax tree (AST) to internal representation (IR) instructions
+/// for evaluation.
+pub fn compile(working_set: &StateWorkingSet, block: &Block) -> Result<IrBlock, CompileError> {
+    let mut builder = BlockBuilder::new(block.span);
+
+    let span = block.span.unwrap_or(Span::unknown());
+
+    compile_block(
+        working_set,
+        &mut builder,
+        block,
+        RedirectModes::caller(span),
+        Some(BLOCK_INPUT),
+        BLOCK_INPUT,
+    )?;
+
+    // A complete block has to end with a `return`
+    builder.push(Instruction::Return { src: BLOCK_INPUT }.into_spanned(span))?;
+
+    builder.finish()
+}
+
+/// Compiles a [`Block`] in-place into an IR block. This can be used in a nested manner, for example
+/// by [`compile_if()`], where the instructions for the blocks for the if/else are inlined into the
+/// top-level IR block.
+fn compile_block(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    block: &Block,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    in_reg: Option<RegId>,
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let span = block.span.unwrap_or(Span::unknown());
+    let mut redirect_modes = Some(redirect_modes);
+    if !block.pipelines.is_empty() {
+        let last_index = block.pipelines.len() - 1;
+        for (index, pipeline) in block.pipelines.iter().enumerate() {
+            compile_pipeline(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                pipeline,
+                span,
+                // the redirect mode only applies to the last pipeline.
+                if index == last_index {
+                    redirect_modes
+                        .take()
+                        .expect("should only take redirect_modes once")
+                } else {
+                    RedirectModes::default()
+                },
+                // input is only passed to the first pipeline.
+                if index == 0 { in_reg } else { None },
+                out_reg,
+            )?;
+
+            if index != last_index {
+                // Explicitly drain the out reg after each non-final pipeline, because that's how
+                // the semicolon functions.
+                if builder.is_allocated(out_reg) {
+                    builder.push(Instruction::Drain { src: out_reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+                }
+                builder.load_empty(out_reg)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    } else if in_reg.is_none() {
+        builder.load_empty(out_reg)
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn compile_pipeline(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    pipeline: &Pipeline,
+    fallback_span: Span,
+    redirect_modes: RedirectModes,
+    in_reg: Option<RegId>,
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let mut iter = pipeline.elements.iter().peekable();
+    let mut in_reg = in_reg;
+    let mut redirect_modes = Some(redirect_modes);
+    while let Some(element) = iter.next() {
+        let span = element.pipe.unwrap_or(fallback_span);
+
+        // We have to get the redirection mode from either the explicit redirection in the pipeline
+        // element, or from the next expression if it's specified there. If this is the last
+        // element, then it's from whatever is passed in as the mode to use.
+
+        let next_redirect_modes = if let Some(next_element) = iter.peek() {
+            let mut modes = redirect_modes_of_expression(working_set, &next_element.expr, span)?;
+
+            // If there's a next element with no inherent redirection we always pipe out *unless*
+            // this is a single redirection of stderr to pipe (e>|)
+            if modes.out.is_none()
+                && !matches!(
+                    element.redirection,
+                    Some(PipelineRedirection::Single {
+                        source: RedirectionSource::Stderr,
+                        target: RedirectionTarget::Pipe { .. }
+                    })
+                )
+            {
+                let pipe_span = next_element.pipe.unwrap_or(next_element.expr.span);
+                modes.out = Some(RedirectMode::Pipe.into_spanned(pipe_span));
+            }
+
+            modes
+        } else {
+            redirect_modes
+                .take()
+                .expect("should only take redirect_modes once")
+        };
+
+        let spec_redirect_modes = match &element.redirection {
+            Some(PipelineRedirection::Single { source, target }) => {
+                let mode = redirection_target_to_mode(working_set, builder, target)?;
+                match source {
+                    RedirectionSource::Stdout => RedirectModes {
+                        out: Some(mode),
+                        err: None,
+                    },
+                    RedirectionSource::Stderr => RedirectModes {
+                        out: None,
+                        err: Some(mode),
+                    },
+                    RedirectionSource::StdoutAndStderr => RedirectModes {
+                        out: Some(mode),
+                        err: Some(mode),
+                    },
+                }
+            }
+            Some(PipelineRedirection::Separate { out, err }) => {
+                // In this case, out and err must not both be Pipe
+                assert!(
+                    !matches!(
+                        (out, err),
+                        (
+                            RedirectionTarget::Pipe { .. },
+                            RedirectionTarget::Pipe { .. }
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    "for Separate redirection, out and err targets must not both be Pipe"
+                );
+                let out = redirection_target_to_mode(working_set, builder, out)?;
+                let err = redirection_target_to_mode(working_set, builder, err)?;
+                RedirectModes {
+                    out: Some(out),
+                    err: Some(err),
+                }
+            }
+            None => RedirectModes {
+                out: None,
+                err: None,
+            },
+        };
+
+        let redirect_modes = RedirectModes {
+            out: spec_redirect_modes.out.or(next_redirect_modes.out),
+            err: spec_redirect_modes.err.or(next_redirect_modes.err),
+        };
+
+        compile_expression(
+            working_set,
+            builder,
+            &element.expr,
+            redirect_modes.clone(),
+            in_reg,
+            out_reg,
+        )?;
+
+        // Clean up the redirection
+        finish_redirection(builder, redirect_modes, out_reg)?;
+
+        // The next pipeline element takes input from this output
+        in_reg = Some(out_reg);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/operator.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/operator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1ed3f66df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/operator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Assignment, Boolean, CellPath, Expr, Expression, Math, Operator, PathMember},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::{Instruction, Literal},
+    IntoSpanned, RegId, Span, Spanned, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
+};
+use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
+
+use super::{compile_expression, BlockBuilder, CompileError, RedirectModes};
+
+pub(crate) fn compile_binary_op(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    lhs: &Expression,
+    op: Spanned<Operator>,
+    rhs: &Expression,
+    span: Span,
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    if let Operator::Assignment(assign_op) = op.item {
+        if let Some(decomposed_op) = decompose_assignment(assign_op) {
+            // Compiling an assignment that uses a binary op with the existing value
+            compile_binary_op(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                lhs,
+                decomposed_op.into_spanned(op.span),
+                rhs,
+                span,
+                out_reg,
+            )?;
+        } else {
+            // Compiling a plain assignment, where the current left-hand side value doesn't matter
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                rhs,
+                RedirectModes::capture_out(rhs.span),
+                None,
+                out_reg,
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        compile_assignment(working_set, builder, lhs, op.span, out_reg)?;
+
+        // Load out_reg with Nothing, as that's the result of an assignment
+        builder.load_literal(out_reg, Literal::Nothing.into_spanned(op.span))
+    } else {
+        // Not an assignment: just do the binary op
+        let lhs_reg = out_reg;
+
+        compile_expression(
+            working_set,
+            builder,
+            lhs,
+            RedirectModes::capture_out(lhs.span),
+            None,
+            lhs_reg,
+        )?;
+
+        match op.item {
+            // `and` / `or` are short-circuiting, and we can get by with one register and a branch
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And) => {
+                let true_label = builder.label(None);
+                builder.branch_if(lhs_reg, true_label, op.span)?;
+
+                // If the branch was not taken it's false, so short circuit to load false
+                let false_label = builder.label(None);
+                builder.jump(false_label, op.span)?;
+
+                builder.set_label(true_label, builder.here())?;
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    rhs,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(rhs.span),
+                    None,
+                    lhs_reg,
+                )?;
+
+                let end_label = builder.label(None);
+                builder.jump(end_label, op.span)?;
+
+                // Consumed by `branch-if`, so we have to set it false again
+                builder.set_label(false_label, builder.here())?;
+                builder.load_literal(lhs_reg, Literal::Bool(false).into_spanned(lhs.span))?;
+
+                builder.set_label(end_label, builder.here())?;
+            }
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => {
+                let true_label = builder.label(None);
+                builder.branch_if(lhs_reg, true_label, op.span)?;
+
+                // If the branch was not taken it's false, so do the right-side expression
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    rhs,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(rhs.span),
+                    None,
+                    lhs_reg,
+                )?;
+
+                let end_label = builder.label(None);
+                builder.jump(end_label, op.span)?;
+
+                // Consumed by `branch-if`, so we have to set it true again
+                builder.set_label(true_label, builder.here())?;
+                builder.load_literal(lhs_reg, Literal::Bool(true).into_spanned(lhs.span))?;
+
+                builder.set_label(end_label, builder.here())?;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // Any other operator, via `binary-op`
+                let rhs_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    rhs,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(rhs.span),
+                    None,
+                    rhs_reg,
+                )?;
+
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::BinaryOp {
+                        lhs_dst: lhs_reg,
+                        op: op.item,
+                        rhs: rhs_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(op.span),
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if lhs_reg != out_reg {
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::Move {
+                    dst: out_reg,
+                    src: lhs_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(op.span),
+            )?;
+        }
+
+        builder.push(Instruction::Span { src_dst: out_reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// The equivalent plain operator to use for an assignment, if any
+pub(crate) fn decompose_assignment(assignment: Assignment) -> Option<Operator> {
+    match assignment {
+        Assignment::Assign => None,
+        Assignment::PlusAssign => Some(Operator::Math(Math::Plus)),
+        Assignment::AppendAssign => Some(Operator::Math(Math::Append)),
+        Assignment::MinusAssign => Some(Operator::Math(Math::Minus)),
+        Assignment::MultiplyAssign => Some(Operator::Math(Math::Multiply)),
+        Assignment::DivideAssign => Some(Operator::Math(Math::Divide)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compile assignment of the value in a register to a left-hand expression
+pub(crate) fn compile_assignment(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    lhs: &Expression,
+    assignment_span: Span,
+    rhs_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    match lhs.expr {
+        Expr::Var(var_id) => {
+            // Double check that the variable is supposed to be mutable
+            if !working_set.get_variable(var_id).mutable {
+                return Err(CompileError::AssignmentRequiresMutableVar { span: lhs.span });
+            }
+
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::StoreVariable {
+                    var_id,
+                    src: rhs_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(assignment_span),
+            )?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        Expr::FullCellPath(ref path) => match (&path.head, &path.tail) {
+            (
+                Expression {
+                    expr: Expr::Var(var_id),
+                    ..
+                },
+                _,
+            ) if *var_id == ENV_VARIABLE_ID => {
+                // This will be an assignment to an environment variable.
+                let Some(PathMember::String { val: key, .. }) = path.tail.first() else {
+                    return Err(CompileError::CannotReplaceEnv { span: lhs.span });
+                };
+
+                // Some env vars can't be set by Nushell code.
+                const AUTOMATIC_NAMES: &[&str] = &["PWD", "FILE_PWD", "CURRENT_FILE"];
+                if AUTOMATIC_NAMES.iter().any(|name| key.eq_ignore_case(name)) {
+                    return Err(CompileError::AutomaticEnvVarSetManually {
+                        envvar_name: "PWD".into(),
+                        span: lhs.span,
+                    });
+                }
+
+                let key_data = builder.data(key)?;
+
+                let val_reg = if path.tail.len() > 1 {
+                    // Get the current value of the head and first tail of the path, from env
+                    let head_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+                    // We could use compile_load_env, but this shares the key data...
+                    // Always use optional, because it doesn't matter if it's already there
+                    builder.push(
+                        Instruction::LoadEnvOpt {
+                            dst: head_reg,
+                            key: key_data,
+                        }
+                        .into_spanned(lhs.span),
+                    )?;
+
+                    // Default to empty record so we can do further upserts
+                    let default_label = builder.label(None);
+                    let upsert_label = builder.label(None);
+                    builder.branch_if_empty(head_reg, default_label, assignment_span)?;
+                    builder.jump(upsert_label, assignment_span)?;
+
+                    builder.set_label(default_label, builder.here())?;
+                    builder.load_literal(
+                        head_reg,
+                        Literal::Record { capacity: 0 }.into_spanned(lhs.span),
+                    )?;
+
+                    // Do the upsert on the current value to incorporate rhs
+                    builder.set_label(upsert_label, builder.here())?;
+                    compile_upsert_cell_path(
+                        builder,
+                        (&path.tail[1..]).into_spanned(lhs.span),
+                        head_reg,
+                        rhs_reg,
+                        assignment_span,
+                    )?;
+
+                    head_reg
+                } else {
+                    // Path has only one tail, so we don't need the current value to do an upsert,
+                    // just set it directly to rhs
+                    rhs_reg
+                };
+
+                // Finally, store the modified env variable
+                builder.push(
+                    Instruction::StoreEnv {
+                        key: key_data,
+                        src: val_reg,
+                    }
+                    .into_spanned(assignment_span),
+                )?;
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            (_, tail) if tail.is_empty() => {
+                // If the path tail is empty, we can really just treat this as if it were an
+                // assignment to the head
+                compile_assignment(working_set, builder, &path.head, assignment_span, rhs_reg)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // Just a normal assignment to some path
+                let head_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+
+                // Compile getting current value of the head expression
+                compile_expression(
+                    working_set,
+                    builder,
+                    &path.head,
+                    RedirectModes::capture_out(path.head.span),
+                    None,
+                    head_reg,
+                )?;
+
+                // Upsert the tail of the path into the old value of the head expression
+                compile_upsert_cell_path(
+                    builder,
+                    path.tail.as_slice().into_spanned(lhs.span),
+                    head_reg,
+                    rhs_reg,
+                    assignment_span,
+                )?;
+
+                // Now compile the assignment of the updated value to the head
+                compile_assignment(working_set, builder, &path.head, assignment_span, head_reg)
+            }
+        },
+        Expr::Garbage => Err(CompileError::Garbage { span: lhs.span }),
+        _ => Err(CompileError::AssignmentRequiresVar { span: lhs.span }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compile an upsert-cell-path instruction, with known literal members
+pub(crate) fn compile_upsert_cell_path(
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    members: Spanned<&[PathMember]>,
+    src_dst: RegId,
+    new_value: RegId,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    let path_reg = builder.literal(
+        Literal::CellPath(
+            CellPath {
+                members: members.item.to_vec(),
+            }
+            .into(),
+        )
+        .into_spanned(members.span),
+    )?;
+    builder.push(
+        Instruction::UpsertCellPath {
+            src_dst,
+            path: path_reg,
+            new_value,
+        }
+        .into_spanned(span),
+    )?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Compile the correct sequence to get an environment variable + follow a path on it
+pub(crate) fn compile_load_env(
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    span: Span,
+    path: &[PathMember],
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    if path.is_empty() {
+        builder.push(
+            Instruction::LoadVariable {
+                dst: out_reg,
+                var_id: ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
+            }
+            .into_spanned(span),
+        )?;
+    } else {
+        let (key, optional) = match &path[0] {
+            PathMember::String { val, optional, .. } => (builder.data(val)?, *optional),
+            PathMember::Int { span, .. } => {
+                return Err(CompileError::AccessEnvByInt { span: *span })
+            }
+        };
+        let tail = &path[1..];
+
+        if optional {
+            builder.push(Instruction::LoadEnvOpt { dst: out_reg, key }.into_spanned(span))?;
+        } else {
+            builder.push(Instruction::LoadEnv { dst: out_reg, key }.into_spanned(span))?;
+        }
+
+        if !tail.is_empty() {
+            let path = builder.literal(
+                Literal::CellPath(Box::new(CellPath {
+                    members: tail.to_vec(),
+                }))
+                .into_spanned(span),
+            )?;
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::FollowCellPath {
+                    src_dst: out_reg,
+                    path,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(span),
+            )?;
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/redirect.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/redirect.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15af1a9f8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/compile/redirect.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Expression, RedirectionTarget},
+    engine::StateWorkingSet,
+    ir::{Instruction, RedirectMode},
+    IntoSpanned, OutDest, RegId, Span, Spanned,
+};
+
+use super::{compile_expression, BlockBuilder, CompileError};
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct RedirectModes {
+    pub(crate) out: Option<Spanned<RedirectMode>>,
+    pub(crate) err: Option<Spanned<RedirectMode>>,
+}
+
+impl RedirectModes {
+    pub(crate) fn capture_out(span: Span) -> Self {
+        RedirectModes {
+            out: Some(RedirectMode::Capture.into_spanned(span)),
+            err: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn caller(span: Span) -> RedirectModes {
+        RedirectModes {
+            out: Some(RedirectMode::Caller.into_spanned(span)),
+            err: Some(RedirectMode::Caller.into_spanned(span)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn redirection_target_to_mode(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    target: &RedirectionTarget,
+) -> Result<Spanned<RedirectMode>, CompileError> {
+    Ok(match target {
+        RedirectionTarget::File {
+            expr,
+            append,
+            span: redir_span,
+        } => {
+            let file_num = builder.next_file_num()?;
+            let path_reg = builder.next_register()?;
+            compile_expression(
+                working_set,
+                builder,
+                expr,
+                RedirectModes::capture_out(*redir_span),
+                None,
+                path_reg,
+            )?;
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::OpenFile {
+                    file_num,
+                    path: path_reg,
+                    append: *append,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(*redir_span),
+            )?;
+            RedirectMode::File { file_num }.into_spanned(*redir_span)
+        }
+        RedirectionTarget::Pipe { span } => RedirectMode::Pipe.into_spanned(*span),
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn redirect_modes_of_expression(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    expression: &Expression,
+    redir_span: Span,
+) -> Result<RedirectModes, CompileError> {
+    let (out, err) = expression.expr.pipe_redirection(working_set);
+    Ok(RedirectModes {
+        out: out
+            .map(|r| r.into_spanned(redir_span))
+            .map(out_dest_to_redirect_mode)
+            .transpose()?,
+        err: err
+            .map(|r| r.into_spanned(redir_span))
+            .map(out_dest_to_redirect_mode)
+            .transpose()?,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Finish the redirection for an expression, writing to and closing files as necessary
+pub(crate) fn finish_redirection(
+    builder: &mut BlockBuilder,
+    modes: RedirectModes,
+    out_reg: RegId,
+) -> Result<(), CompileError> {
+    if let Some(Spanned {
+        item: RedirectMode::File { file_num },
+        span,
+    }) = modes.out
+    {
+        // If out is a file and err is a pipe, we must not consume the expression result -
+        // that is actually the err, in that case.
+        if !matches!(
+            modes.err,
+            Some(Spanned {
+                item: RedirectMode::Pipe { .. },
+                ..
+            })
+        ) {
+            builder.push(
+                Instruction::WriteFile {
+                    file_num,
+                    src: out_reg,
+                }
+                .into_spanned(span),
+            )?;
+            builder.load_empty(out_reg)?;
+        }
+        builder.push(Instruction::CloseFile { file_num }.into_spanned(span))?;
+    }
+
+    match modes.err {
+        Some(Spanned {
+            item: RedirectMode::File { file_num },
+            span,
+        }) => {
+            // Close the file, unless it's the same as out (in which case it was already closed)
+            if !modes.out.is_some_and(|out_mode| match out_mode.item {
+                RedirectMode::File {
+                    file_num: out_file_num,
+                } => file_num == out_file_num,
+                _ => false,
+            }) {
+                builder.push(Instruction::CloseFile { file_num }.into_spanned(span))?;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(Spanned {
+            item: RedirectMode::Pipe,
+            span,
+        }) => {
+            builder.push(Instruction::CheckErrRedirected { src: out_reg }.into_spanned(span))?;
+        }
+        _ => (),
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn out_dest_to_redirect_mode(
+    out_dest: Spanned<OutDest>,
+) -> Result<Spanned<RedirectMode>, CompileError> {
+    let span = out_dest.span;
+    out_dest
+        .map(|out_dest| match out_dest {
+            OutDest::Pipe => Ok(RedirectMode::Pipe),
+            OutDest::Capture => Ok(RedirectMode::Capture),
+            OutDest::Null => Ok(RedirectMode::Null),
+            OutDest::Inherit => Ok(RedirectMode::Inherit),
+            OutDest::File(_) => Err(CompileError::InvalidRedirectMode { span }),
+        })
+        .transpose()
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/documentation.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/documentation.rs
index a7d4950036..3d5381dd9d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/documentation.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/documentation.rs
@@ -3,24 +3,28 @@ use nu_protocol::{
     ast::{Argument, Call, Expr, Expression, RecordItem},
     debugger::WithoutDebug,
     engine::{Command, EngineState, Stack, UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID},
-    record, Category, Example, IntoPipelineData, PipelineData, Signature, Span, SpanId, Spanned,
-    SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
+    record, Category, Config, Example, IntoPipelineData, PipelineData, PositionalArg, Signature,
+    Span, SpanId, Spanned, SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
 };
 use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt::Write};
+use terminal_size::{Height, Width};
+
+/// ANSI style reset
+const RESET: &str = "\x1b[0m";
+/// ANSI set default color (as set in the terminal)
+const DEFAULT_COLOR: &str = "\x1b[39m";
 
 pub fn get_full_help(
     command: &dyn Command,
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
 ) -> String {
-    let config = engine_state.get_config();
-    let doc_config = DocumentationConfig {
-        no_subcommands: false,
-        no_color: !config.use_ansi_coloring,
-        brief: false,
-    };
-
+    // Precautionary step to capture any command output generated during this operation. We
+    // internally call several commands (`table`, `ansi`, `nu-highlight`) and get their
+    // `PipelineData` using this `Stack`, any other output should not be redirected like the main
+    // execution.
     let stack = &mut stack.start_capture();
+
     let signature = command.signature().update_from_command(command);
 
     get_documentation(
@@ -28,27 +32,21 @@ pub fn get_full_help(
         &command.examples(),
         engine_state,
         stack,
-        &doc_config,
         command.is_keyword(),
     )
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct DocumentationConfig {
-    no_subcommands: bool,
-    no_color: bool,
-    brief: bool,
-}
-
-// Utility returns nu-highlighted string
+/// Syntax highlight code using the `nu-highlight` command if available
 fn nu_highlight_string(code_string: &str, engine_state: &EngineState, stack: &mut Stack) -> String {
     if let Some(highlighter) = engine_state.find_decl(b"nu-highlight", &[]) {
         let decl = engine_state.get_decl(highlighter);
 
+        let call = Call::new(Span::unknown());
+
         if let Ok(output) = decl.run(
             engine_state,
             stack,
-            &Call::new(Span::unknown()),
+            &(&call).into(),
             Value::string(code_string, Span::unknown()).into_pipeline_data(),
         ) {
             let result = output.into_value(Span::unknown());
@@ -65,21 +63,15 @@ fn get_documentation(
     examples: &[Example],
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
-    config: &DocumentationConfig,
     is_parser_keyword: bool,
 ) -> String {
+    let nu_config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+
     // Create ansi colors
-    //todo make these configurable -- pull from enginestate.config
-    let help_section_name: String =
-        get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_string", "\x1b[32m"); // default: green
-
-    let help_subcolor_one: String =
-        get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_external", "\x1b[36m"); // default: cyan
-                                                                                             // was const bb: &str = "\x1b[1;34m"; // bold blue
-    let help_subcolor_two: String =
-        get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_block", "\x1b[94m"); // default: light blue (nobold, should be bolding the *names*)
-
-    const RESET: &str = "\x1b[0m"; // reset
+    let mut help_style = HelpStyle::default();
+    help_style.update_from_config(engine_state, &nu_config);
+    let help_section_name = &help_style.section_name;
+    let help_subcolor_one = &help_style.subcolor_one;
 
     let cmd_name = &sig.name;
     let mut long_desc = String::new();
@@ -90,44 +82,46 @@ fn get_documentation(
         long_desc.push_str("\n\n");
     }
 
-    let extra_usage = if config.brief { "" } else { &sig.extra_usage };
+    let extra_usage = &sig.extra_usage;
     if !extra_usage.is_empty() {
         long_desc.push_str(extra_usage);
         long_desc.push_str("\n\n");
     }
 
-    let mut subcommands = vec![];
-    if !config.no_subcommands {
-        let signatures = engine_state.get_signatures(true);
-        for sig in signatures {
-            if sig.name.starts_with(&format!("{cmd_name} "))
-                // Don't display removed/deprecated commands in the Subcommands list
-                    && !matches!(sig.category, Category::Removed)
-            {
-                subcommands.push(format!(
-                    "  {help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} - {}",
-                    sig.name, sig.usage
-                ));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     if !sig.search_terms.is_empty() {
-        let text = format!(
-            "{help_section_name}Search terms{RESET}: {help_subcolor_one}{}{}\n\n",
+        let _ = write!(
+            long_desc,
+            "{help_section_name}Search terms{RESET}: {help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET}\n\n",
             sig.search_terms.join(", "),
-            RESET
         );
-        let _ = write!(long_desc, "{text}");
     }
 
-    let text = format!(
-        "{}Usage{}:\n  > {}\n",
-        help_section_name,
-        RESET,
+    let _ = write!(
+        long_desc,
+        "{help_section_name}Usage{RESET}:\n  > {}\n",
         sig.call_signature()
     );
-    let _ = write!(long_desc, "{text}");
+
+    // TODO: improve the subcommand name resolution
+    // issues:
+    // - Aliases are included
+    //   - https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/11657
+    // - Subcommands are included violating module scoping
+    //   - https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/11447
+    //   - https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/11625
+    let mut subcommands = vec![];
+    let signatures = engine_state.get_signatures(true);
+    for sig in signatures {
+        // Don't display removed/deprecated commands in the Subcommands list
+        if sig.name.starts_with(&format!("{cmd_name} "))
+            && !matches!(sig.category, Category::Removed)
+        {
+            subcommands.push(format!(
+                "  {help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} - {}",
+                sig.name, sig.usage
+            ));
+        }
+    }
 
     if !subcommands.is_empty() {
         let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n{help_section_name}Subcommands{RESET}:\n");
@@ -137,12 +131,8 @@ fn get_documentation(
     }
 
     if !sig.named.is_empty() {
-        long_desc.push_str(&get_flags_section(Some(engine_state), sig, |v| {
-            nu_highlight_string(
-                &v.to_parsable_string(", ", &engine_state.config),
-                engine_state,
-                stack,
-            )
+        long_desc.push_str(&get_flags_section(sig, &help_style, |v| {
+            nu_highlight_string(&v.to_parsable_string(", ", &nu_config), engine_state, stack)
         }))
     }
 
@@ -152,70 +142,46 @@ fn get_documentation(
     {
         let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n{help_section_name}Parameters{RESET}:\n");
         for positional in &sig.required_positional {
-            let text = match &positional.shape {
-                SyntaxShape::Keyword(kw, shape) => {
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}\"{}\" + {RESET}<{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>: {}",
-                        String::from_utf8_lossy(kw),
-                        document_shape(*shape.clone()),
-                        positional.desc
-                    )
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>: {}",
-                        positional.name,
-                        document_shape(positional.shape.clone()),
-                        positional.desc
-                    )
-                }
-            };
-            let _ = writeln!(long_desc, "{text}");
+            write_positional(
+                &mut long_desc,
+                positional,
+                PositionalKind::Required,
+                &help_style,
+                &nu_config,
+                engine_state,
+                stack,
+            );
         }
         for positional in &sig.optional_positional {
-            let text = match &positional.shape {
-                SyntaxShape::Keyword(kw, shape) => {
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}\"{}\" + {RESET}<{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>: {} (optional)",
-                        String::from_utf8_lossy(kw),
-                        document_shape(*shape.clone()),
-                        positional.desc
-                    )
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    let opt_suffix = if let Some(value) = &positional.default_value {
-                        format!(
-                            " (optional, default: {})",
-                            nu_highlight_string(
-                                &value.to_parsable_string(", ", &engine_state.config),
-                                engine_state,
-                                stack
-                            )
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        (" (optional)").to_string()
-                    };
-
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>: {}{}",
-                        positional.name,
-                        document_shape(positional.shape.clone()),
-                        positional.desc,
-                        opt_suffix,
-                    )
-                }
-            };
-            let _ = writeln!(long_desc, "{text}");
+            write_positional(
+                &mut long_desc,
+                positional,
+                PositionalKind::Optional,
+                &help_style,
+                &nu_config,
+                engine_state,
+                stack,
+            );
         }
 
         if let Some(rest_positional) = &sig.rest_positional {
-            let text = format!(
-                "  ...{help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>: {}",
-                rest_positional.name,
-                document_shape(rest_positional.shape.clone()),
-                rest_positional.desc
+            write_positional(
+                &mut long_desc,
+                rest_positional,
+                PositionalKind::Rest,
+                &help_style,
+                &nu_config,
+                engine_state,
+                stack,
             );
-            let _ = writeln!(long_desc, "{text}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_term_width() -> usize {
+        if let Some((Width(w), Height(_))) = terminal_size::terminal_size() {
+            w as usize
+        } else {
+            80
         }
     }
 
@@ -241,7 +207,18 @@ fn get_documentation(
                 &Call {
                     decl_id,
                     head: span,
-                    arguments: vec![],
+                    arguments: vec![Argument::Named((
+                        Spanned {
+                            item: "width".to_string(),
+                            span: Span::unknown(),
+                        },
+                        None,
+                        Some(Expression::new_unknown(
+                            Expr::Int(get_term_width() as i64 - 2), // padding, see below
+                            Span::unknown(),
+                            Type::Int,
+                        )),
+                    ))],
                     parser_info: HashMap::new(),
                 },
                 PipelineData::Value(Value::list(vals, span), None),
@@ -265,35 +242,12 @@ fn get_documentation(
         long_desc.push_str("  ");
         long_desc.push_str(example.description);
 
-        if config.no_color {
+        if !nu_config.use_ansi_coloring {
             let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {}\n", example.example);
-        } else if let Some(highlighter) = engine_state.find_decl(b"nu-highlight", &[]) {
-            let decl = engine_state.get_decl(highlighter);
-
-            match decl.run(
-                engine_state,
-                stack,
-                &Call::new(Span::unknown()),
-                Value::string(example.example, Span::unknown()).into_pipeline_data(),
-            ) {
-                Ok(output) => {
-                    let result = output.into_value(Span::unknown());
-                    match result.and_then(Value::coerce_into_string) {
-                        Ok(s) => {
-                            let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {s}\n");
-                        }
-                        _ => {
-                            let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {}\n", example.example);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(_) => {
-                    let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {}\n", example.example);
-                }
-            }
         } else {
-            let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {}\n", example.example);
-        }
+            let code_string = nu_highlight_string(example.example, engine_state, stack);
+            let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n  > {code_string}\n");
+        };
 
         if let Some(result) = &example.result {
             let mut table_call = Call::new(Span::unknown());
@@ -318,6 +272,19 @@ fn get_documentation(
                     None,
                 ))
             }
+            table_call.add_named((
+                Spanned {
+                    item: "width".to_string(),
+                    span: Span::unknown(),
+                },
+                None,
+                Some(Expression::new_unknown(
+                    Expr::Int(get_term_width() as i64 - 2),
+                    Span::unknown(),
+                    Type::Int,
+                )),
+            ));
+
             let table = engine_state
                 .find_decl("table".as_bytes(), &[])
                 .and_then(|decl_id| {
@@ -326,7 +293,7 @@ fn get_documentation(
                         .run(
                             engine_state,
                             stack,
-                            &table_call,
+                            &(&table_call).into(),
                             PipelineData::Value(result.clone(), None),
                         )
                         .ok()
@@ -336,7 +303,7 @@ fn get_documentation(
                 let _ = writeln!(
                     long_desc,
                     "  {}",
-                    item.to_expanded_string("", engine_state.get_config())
+                    item.to_expanded_string("", &nu_config)
                         .replace('\n', "\n  ")
                         .trim()
                 );
@@ -346,24 +313,25 @@ fn get_documentation(
 
     long_desc.push('\n');
 
-    if config.no_color {
+    if !nu_config.use_ansi_coloring {
         nu_utils::strip_ansi_string_likely(long_desc)
     } else {
         long_desc
     }
 }
 
-fn get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(
+fn update_ansi_from_config(
+    ansi_code: &mut String,
     engine_state: &EngineState,
+    nu_config: &Config,
     theme_component: &str,
-    default: &str,
-) -> String {
-    if let Some(color) = &engine_state.get_config().color_config.get(theme_component) {
+) {
+    if let Some(color) = &nu_config.color_config.get(theme_component) {
         let caller_stack = &mut Stack::new().capture();
         let span = Span::unknown();
         let span_id = UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID;
 
-        let argument_opt = get_argument_for_color_value(engine_state, color, span, span_id);
+        let argument_opt = get_argument_for_color_value(nu_config, color, span, span_id);
 
         // Call ansi command using argument
         if let Some(argument) = argument_opt {
@@ -380,19 +348,17 @@ fn get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(
                     PipelineData::Empty,
                 ) {
                     if let Ok((str, ..)) = result.collect_string_strict(span) {
-                        return str;
+                        *ansi_code = str;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
-
-    default.to_string()
 }
 
 fn get_argument_for_color_value(
-    engine_state: &EngineState,
-    color: &&Value,
+    nu_config: &Config,
+    color: &Value,
     span: Span,
     span_id: SpanId,
 ) -> Option<Argument> {
@@ -409,9 +375,7 @@ fn get_argument_for_color_value(
                             Type::String,
                         ),
                         Expression::new_existing(
-                            Expr::String(
-                                v.clone().to_expanded_string("", engine_state.get_config()),
-                            ),
+                            Expr::String(v.clone().to_expanded_string("", nu_config)),
                             span,
                             span_id,
                             Type::String,
@@ -443,137 +407,174 @@ fn get_argument_for_color_value(
     }
 }
 
-// document shape helps showing more useful information
-pub fn document_shape(shape: SyntaxShape) -> SyntaxShape {
+/// Contains the settings for ANSI colors in help output
+///
+/// By default contains a fixed set of (4-bit) colors
+///
+/// Can reflect configuration using [`HelpStyle::update_from_config`]
+pub struct HelpStyle {
+    section_name: String,
+    subcolor_one: String,
+    subcolor_two: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for HelpStyle {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        HelpStyle {
+            // default: green
+            section_name: "\x1b[32m".to_string(),
+            // default: cyan
+            subcolor_one: "\x1b[36m".to_string(),
+            // default: light blue
+            subcolor_two: "\x1b[94m".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HelpStyle {
+    /// Pull colors from the [`Config`]
+    ///
+    /// Uses some arbitrary `shape_*` settings, assuming they are well visible in the terminal theme.
+    ///
+    /// Implementation detail: currently executes `ansi` command internally thus requiring the
+    /// [`EngineState`] for execution.
+    /// See <https://github.com/nushell/nushell/pull/10623> for details
+    pub fn update_from_config(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, nu_config: &Config) {
+        update_ansi_from_config(
+            &mut self.section_name,
+            engine_state,
+            nu_config,
+            "shape_string",
+        );
+        update_ansi_from_config(
+            &mut self.subcolor_one,
+            engine_state,
+            nu_config,
+            "shape_external",
+        );
+        update_ansi_from_config(
+            &mut self.subcolor_two,
+            engine_state,
+            nu_config,
+            "shape_block",
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Make syntax shape presentable by stripping custom completer info
+fn document_shape(shape: &SyntaxShape) -> &SyntaxShape {
     match shape {
-        SyntaxShape::CompleterWrapper(inner_shape, _) => *inner_shape,
+        SyntaxShape::CompleterWrapper(inner_shape, _) => inner_shape,
         _ => shape,
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+enum PositionalKind {
+    Required,
+    Optional,
+    Rest,
+}
+
+fn write_positional(
+    long_desc: &mut String,
+    positional: &PositionalArg,
+    arg_kind: PositionalKind,
+    help_style: &HelpStyle,
+    nu_config: &Config,
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    stack: &mut Stack,
+) {
+    let help_subcolor_one = &help_style.subcolor_one;
+    let help_subcolor_two = &help_style.subcolor_two;
+
+    // Indentation
+    long_desc.push_str("  ");
+    if arg_kind == PositionalKind::Rest {
+        long_desc.push_str("...");
+    }
+    match &positional.shape {
+        SyntaxShape::Keyword(kw, shape) => {
+            let _ = write!(
+                long_desc,
+                "{help_subcolor_one}\"{}\" + {RESET}<{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>",
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(kw),
+                document_shape(shape),
+            );
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let _ = write!(
+                long_desc,
+                "{help_subcolor_one}{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>",
+                positional.name,
+                document_shape(&positional.shape),
+            );
+        }
+    };
+    if !positional.desc.is_empty() || arg_kind == PositionalKind::Optional {
+        let _ = write!(long_desc, ": {}", positional.desc);
+    }
+    if arg_kind == PositionalKind::Optional {
+        if let Some(value) = &positional.default_value {
+            let _ = write!(
+                long_desc,
+                " (optional, default: {})",
+                nu_highlight_string(
+                    &value.to_parsable_string(", ", nu_config),
+                    engine_state,
+                    stack
+                )
+            );
+        } else {
+            long_desc.push_str(" (optional)");
+        };
+    }
+    long_desc.push('\n');
+}
+
 pub fn get_flags_section<F>(
-    engine_state_opt: Option<&EngineState>,
     signature: &Signature,
+    help_style: &HelpStyle,
     mut value_formatter: F, // format default Value (because some calls cant access config or nu-highlight)
 ) -> String
 where
     F: FnMut(&nu_protocol::Value) -> String,
 {
-    //todo make these configurable -- pull from enginestate.config
-    let help_section_name: String;
-    let help_subcolor_one: String;
-    let help_subcolor_two: String;
-
-    // Sometimes we want to get the flags without engine_state
-    // For example, in nu-plugin. In that case, we fall back on default values
-    if let Some(engine_state) = engine_state_opt {
-        help_section_name =
-            get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_string", "\x1b[32m"); // default: green
-        help_subcolor_one =
-            get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_external", "\x1b[36m"); // default: cyan
-                                                                                                 // was const bb: &str = "\x1b[1;34m"; // bold blue
-        help_subcolor_two =
-            get_ansi_color_for_component_or_default(engine_state, "shape_block", "\x1b[94m");
-    // default: light blue (nobold, should be bolding the *names*)
-    } else {
-        help_section_name = "\x1b[32m".to_string();
-        help_subcolor_one = "\x1b[36m".to_string();
-        help_subcolor_two = "\x1b[94m".to_string();
-    }
-
-    const RESET: &str = "\x1b[0m"; // reset
-    const D: &str = "\x1b[39m"; // default
+    let help_section_name = &help_style.section_name;
+    let help_subcolor_one = &help_style.subcolor_one;
+    let help_subcolor_two = &help_style.subcolor_two;
 
     let mut long_desc = String::new();
     let _ = write!(long_desc, "\n{help_section_name}Flags{RESET}:\n");
     for flag in &signature.named {
-        let default_str = if let Some(value) = &flag.default_value {
-            format!(
-                " (default: {help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET})",
-                &value_formatter(value)
-            )
-        } else {
-            "".to_string()
-        };
-
-        let msg = if let Some(arg) = &flag.arg {
-            if let Some(short) = flag.short {
-                if flag.required {
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}-{}{}{RESET} (required parameter) {:?} - {}{}\n",
-                        short,
-                        if !flag.long.is_empty() {
-                            format!("{D},{RESET} {help_subcolor_one}--{}", flag.long)
-                        } else {
-                            "".into()
-                        },
-                        arg,
-                        flag.desc,
-                        default_str,
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    format!(
-                        "  {help_subcolor_one}-{}{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{:?}{RESET}> - {}{}\n",
-                        short,
-                        if !flag.long.is_empty() {
-                            format!("{D},{RESET} {help_subcolor_one}--{}", flag.long)
-                        } else {
-                            "".into()
-                        },
-                        arg,
-                        flag.desc,
-                        default_str,
-                    )
-                }
-            } else if flag.required {
-                format!(
-                    "  {help_subcolor_one}--{}{RESET} (required parameter) <{help_subcolor_two}{:?}{RESET}> - {}{}\n",
-                    flag.long, arg, flag.desc, default_str,
-                )
-            } else {
-                format!(
-                    "  {help_subcolor_one}--{}{RESET} <{help_subcolor_two}{:?}{RESET}> - {}{}\n",
-                    flag.long, arg, flag.desc, default_str,
-                )
+        // Indentation
+        long_desc.push_str("  ");
+        // Short flag shown before long flag
+        if let Some(short) = flag.short {
+            let _ = write!(long_desc, "{help_subcolor_one}-{}{RESET}", short);
+            if !flag.long.is_empty() {
+                let _ = write!(long_desc, "{DEFAULT_COLOR},{RESET} ");
             }
-        } else if let Some(short) = flag.short {
-            if flag.required {
-                format!(
-                    "  {help_subcolor_one}-{}{}{RESET} (required parameter) - {}{}\n",
-                    short,
-                    if !flag.long.is_empty() {
-                        format!("{D},{RESET} {help_subcolor_one}--{}", flag.long)
-                    } else {
-                        "".into()
-                    },
-                    flag.desc,
-                    default_str,
-                )
-            } else {
-                format!(
-                    "  {help_subcolor_one}-{}{}{RESET} - {}{}\n",
-                    short,
-                    if !flag.long.is_empty() {
-                        format!("{D},{RESET} {help_subcolor_one}--{}", flag.long)
-                    } else {
-                        "".into()
-                    },
-                    flag.desc,
-                    default_str
-                )
-            }
-        } else if flag.required {
-            format!(
-                "  {help_subcolor_one}--{}{RESET} (required parameter) - {}{}\n",
-                flag.long, flag.desc, default_str,
-            )
-        } else {
-            format!(
-                "  {help_subcolor_one}--{}{RESET} - {}\n",
-                flag.long, flag.desc
-            )
-        };
-        long_desc.push_str(&msg);
+        }
+        if !flag.long.is_empty() {
+            let _ = write!(long_desc, "{help_subcolor_one}--{}{RESET}", flag.long);
+        }
+        if flag.required {
+            long_desc.push_str(" (required parameter)")
+        }
+        // Type/Syntax shape info
+        if let Some(arg) = &flag.arg {
+            let _ = write!(
+                long_desc,
+                " <{help_subcolor_two}{}{RESET}>",
+                document_shape(arg)
+            );
+        }
+        let _ = write!(long_desc, " - {}", flag.desc);
+        if let Some(value) = &flag.default_value {
+            let _ = write!(long_desc, " (default: {})", &value_formatter(value));
+        }
+        long_desc.push('\n');
     }
     long_desc
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/env.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/env.rs
index 048d9bfb99..f93e78af88 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/env.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/env.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::ClosureEvalOnce;
 use nu_path::canonicalize_with;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Call, Expr},
-    engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
-    Config, ShellError, Span, Value, VarId,
+    ast::Expr,
+    engine::{Call, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
+    ShellError, Span, Value, VarId,
 };
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
@@ -244,14 +244,15 @@ pub fn path_str(
 }
 
 pub const DIR_VAR_PARSER_INFO: &str = "dirs_var";
-pub fn get_dirs_var_from_call(call: &Call) -> Option<VarId> {
-    call.get_parser_info(DIR_VAR_PARSER_INFO).and_then(|x| {
-        if let Expr::Var(id) = x.expr {
-            Some(id)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
-    })
+pub fn get_dirs_var_from_call(stack: &Stack, call: &Call) -> Option<VarId> {
+    call.get_parser_info(stack, DIR_VAR_PARSER_INFO)
+        .and_then(|x| {
+            if let Expr::Var(id) = x.expr {
+                Some(id)
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
 }
 
 /// This helper function is used to find files during eval
@@ -322,18 +323,6 @@ pub fn find_in_dirs_env(
     Ok(check_dir(lib_dirs).or_else(|| check_dir(lib_dirs_fallback)))
 }
 
-/// Get config
-///
-/// This combines config stored in permanent state and any runtime updates to the environment. This
-/// is the canonical way to fetch config at runtime when you have Stack available.
-pub fn get_config(engine_state: &EngineState, stack: &Stack) -> Config {
-    if let Some(mut config_record) = stack.get_env_var(engine_state, "config") {
-        config_record.parse_as_config(engine_state.get_config()).0
-    } else {
-        engine_state.get_config().clone()
-    }
-}
-
 fn get_converted_value(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &Stack,
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/eval.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval.rs
index 044bf86980..56a85e91e7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/eval.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval.rs
@@ -1,19 +1,20 @@
+use crate::eval_ir_block;
 #[allow(deprecated)]
-use crate::{current_dir, get_config, get_full_help};
-use nu_path::expand_path_with;
+use crate::{current_dir, get_full_help};
+use nu_path::{expand_path_with, AbsolutePathBuf};
 use nu_protocol::{
     ast::{
         Assignment, Block, Call, Expr, Expression, ExternalArgument, PathMember, PipelineElement,
         PipelineRedirection, RedirectionSource, RedirectionTarget,
     },
     debugger::DebugContext,
-    engine::{Closure, EngineState, Redirection, Stack},
+    engine::{Closure, EngineState, Redirection, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     eval_base::Eval,
-    ByteStreamSource, Config, FromValue, IntoPipelineData, OutDest, PipelineData, ShellError, Span,
-    Spanned, Type, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
+    ByteStreamSource, Config, DataSource, FromValue, IntoPipelineData, OutDest, PipelineData,
+    PipelineMetadata, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Type, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
 };
 use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
-use std::{borrow::Cow, fs::OpenOptions, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{fs::OpenOptions, path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
 
 pub fn eval_call<D: DebugContext>(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -21,9 +22,7 @@ pub fn eval_call<D: DebugContext>(
     call: &Call,
     input: PipelineData,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&engine_state.ctrlc) {
-        return Ok(Value::nothing(call.head).into_pipeline_data());
-    }
+    engine_state.signals().check(call.head)?;
     let decl = engine_state.get_decl(call.decl_id);
 
     if !decl.is_known_external() && call.named_iter().any(|(flag, _, _)| flag.item == "help") {
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@ pub fn eval_call<D: DebugContext>(
         // We pass caller_stack here with the knowledge that internal commands
         // are going to be specifically looking for global state in the stack
         // rather than any local state.
-        decl.run(engine_state, caller_stack, call, input)
+        decl.run(engine_state, caller_stack, &call.into(), input)
     }
 }
 
@@ -197,6 +196,9 @@ pub fn redirect_env(engine_state: &EngineState, caller_stack: &mut Stack, callee
     for (var, value) in callee_stack.get_stack_env_vars() {
         caller_stack.add_env_var(var, value);
     }
+
+    // set config to callee config, to capture any updates to that
+    caller_stack.config.clone_from(&callee_stack.config);
 }
 
 fn eval_external(
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ fn eval_external(
         }
     }
 
-    command.run(engine_state, stack, &call, input)
+    command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&call).into(), input)
 }
 
 pub fn eval_expression<D: DebugContext>(
@@ -257,6 +259,10 @@ pub fn eval_expression_with_input<D: DebugContext>(
             input = eval_external(engine_state, stack, head, args, input)?;
         }
 
+        Expr::Collect(var_id, expr) => {
+            input = eval_collect::<D>(engine_state, stack, *var_id, expr, input)?;
+        }
+
         Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
             let block = engine_state.get_block(*block_id);
             // FIXME: protect this collect with ctrl-c
@@ -509,6 +515,11 @@ pub fn eval_block<D: DebugContext>(
     block: &Block,
     mut input: PipelineData,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    // Remove once IR is the default.
+    if stack.use_ir {
+        return eval_ir_block::<D>(engine_state, stack, block, input);
+    }
+
     D::enter_block(engine_state, block);
 
     let num_pipelines = block.len();
@@ -523,7 +534,7 @@ pub fn eval_block<D: DebugContext>(
 
         for (i, element) in elements.iter().enumerate() {
             let next = elements.get(i + 1).unwrap_or(last);
-            let (next_out, next_err) = next.pipe_redirection(engine_state);
+            let (next_out, next_err) = next.pipe_redirection(&StateWorkingSet::new(engine_state));
             let (stdout, stderr) = eval_element_redirection::<D>(
                 engine_state,
                 stack,
@@ -598,6 +609,44 @@ pub fn eval_block<D: DebugContext>(
     Ok(input)
 }
 
+pub fn eval_collect<D: DebugContext>(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    stack: &mut Stack,
+    var_id: VarId,
+    expr: &Expression,
+    input: PipelineData,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    // Evaluate the expression with the variable set to the collected input
+    let span = input.span().unwrap_or(Span::unknown());
+
+    let metadata = match input.metadata() {
+        // Remove the `FilePath` metadata, because after `collect` it's no longer necessary to
+        // check where some input came from.
+        Some(PipelineMetadata {
+            data_source: DataSource::FilePath(_),
+            content_type: None,
+        }) => None,
+        other => other,
+    };
+
+    let input = input.into_value(span)?;
+
+    stack.add_var(var_id, input.clone());
+
+    let result = eval_expression_with_input::<D>(
+        engine_state,
+        stack,
+        expr,
+        // We still have to pass it as input
+        input.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata),
+    )
+    .map(|(result, _failed)| result);
+
+    stack.remove_var(var_id);
+
+    result
+}
+
 pub fn eval_subexpression<D: DebugContext>(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
@@ -648,8 +697,8 @@ impl Eval for EvalRuntime {
 
     type MutState = Stack;
 
-    fn get_config<'a>(engine_state: Self::State<'a>, stack: &mut Stack) -> Cow<'a, Config> {
-        Cow::Owned(get_config(engine_state, stack))
+    fn get_config(engine_state: Self::State<'_>, stack: &mut Stack) -> Arc<Config> {
+        stack.get_config(engine_state)
     }
 
     fn eval_filepath(
@@ -681,7 +730,10 @@ impl Eval for EvalRuntime {
         } else if quoted {
             Ok(Value::string(path, span))
         } else {
-            let cwd = engine_state.cwd(Some(stack)).unwrap_or_default();
+            let cwd = engine_state
+                .cwd(Some(stack))
+                .map(AbsolutePathBuf::into_std_path_buf)
+                .unwrap_or_default();
             let path = expand_path_with(path, cwd, true);
 
             Ok(Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), span))
@@ -719,6 +771,18 @@ impl Eval for EvalRuntime {
         eval_external(engine_state, stack, head, args, PipelineData::empty())?.into_value(span)
     }
 
+    fn eval_collect<D: DebugContext>(
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        var_id: VarId,
+        expr: &Expression,
+    ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+        // It's a little bizarre, but the expression can still have some kind of result even with
+        // nothing input
+        eval_collect::<D>(engine_state, stack, var_id, expr, PipelineData::empty())?
+            .into_value(expr.span)
+    }
+
     fn eval_subexpression<D: DebugContext>(
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
@@ -836,7 +900,14 @@ impl Eval for EvalRuntime {
                                     });
                                 }
 
+                                let is_config = original_key == "config";
+
                                 stack.add_env_var(original_key, value);
+
+                                // Trigger the update to config, if we modified that.
+                                if is_config {
+                                    stack.update_config(engine_state)?;
+                                }
                             } else {
                                 lhs.upsert_data_at_cell_path(&cell_path.tail, rhs)?;
                                 stack.add_var(*var_id, lhs);
@@ -902,7 +973,7 @@ impl Eval for EvalRuntime {
 ///
 /// An automatic environment variable cannot be assigned to by user code.
 /// Current there are three of them: $env.PWD, $env.FILE_PWD, $env.CURRENT_FILE
-fn is_automatic_env_var(var: &str) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn is_automatic_env_var(var: &str) -> bool {
     let names = ["PWD", "FILE_PWD", "CURRENT_FILE"];
     names.iter().any(|&name| {
         if cfg!(windows) {
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_helpers.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_helpers.rs
index 66bda3e0eb..65ebc6b61d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_helpers.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_helpers.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     eval_block, eval_block_with_early_return, eval_expression, eval_expression_with_input,
-    eval_subexpression,
+    eval_ir_block, eval_subexpression,
 };
 use nu_protocol::{
     ast::{Block, Expression},
@@ -13,6 +13,10 @@ use nu_protocol::{
 pub type EvalBlockFn =
     fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Block, PipelineData) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>;
 
+/// Type of eval_ir_block() function
+pub type EvalIrBlockFn =
+    fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Block, PipelineData) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>;
+
 /// Type of eval_block_with_early_return() function
 pub type EvalBlockWithEarlyReturnFn =
     fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Block, PipelineData) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>;
@@ -42,6 +46,16 @@ pub fn get_eval_block(engine_state: &EngineState) -> EvalBlockFn {
     }
 }
 
+/// Helper function to fetch `eval_ir_block()` with the correct type parameter based on whether
+/// engine_state is configured with or without a debugger.
+pub fn get_eval_ir_block(engine_state: &EngineState) -> EvalIrBlockFn {
+    if engine_state.is_debugging() {
+        eval_ir_block::<WithDebug>
+    } else {
+        eval_ir_block::<WithoutDebug>
+    }
+}
+
 /// Helper function to fetch `eval_block_with_early_return()` with the correct type parameter based
 /// on whether engine_state is configured with or without a debugger.
 pub fn get_eval_block_with_early_return(engine_state: &EngineState) -> EvalBlockWithEarlyReturnFn {
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_ir.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_ir.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8550cbab99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/eval_ir.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1489 @@
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fs::File, sync::Arc};
+
+use nu_path::{expand_path_with, AbsolutePathBuf};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    ast::{Bits, Block, Boolean, CellPath, Comparison, Math, Operator},
+    debugger::DebugContext,
+    engine::{Argument, Closure, EngineState, ErrorHandler, Matcher, Redirection, Stack},
+    ir::{Call, DataSlice, Instruction, IrAstRef, IrBlock, Literal, RedirectMode},
+    record, ByteStreamSource, DataSource, DeclId, ErrSpan, Flag, IntoPipelineData, IntoSpanned,
+    ListStream, OutDest, PipelineData, PipelineMetadata, PositionalArg, Range, Record, RegId,
+    ShellError, Signals, Signature, Span, Spanned, Type, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
+};
+use nu_utils::IgnoreCaseExt;
+
+use crate::{eval::is_automatic_env_var, eval_block_with_early_return};
+
+/// Evaluate the compiled representation of a [`Block`].
+pub fn eval_ir_block<D: DebugContext>(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    stack: &mut Stack,
+    block: &Block,
+    input: PipelineData,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    // Rust does not check recursion limits outside of const evaluation.
+    // But nu programs run in the same process as the shell.
+    // To prevent a stack overflow in user code from crashing the shell,
+    // we limit the recursion depth of function calls.
+    let maximum_call_stack_depth: u64 = engine_state.config.recursion_limit as u64;
+    if stack.recursion_count > maximum_call_stack_depth {
+        return Err(ShellError::RecursionLimitReached {
+            recursion_limit: maximum_call_stack_depth,
+            span: block.span,
+        });
+    }
+
+    if let Some(ir_block) = &block.ir_block {
+        D::enter_block(engine_state, block);
+
+        let args_base = stack.arguments.get_base();
+        let error_handler_base = stack.error_handlers.get_base();
+
+        // Allocate and initialize registers. I've found that it's not really worth trying to avoid
+        // the heap allocation here by reusing buffers - our allocator is fast enough
+        let mut registers = Vec::with_capacity(ir_block.register_count as usize);
+        for _ in 0..ir_block.register_count {
+            registers.push(PipelineData::Empty);
+        }
+
+        // Initialize file storage.
+        let mut files = vec![None; ir_block.file_count as usize];
+
+        let result = eval_ir_block_impl::<D>(
+            &mut EvalContext {
+                engine_state,
+                stack,
+                data: &ir_block.data,
+                block_span: &block.span,
+                args_base,
+                error_handler_base,
+                redirect_out: None,
+                redirect_err: None,
+                matches: vec![],
+                registers: &mut registers[..],
+                files: &mut files[..],
+            },
+            ir_block,
+            input,
+        );
+
+        stack.error_handlers.leave_frame(error_handler_base);
+        stack.arguments.leave_frame(args_base);
+
+        D::leave_block(engine_state, block);
+
+        result
+    } else {
+        // FIXME blocks having IR should not be optional
+        Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+            error: "Can't evaluate block in IR mode".into(),
+            msg: "block is missing compiled representation".into(),
+            span: block.span,
+            help: Some("the IrBlock is probably missing due to a compilation error".into()),
+            inner: vec![],
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// All of the pointers necessary for evaluation
+struct EvalContext<'a> {
+    engine_state: &'a EngineState,
+    stack: &'a mut Stack,
+    data: &'a Arc<[u8]>,
+    /// The span of the block
+    block_span: &'a Option<Span>,
+    /// Base index on the argument stack to reset to after a call
+    args_base: usize,
+    /// Base index on the error handler stack to reset to after a call
+    error_handler_base: usize,
+    /// State set by redirect-out
+    redirect_out: Option<Redirection>,
+    /// State set by redirect-err
+    redirect_err: Option<Redirection>,
+    /// Scratch space to use for `match`
+    matches: Vec<(VarId, Value)>,
+    /// Intermediate pipeline data storage used by instructions, indexed by RegId
+    registers: &'a mut [PipelineData],
+    /// Holds open files used by redirections
+    files: &'a mut [Option<Arc<File>>],
+}
+
+impl<'a> EvalContext<'a> {
+    /// Replace the contents of a register with a new value
+    #[inline]
+    fn put_reg(&mut self, reg_id: RegId, new_value: PipelineData) {
+        // log::trace!("{reg_id} <- {new_value:?}");
+        self.registers[reg_id.0 as usize] = new_value;
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the contents of a register.
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow_reg(&self, reg_id: RegId) -> &PipelineData {
+        &self.registers[reg_id.0 as usize]
+    }
+
+    /// Replace the contents of a register with `Empty` and then return the value that it contained
+    #[inline]
+    fn take_reg(&mut self, reg_id: RegId) -> PipelineData {
+        // log::trace!("<- {reg_id}");
+        std::mem::replace(&mut self.registers[reg_id.0 as usize], PipelineData::Empty)
+    }
+
+    /// Clone data from a register. Must be collected first.
+    fn clone_reg(&mut self, reg_id: RegId, error_span: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        match &self.registers[reg_id.0 as usize] {
+            PipelineData::Empty => Ok(PipelineData::Empty),
+            PipelineData::Value(val, meta) => Ok(PipelineData::Value(val.clone(), meta.clone())),
+            _ => Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+                msg: "Must collect to value before using instruction that clones from a register"
+                    .into(),
+                span: Some(error_span),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clone a value from a register. Must be collected first.
+    fn clone_reg_value(&mut self, reg_id: RegId, fallback_span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+        match self.clone_reg(reg_id, fallback_span)? {
+            PipelineData::Empty => Ok(Value::nothing(fallback_span)),
+            PipelineData::Value(val, _) => Ok(val),
+            _ => unreachable!("clone_reg should never return stream data"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Take and implicitly collect a register to a value
+    fn collect_reg(&mut self, reg_id: RegId, fallback_span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+        let data = self.take_reg(reg_id);
+        let span = data.span().unwrap_or(fallback_span);
+        data.into_value(span)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a string from data or produce evaluation error if it's invalid UTF-8
+    fn get_str(&self, slice: DataSlice, error_span: Span) -> Result<&'a str, ShellError> {
+        std::str::from_utf8(&self.data[slice]).map_err(|_| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+            msg: format!("data slice does not refer to valid UTF-8: {slice:?}"),
+            span: Some(error_span),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Eval an IR block on the provided slice of registers.
+fn eval_ir_block_impl<D: DebugContext>(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    ir_block: &IrBlock,
+    input: PipelineData,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    if !ctx.registers.is_empty() {
+        ctx.registers[0] = input;
+    }
+
+    // Program counter, starts at zero.
+    let mut pc = 0;
+
+    while pc < ir_block.instructions.len() {
+        let instruction = &ir_block.instructions[pc];
+        let span = &ir_block.spans[pc];
+        let ast = &ir_block.ast[pc];
+
+        D::enter_instruction(ctx.engine_state, ir_block, pc, ctx.registers);
+
+        let result = eval_instruction::<D>(ctx, instruction, span, ast);
+
+        D::leave_instruction(
+            ctx.engine_state,
+            ir_block,
+            pc,
+            ctx.registers,
+            result.as_ref().err(),
+        );
+
+        match result {
+            Ok(InstructionResult::Continue) => {
+                pc += 1;
+            }
+            Ok(InstructionResult::Branch(next_pc)) => {
+                pc = next_pc;
+            }
+            Ok(InstructionResult::Return(reg_id)) => {
+                return Ok(ctx.take_reg(reg_id));
+            }
+            Ok(InstructionResult::ExitCode(exit_code)) => {
+                if let Some(error_handler) = ctx.stack.error_handlers.pop(ctx.error_handler_base) {
+                    // If an error handler is set, branch there
+                    prepare_error_handler(ctx, error_handler, None);
+                    pc = error_handler.handler_index;
+                } else {
+                    // If not, exit the block with the exit code
+                    return Ok(PipelineData::new_external_stream_with_only_exit_code(
+                        exit_code,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            Err(
+                err @ (ShellError::Return { .. }
+                | ShellError::Continue { .. }
+                | ShellError::Break { .. }),
+            ) => {
+                // These block control related errors should be passed through
+                return Err(err);
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                if let Some(error_handler) = ctx.stack.error_handlers.pop(ctx.error_handler_base) {
+                    // If an error handler is set, branch there
+                    prepare_error_handler(ctx, error_handler, Some(err.into_spanned(*span)));
+                    pc = error_handler.handler_index;
+                } else {
+                    // If not, exit the block with the error
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fell out of the loop, without encountering a Return.
+    Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+        msg: format!(
+            "Program counter out of range (pc={pc}, len={len})",
+            len = ir_block.instructions.len(),
+        ),
+        span: *ctx.block_span,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Prepare the context for an error handler
+fn prepare_error_handler(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    error_handler: ErrorHandler,
+    error: Option<Spanned<ShellError>>,
+) {
+    if let Some(reg_id) = error_handler.error_register {
+        if let Some(error) = error {
+            // Create the error value and put it in the register
+            let value = Value::record(
+                record! {
+                    "msg" => Value::string(format!("{}", error.item), error.span),
+                    "debug" => Value::string(format!("{:?}", error.item), error.span),
+                    "raw" => Value::error(error.item, error.span),
+                },
+                error.span,
+            );
+            ctx.put_reg(reg_id, PipelineData::Value(value, None));
+        } else {
+            // Set the register to empty
+            ctx.put_reg(reg_id, PipelineData::Empty);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The result of performing an instruction. Describes what should happen next
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum InstructionResult {
+    Continue,
+    Branch(usize),
+    Return(RegId),
+    ExitCode(i32),
+}
+
+/// Perform an instruction
+fn eval_instruction<D: DebugContext>(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    instruction: &Instruction,
+    span: &Span,
+    ast: &Option<IrAstRef>,
+) -> Result<InstructionResult, ShellError> {
+    use self::InstructionResult::*;
+
+    // See the docs for `Instruction` for more information on what these instructions are supposed
+    // to do.
+    match instruction {
+        Instruction::Unreachable => Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+            msg: "Reached unreachable code".into(),
+            span: Some(*span),
+        }),
+        Instruction::LoadLiteral { dst, lit } => load_literal(ctx, *dst, lit, *span),
+        Instruction::LoadValue { dst, val } => {
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, Value::clone(val).into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Move { dst, src } => {
+            let val = ctx.take_reg(*src);
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, val);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Clone { dst, src } => {
+            let data = ctx.clone_reg(*src, *span)?;
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, data);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Collect { src_dst } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src_dst);
+            let value = collect(data, *span)?;
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, value);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Span { src_dst } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src_dst);
+            let spanned = data.with_span(*span);
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, spanned);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Drop { src } => {
+            ctx.take_reg(*src);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Drain { src } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src);
+            drain(ctx, data)
+        }
+        Instruction::LoadVariable { dst, var_id } => {
+            let value = get_var(ctx, *var_id, *span)?;
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, value.into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::StoreVariable { var_id, src } => {
+            let value = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?;
+            ctx.stack.add_var(*var_id, value);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::DropVariable { var_id } => {
+            ctx.stack.remove_var(*var_id);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::LoadEnv { dst, key } => {
+            let key = ctx.get_str(*key, *span)?;
+            if let Some(value) = get_env_var_case_insensitive(ctx, key) {
+                let new_value = value.clone().into_pipeline_data();
+                ctx.put_reg(*dst, new_value);
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else {
+                // FIXME: using the same span twice, shouldn't this really be
+                // EnvVarNotFoundAtRuntime? There are tests that depend on CantFindColumn though...
+                Err(ShellError::CantFindColumn {
+                    col_name: key.into(),
+                    span: Some(*span),
+                    src_span: *span,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::LoadEnvOpt { dst, key } => {
+            let key = ctx.get_str(*key, *span)?;
+            let value = get_env_var_case_insensitive(ctx, key)
+                .cloned()
+                .unwrap_or(Value::nothing(*span));
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, value.into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::StoreEnv { key, src } => {
+            let key = ctx.get_str(*key, *span)?;
+            let value = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?;
+
+            let key = get_env_var_name_case_insensitive(ctx, key);
+
+            if !is_automatic_env_var(&key) {
+                let is_config = key == "config";
+                ctx.stack.add_env_var(key.into_owned(), value);
+                if is_config {
+                    ctx.stack.update_config(ctx.engine_state)?;
+                }
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::AutomaticEnvVarSetManually {
+                    envvar_name: key.into(),
+                    span: *span,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::PushPositional { src } => {
+            let val = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?.with_span(*span);
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Positional {
+                span: *span,
+                val,
+                ast: ast.clone().map(|ast_ref| ast_ref.0),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::AppendRest { src } => {
+            let vals = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?.with_span(*span);
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Spread {
+                span: *span,
+                vals,
+                ast: ast.clone().map(|ast_ref| ast_ref.0),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PushFlag { name } => {
+            let data = ctx.data.clone();
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Flag {
+                data,
+                name: *name,
+                short: DataSlice::empty(),
+                span: *span,
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PushShortFlag { short } => {
+            let data = ctx.data.clone();
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Flag {
+                data,
+                name: DataSlice::empty(),
+                short: *short,
+                span: *span,
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PushNamed { name, src } => {
+            let val = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?.with_span(*span);
+            let data = ctx.data.clone();
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Named {
+                data,
+                name: *name,
+                short: DataSlice::empty(),
+                span: *span,
+                val,
+                ast: ast.clone().map(|ast_ref| ast_ref.0),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PushShortNamed { short, src } => {
+            let val = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?.with_span(*span);
+            let data = ctx.data.clone();
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::Named {
+                data,
+                name: DataSlice::empty(),
+                short: *short,
+                span: *span,
+                val,
+                ast: ast.clone().map(|ast_ref| ast_ref.0),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PushParserInfo { name, info } => {
+            let data = ctx.data.clone();
+            ctx.stack.arguments.push(Argument::ParserInfo {
+                data,
+                name: *name,
+                info: info.clone(),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::RedirectOut { mode } => {
+            ctx.redirect_out = eval_redirection(ctx, mode, *span, RedirectionStream::Out)?;
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::RedirectErr { mode } => {
+            ctx.redirect_err = eval_redirection(ctx, mode, *span, RedirectionStream::Err)?;
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::CheckErrRedirected { src } => match ctx.borrow_reg(*src) {
+            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, _)
+                if matches!(stream.source(), ByteStreamSource::Child(_)) =>
+            {
+                Ok(Continue)
+            }
+            _ => Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "Can't redirect stderr of internal command output".into(),
+                msg: "piping stderr only works on external commands".into(),
+                span: Some(*span),
+                help: None,
+                inner: vec![],
+            }),
+        },
+        Instruction::OpenFile {
+            file_num,
+            path,
+            append,
+        } => {
+            let path = ctx.collect_reg(*path, *span)?;
+            let file = open_file(ctx, &path, *append)?;
+            ctx.files[*file_num as usize] = Some(file);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::WriteFile { file_num, src } => {
+            let src = ctx.take_reg(*src);
+            let file = ctx
+                .files
+                .get(*file_num as usize)
+                .cloned()
+                .flatten()
+                .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+                    msg: format!("Tried to write to file #{file_num}, but it is not open"),
+                    span: Some(*span),
+                })?;
+            let result = {
+                let mut stack = ctx
+                    .stack
+                    .push_redirection(Some(Redirection::File(file)), None);
+                src.write_to_out_dests(ctx.engine_state, &mut stack)?
+            };
+            // Abort execution if there's an exit code from a failed external
+            drain(ctx, result)
+        }
+        Instruction::CloseFile { file_num } => {
+            if ctx.files[*file_num as usize].take().is_some() {
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+                    msg: format!("Tried to close file #{file_num}, but it is not open"),
+                    span: Some(*span),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::Call { decl_id, src_dst } => {
+            let input = ctx.take_reg(*src_dst);
+            let result = eval_call::<D>(ctx, *decl_id, *span, input)?;
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, result);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::StringAppend { src_dst, val } => {
+            let string_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let operand_value = ctx.collect_reg(*val, *span)?;
+            let string_span = string_value.span();
+
+            let mut string = string_value.into_string()?;
+            let operand = if let Value::String { val, .. } = operand_value {
+                // Small optimization, so we don't have to copy the string *again*
+                val
+            } else {
+                operand_value.to_expanded_string(", ", ctx.engine_state.get_config())
+            };
+            string.push_str(&operand);
+
+            let new_string_value = Value::string(string, string_span);
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, new_string_value.into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::GlobFrom { src_dst, no_expand } => {
+            let string_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let glob_value = if matches!(string_value, Value::Glob { .. }) {
+                // It already is a glob, so don't touch it.
+                string_value
+            } else {
+                // Treat it as a string, then cast
+                let string = string_value.into_string()?;
+                Value::glob(string, *no_expand, *span)
+            };
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, glob_value.into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::ListPush { src_dst, item } => {
+            let list_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let item = ctx.collect_reg(*item, *span)?;
+            let list_span = list_value.span();
+            let mut list = list_value.into_list()?;
+            list.push(item);
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, Value::list(list, list_span).into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::ListSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+            let list_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let items = ctx.collect_reg(*items, *span)?;
+            let list_span = list_value.span();
+            let items_span = items.span();
+            let mut list = list_value.into_list()?;
+            list.extend(
+                items
+                    .into_list()
+                    .map_err(|_| ShellError::CannotSpreadAsList { span: items_span })?,
+            );
+            ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, Value::list(list, list_span).into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::RecordInsert { src_dst, key, val } => {
+            let record_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let key = ctx.collect_reg(*key, *span)?;
+            let val = ctx.collect_reg(*val, *span)?;
+            let record_span = record_value.span();
+            let mut record = record_value.into_record()?;
+
+            let key = key.coerce_into_string()?;
+            if let Some(old_value) = record.insert(&key, val) {
+                return Err(ShellError::ColumnDefinedTwice {
+                    col_name: key,
+                    second_use: *span,
+                    first_use: old_value.span(),
+                });
+            }
+
+            ctx.put_reg(
+                *src_dst,
+                Value::record(record, record_span).into_pipeline_data(),
+            );
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::RecordSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+            let record_value = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let items = ctx.collect_reg(*items, *span)?;
+            let record_span = record_value.span();
+            let items_span = items.span();
+            let mut record = record_value.into_record()?;
+            // Not using .extend() here because it doesn't handle duplicates
+            for (key, val) in items
+                .into_record()
+                .map_err(|_| ShellError::CannotSpreadAsRecord { span: items_span })?
+            {
+                if let Some(first_value) = record.insert(&key, val) {
+                    return Err(ShellError::ColumnDefinedTwice {
+                        col_name: key,
+                        second_use: *span,
+                        first_use: first_value.span(),
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.put_reg(
+                *src_dst,
+                Value::record(record, record_span).into_pipeline_data(),
+            );
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::Not { src_dst } => {
+            let bool = ctx.collect_reg(*src_dst, *span)?;
+            let negated = !bool.as_bool()?;
+            ctx.put_reg(
+                *src_dst,
+                Value::bool(negated, bool.span()).into_pipeline_data(),
+            );
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::BinaryOp { lhs_dst, op, rhs } => binary_op(ctx, *lhs_dst, op, *rhs, *span),
+        Instruction::FollowCellPath { src_dst, path } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src_dst);
+            let path = ctx.take_reg(*path);
+            if let PipelineData::Value(Value::CellPath { val: path, .. }, _) = path {
+                let value = data.follow_cell_path(&path.members, *span, true)?;
+                ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, value.into_pipeline_data());
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else if let PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { error, .. }, _) = path {
+                Err(*error)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
+                    err_message: "expected cell path".into(),
+                    span: path.span().unwrap_or(*span),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::CloneCellPath { dst, src, path } => {
+            let value = ctx.clone_reg_value(*src, *span)?;
+            let path = ctx.take_reg(*path);
+            if let PipelineData::Value(Value::CellPath { val: path, .. }, _) = path {
+                // TODO: make follow_cell_path() not have to take ownership, probably using Cow
+                let value = value.follow_cell_path(&path.members, true)?;
+                ctx.put_reg(*dst, value.into_pipeline_data());
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else if let PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { error, .. }, _) = path {
+                Err(*error)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
+                    err_message: "expected cell path".into(),
+                    span: path.span().unwrap_or(*span),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::UpsertCellPath {
+            src_dst,
+            path,
+            new_value,
+        } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src_dst);
+            let metadata = data.metadata();
+            // Change the span because we're modifying it
+            let mut value = data.into_value(*span)?;
+            let path = ctx.take_reg(*path);
+            let new_value = ctx.collect_reg(*new_value, *span)?;
+            if let PipelineData::Value(Value::CellPath { val: path, .. }, _) = path {
+                value.upsert_data_at_cell_path(&path.members, new_value)?;
+                ctx.put_reg(*src_dst, value.into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata));
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else if let PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { error, .. }, _) = path {
+                Err(*error)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
+                    err_message: "expected cell path".into(),
+                    span: path.span().unwrap_or(*span),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::Jump { index } => Ok(Branch(*index)),
+        Instruction::BranchIf { cond, index } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*cond);
+            let data_span = data.span();
+            let val = match data {
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::Bool { val, .. }, _) => val,
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { error, .. }, _) => {
+                    return Err(*error);
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(ShellError::TypeMismatch {
+                        err_message: "expected bool".into(),
+                        span: data_span.unwrap_or(*span),
+                    });
+                }
+            };
+            if val {
+                Ok(Branch(*index))
+            } else {
+                Ok(Continue)
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { src, index } => {
+            let is_empty = matches!(
+                ctx.borrow_reg(*src),
+                PipelineData::Empty | PipelineData::Value(Value::Nothing { .. }, _)
+            );
+
+            if is_empty {
+                Ok(Branch(*index))
+            } else {
+                Ok(Continue)
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::Match {
+            pattern,
+            src,
+            index,
+        } => {
+            let value = ctx.clone_reg_value(*src, *span)?;
+            ctx.matches.clear();
+            if pattern.match_value(&value, &mut ctx.matches) {
+                // Match succeeded: set variables and branch
+                for (var_id, match_value) in ctx.matches.drain(..) {
+                    ctx.stack.add_var(var_id, match_value);
+                }
+                Ok(Branch(*index))
+            } else {
+                // Failed to match, put back original value
+                ctx.matches.clear();
+                Ok(Continue)
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::CheckMatchGuard { src } => {
+            if matches!(
+                ctx.borrow_reg(*src),
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::Bool { .. }, _)
+            ) {
+                Ok(Continue)
+            } else {
+                Err(ShellError::MatchGuardNotBool { span: *span })
+            }
+        }
+        Instruction::Iterate {
+            dst,
+            stream,
+            end_index,
+        } => eval_iterate(ctx, *dst, *stream, *end_index),
+        Instruction::OnError { index } => {
+            ctx.stack.error_handlers.push(ErrorHandler {
+                handler_index: *index,
+                error_register: None,
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::OnErrorInto { index, dst } => {
+            ctx.stack.error_handlers.push(ErrorHandler {
+                handler_index: *index,
+                error_register: Some(*dst),
+            });
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::PopErrorHandler => {
+            ctx.stack.error_handlers.pop(ctx.error_handler_base);
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::CheckExternalFailed { dst, src } => {
+            let data = ctx.take_reg(*src);
+            let (data, failed) = data.check_external_failed()?;
+            ctx.put_reg(*src, data);
+            ctx.put_reg(*dst, Value::bool(failed, *span).into_pipeline_data());
+            Ok(Continue)
+        }
+        Instruction::ReturnEarly { src } => {
+            let val = ctx.collect_reg(*src, *span)?;
+            Err(ShellError::Return {
+                span: *span,
+                value: Box::new(val),
+            })
+        }
+        Instruction::Return { src } => Ok(Return(*src)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Load a literal value into a register
+fn load_literal(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    dst: RegId,
+    lit: &Literal,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<InstructionResult, ShellError> {
+    let value = literal_value(ctx, lit, span)?;
+    ctx.put_reg(dst, PipelineData::Value(value, None));
+    Ok(InstructionResult::Continue)
+}
+
+fn literal_value(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    lit: &Literal,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+    Ok(match lit {
+        Literal::Bool(b) => Value::bool(*b, span),
+        Literal::Int(i) => Value::int(*i, span),
+        Literal::Float(f) => Value::float(*f, span),
+        Literal::Filesize(q) => Value::filesize(*q, span),
+        Literal::Duration(q) => Value::duration(*q, span),
+        Literal::Binary(bin) => Value::binary(&ctx.data[*bin], span),
+        Literal::Block(block_id) | Literal::RowCondition(block_id) | Literal::Closure(block_id) => {
+            let block = ctx.engine_state.get_block(*block_id);
+            let captures = block
+                .captures
+                .iter()
+                .map(|var_id| get_var(ctx, *var_id, span).map(|val| (*var_id, val)))
+                .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ShellError>>()?;
+            Value::closure(
+                Closure {
+                    block_id: *block_id,
+                    captures,
+                },
+                span,
+            )
+        }
+        Literal::Range {
+            start,
+            step,
+            end,
+            inclusion,
+        } => {
+            let start = ctx.collect_reg(*start, span)?;
+            let step = ctx.collect_reg(*step, span)?;
+            let end = ctx.collect_reg(*end, span)?;
+            let range = Range::new(start, step, end, *inclusion, span)?;
+            Value::range(range, span)
+        }
+        Literal::List { capacity } => Value::list(Vec::with_capacity(*capacity), span),
+        Literal::Record { capacity } => Value::record(Record::with_capacity(*capacity), span),
+        Literal::Filepath {
+            val: path,
+            no_expand,
+        } => {
+            let path = ctx.get_str(*path, span)?;
+            if *no_expand {
+                Value::string(path, span)
+            } else {
+                let cwd = ctx.engine_state.cwd(Some(ctx.stack))?;
+                let path = expand_path_with(path, cwd, true);
+
+                Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), span)
+            }
+        }
+        Literal::Directory {
+            val: path,
+            no_expand,
+        } => {
+            let path = ctx.get_str(*path, span)?;
+            if path == "-" {
+                Value::string("-", span)
+            } else if *no_expand {
+                Value::string(path, span)
+            } else {
+                let cwd = ctx
+                    .engine_state
+                    .cwd(Some(ctx.stack))
+                    .map(AbsolutePathBuf::into_std_path_buf)
+                    .unwrap_or_default();
+                let path = expand_path_with(path, cwd, true);
+
+                Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), span)
+            }
+        }
+        Literal::GlobPattern { val, no_expand } => {
+            Value::glob(ctx.get_str(*val, span)?, *no_expand, span)
+        }
+        Literal::String(s) => Value::string(ctx.get_str(*s, span)?, span),
+        Literal::RawString(s) => Value::string(ctx.get_str(*s, span)?, span),
+        Literal::CellPath(path) => Value::cell_path(CellPath::clone(path), span),
+        Literal::Date(dt) => Value::date(**dt, span),
+        Literal::Nothing => Value::nothing(span),
+    })
+}
+
+fn binary_op(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    lhs_dst: RegId,
+    op: &Operator,
+    rhs: RegId,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<InstructionResult, ShellError> {
+    let lhs_val = ctx.collect_reg(lhs_dst, span)?;
+    let rhs_val = ctx.collect_reg(rhs, span)?;
+
+    // Handle binary op errors early
+    if let Value::Error { error, .. } = lhs_val {
+        return Err(*error);
+    }
+    if let Value::Error { error, .. } = rhs_val {
+        return Err(*error);
+    }
+
+    // We only have access to one span here, but the generated code usually adds a `span`
+    // instruction to set the output span to the right span.
+    let op_span = span;
+
+    let result = match op {
+        Operator::Comparison(cmp) => match cmp {
+            Comparison::Equal => lhs_val.eq(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::NotEqual => lhs_val.ne(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::LessThan => lhs_val.lt(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::GreaterThan => lhs_val.gt(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::LessThanOrEqual => lhs_val.lte(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual => lhs_val.gte(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::RegexMatch => {
+                lhs_val.regex_match(ctx.engine_state, op_span, &rhs_val, false, span)?
+            }
+            Comparison::NotRegexMatch => {
+                lhs_val.regex_match(ctx.engine_state, op_span, &rhs_val, true, span)?
+            }
+            Comparison::In => lhs_val.r#in(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::NotIn => lhs_val.not_in(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::StartsWith => lhs_val.starts_with(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Comparison::EndsWith => lhs_val.ends_with(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+        },
+        Operator::Math(mat) => match mat {
+            Math::Plus => lhs_val.add(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Append => lhs_val.append(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Minus => lhs_val.sub(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Multiply => lhs_val.mul(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Divide => lhs_val.div(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Modulo => lhs_val.modulo(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::FloorDivision => lhs_val.floor_div(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Math::Pow => lhs_val.pow(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+        },
+        Operator::Boolean(bl) => match bl {
+            Boolean::And => lhs_val.and(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Boolean::Or => lhs_val.or(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Boolean::Xor => lhs_val.xor(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+        },
+        Operator::Bits(bit) => match bit {
+            Bits::BitOr => lhs_val.bit_or(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Bits::BitXor => lhs_val.bit_xor(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Bits::BitAnd => lhs_val.bit_and(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Bits::ShiftLeft => lhs_val.bit_shl(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+            Bits::ShiftRight => lhs_val.bit_shr(op_span, &rhs_val, span)?,
+        },
+        Operator::Assignment(_asg) => {
+            return Err(ShellError::IrEvalError {
+                msg: "can't eval assignment with the `binary-op` instruction".into(),
+                span: Some(span),
+            })
+        }
+    };
+
+    ctx.put_reg(lhs_dst, PipelineData::Value(result, None));
+
+    Ok(InstructionResult::Continue)
+}
+
+/// Evaluate a call
+fn eval_call<D: DebugContext>(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    decl_id: DeclId,
+    head: Span,
+    input: PipelineData,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    let EvalContext {
+        engine_state,
+        stack: caller_stack,
+        args_base,
+        redirect_out,
+        redirect_err,
+        ..
+    } = ctx;
+
+    let args_len = caller_stack.arguments.get_len(*args_base);
+    let decl = engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
+
+    // Set up redirect modes
+    let mut caller_stack = caller_stack.push_redirection(redirect_out.take(), redirect_err.take());
+
+    let result;
+
+    if let Some(block_id) = decl.block_id() {
+        // If the decl is a custom command
+        let block = engine_state.get_block(block_id);
+
+        // Set up a callee stack with the captures and move arguments from the stack into variables
+        let mut callee_stack = caller_stack.gather_captures(engine_state, &block.captures);
+
+        gather_arguments(
+            engine_state,
+            block,
+            &mut caller_stack,
+            &mut callee_stack,
+            *args_base,
+            args_len,
+            head,
+        )?;
+
+        // Add one to the recursion count, so we don't recurse too deep. Stack overflows are not
+        // recoverable in Rust.
+        callee_stack.recursion_count += 1;
+
+        result = eval_block_with_early_return::<D>(engine_state, &mut callee_stack, block, input);
+
+        // Move environment variables back into the caller stack scope if requested to do so
+        if block.redirect_env {
+            redirect_env(engine_state, &mut caller_stack, &callee_stack);
+        }
+    } else {
+        // FIXME: precalculate this and save it somewhere
+        let span = Span::merge_many(
+            std::iter::once(head).chain(
+                caller_stack
+                    .arguments
+                    .get_args(*args_base, args_len)
+                    .iter()
+                    .flat_map(|arg| arg.span()),
+            ),
+        );
+
+        let call = Call {
+            decl_id,
+            head,
+            span,
+            args_base: *args_base,
+            args_len,
+        };
+
+        // Run the call
+        result = decl.run(engine_state, &mut caller_stack, &(&call).into(), input);
+    };
+
+    drop(caller_stack);
+
+    // Important that this runs, to reset state post-call:
+    ctx.stack.arguments.leave_frame(ctx.args_base);
+    ctx.redirect_out = None;
+    ctx.redirect_err = None;
+
+    result
+}
+
+fn find_named_var_id(
+    sig: &Signature,
+    name: &[u8],
+    short: &[u8],
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<VarId, ShellError> {
+    sig.named
+        .iter()
+        .find(|n| {
+            if !n.long.is_empty() {
+                n.long.as_bytes() == name
+            } else {
+                // It's possible to only have a short name and no long name
+                n.short
+                    .is_some_and(|s| s.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]).as_bytes() == short)
+            }
+        })
+        .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+            msg: format!(
+                "block does not have an argument named `{}`",
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(name)
+            ),
+            span: Some(span),
+        })
+        .and_then(|flag| expect_named_var_id(flag, span))
+}
+
+fn expect_named_var_id(arg: &Flag, span: Span) -> Result<VarId, ShellError> {
+    arg.var_id.ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+        msg: format!(
+            "block signature is missing var id for named arg `{}`",
+            arg.long
+        ),
+        span: Some(span),
+    })
+}
+
+fn expect_positional_var_id(arg: &PositionalArg, span: Span) -> Result<VarId, ShellError> {
+    arg.var_id.ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+        msg: format!(
+            "block signature is missing var id for positional arg `{}`",
+            arg.name
+        ),
+        span: Some(span),
+    })
+}
+
+/// Move arguments from the stack into variables for a custom command
+fn gather_arguments(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    block: &Block,
+    caller_stack: &mut Stack,
+    callee_stack: &mut Stack,
+    args_base: usize,
+    args_len: usize,
+    call_head: Span,
+) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+    let mut positional_iter = block
+        .signature
+        .required_positional
+        .iter()
+        .map(|p| (p, true))
+        .chain(
+            block
+                .signature
+                .optional_positional
+                .iter()
+                .map(|p| (p, false)),
+        );
+
+    // Arguments that didn't get consumed by required/optional
+    let mut rest = vec![];
+
+    // If we encounter a spread, all further positionals should go to rest
+    let mut always_spread = false;
+
+    for arg in caller_stack.arguments.drain_args(args_base, args_len) {
+        match arg {
+            Argument::Positional { span, val, .. } => {
+                // Don't check next positional arg if we encountered a spread previously
+                let next = (!always_spread).then(|| positional_iter.next()).flatten();
+                if let Some((positional_arg, required)) = next {
+                    let var_id = expect_positional_var_id(positional_arg, span)?;
+                    if required {
+                        // By checking the type of the bound variable rather than converting the
+                        // SyntaxShape here, we might be able to save some allocations and effort
+                        let variable = engine_state.get_var(var_id);
+                        check_type(&val, &variable.ty)?;
+                    }
+                    callee_stack.add_var(var_id, val);
+                } else {
+                    rest.push(val);
+                }
+            }
+            Argument::Spread { vals, .. } => {
+                if let Value::List { vals, .. } = vals {
+                    rest.extend(vals);
+                    // All further positional args should go to spread
+                    always_spread = true;
+                } else if let Value::Error { error, .. } = vals {
+                    return Err(*error);
+                } else {
+                    return Err(ShellError::CannotSpreadAsList { span: vals.span() });
+                }
+            }
+            Argument::Flag {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+            } => {
+                let var_id = find_named_var_id(&block.signature, &data[name], &data[short], span)?;
+                callee_stack.add_var(var_id, Value::bool(true, span))
+            }
+            Argument::Named {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+                val,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let var_id = find_named_var_id(&block.signature, &data[name], &data[short], span)?;
+                callee_stack.add_var(var_id, val)
+            }
+            Argument::ParserInfo { .. } => (),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Add the collected rest of the arguments if a spread argument exists
+    if let Some(rest_arg) = &block.signature.rest_positional {
+        let rest_span = rest.first().map(|v| v.span()).unwrap_or(call_head);
+        let var_id = expect_positional_var_id(rest_arg, rest_span)?;
+        callee_stack.add_var(var_id, Value::list(rest, rest_span));
+    }
+
+    // Check for arguments that haven't yet been set and set them to their defaults
+    for (positional_arg, _) in positional_iter {
+        let var_id = expect_positional_var_id(positional_arg, call_head)?;
+        callee_stack.add_var(
+            var_id,
+            positional_arg
+                .default_value
+                .clone()
+                .unwrap_or(Value::nothing(call_head)),
+        );
+    }
+
+    for named_arg in &block.signature.named {
+        if let Some(var_id) = named_arg.var_id {
+            // For named arguments, we do this check by looking to see if the variable was set yet on
+            // the stack. This assumes that the stack's variables was previously empty, but that's a
+            // fair assumption for a brand new callee stack.
+            if !callee_stack.vars.iter().any(|(id, _)| *id == var_id) {
+                let val = if named_arg.arg.is_none() {
+                    Value::bool(false, call_head)
+                } else if let Some(value) = &named_arg.default_value {
+                    value.clone()
+                } else {
+                    Value::nothing(call_head)
+                };
+                callee_stack.add_var(var_id, val);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Type check helper. Produces `CantConvert` error if `val` is not compatible with `ty`.
+fn check_type(val: &Value, ty: &Type) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+    if match val {
+        // An empty list is compatible with any list or table type
+        Value::List { vals, .. } if vals.is_empty() => {
+            matches!(ty, Type::Any | Type::List(_) | Type::Table(_))
+        }
+        // FIXME: the allocation that might be required here is not great, it would be nice to be
+        // able to just directly check whether a value is compatible with a type
+        _ => val.get_type().is_subtype(ty),
+    } {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
+            to_type: ty.to_string(),
+            from_type: val.get_type().to_string(),
+            span: val.span(),
+            help: None,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get variable from [`Stack`] or [`EngineState`]
+fn get_var(ctx: &EvalContext<'_>, var_id: VarId, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+    match var_id {
+        // $env
+        ENV_VARIABLE_ID => {
+            let env_vars = ctx.stack.get_env_vars(ctx.engine_state);
+            let env_columns = env_vars.keys();
+            let env_values = env_vars.values();
+
+            let mut pairs = env_columns
+                .map(|x| x.to_string())
+                .zip(env_values.cloned())
+                .collect::<Vec<(String, Value)>>();
+
+            pairs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0));
+
+            Ok(Value::record(pairs.into_iter().collect(), span))
+        }
+        _ => ctx.stack.get_var(var_id, span).or_else(|err| {
+            // $nu is handled by getting constant
+            if let Some(const_val) = ctx.engine_state.get_constant(var_id).cloned() {
+                Ok(const_val.with_span(span))
+            } else {
+                Err(err)
+            }
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Get an environment variable, case-insensitively
+fn get_env_var_case_insensitive<'a>(ctx: &'a mut EvalContext<'_>, key: &str) -> Option<&'a Value> {
+    // Read scopes in order
+    ctx.stack
+        .env_vars
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .chain(std::iter::once(&ctx.engine_state.env_vars))
+        .flat_map(|overlays| {
+            // Read overlays in order
+            ctx.stack
+                .active_overlays
+                .iter()
+                .rev()
+                .filter_map(|name| overlays.get(name))
+        })
+        .find_map(|map| {
+            // Use the hashmap first to try to be faster?
+            map.get(key).or_else(|| {
+                // Check to see if it exists at all in the map
+                map.iter()
+                    .find_map(|(k, v)| k.eq_ignore_case(key).then_some(v))
+            })
+        })
+}
+
+/// Get the existing name of an environment variable, case-insensitively. This is used to implement
+/// case preservation of environment variables, so that changing an environment variable that
+/// already exists always uses the same case.
+fn get_env_var_name_case_insensitive<'a>(ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>, key: &'a str) -> Cow<'a, str> {
+    // Read scopes in order
+    ctx.stack
+        .env_vars
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .chain(std::iter::once(&ctx.engine_state.env_vars))
+        .flat_map(|overlays| {
+            // Read overlays in order
+            ctx.stack
+                .active_overlays
+                .iter()
+                .rev()
+                .filter_map(|name| overlays.get(name))
+        })
+        .find_map(|map| {
+            // Use the hashmap first to try to be faster?
+            if map.contains_key(key) {
+                Some(Cow::Borrowed(key))
+            } else {
+                map.keys().find(|k| k.eq_ignore_case(key)).map(|k| {
+                    // it exists, but with a different case
+                    Cow::Owned(k.to_owned())
+                })
+            }
+        })
+        // didn't exist.
+        .unwrap_or(Cow::Borrowed(key))
+}
+
+/// Helper to collect values into [`PipelineData`], preserving original span and metadata
+///
+/// The metadata is removed if it is the file data source, as that's just meant to mark streams.
+fn collect(data: PipelineData, fallback_span: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    let span = data.span().unwrap_or(fallback_span);
+    let metadata = match data.metadata() {
+        // Remove the `FilePath` metadata, because after `collect` it's no longer necessary to
+        // check where some input came from.
+        Some(PipelineMetadata {
+            data_source: DataSource::FilePath(_),
+            content_type: None,
+        }) => None,
+        other => other,
+    };
+    let value = data.into_value(span)?;
+    Ok(PipelineData::Value(value, metadata))
+}
+
+/// Helper for drain behavior. Returns `Ok(ExitCode)` on failed external.
+fn drain(ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>, data: PipelineData) -> Result<InstructionResult, ShellError> {
+    use self::InstructionResult::*;
+    let span = data.span().unwrap_or(Span::unknown());
+    if let Some(exit_status) = data.drain()? {
+        ctx.stack.add_env_var(
+            "LAST_EXIT_CODE".into(),
+            Value::int(exit_status.code() as i64, span),
+        );
+        if exit_status.code() == 0 {
+            Ok(Continue)
+        } else {
+            Ok(ExitCode(exit_status.code()))
+        }
+    } else {
+        Ok(Continue)
+    }
+}
+
+enum RedirectionStream {
+    Out,
+    Err,
+}
+
+/// Open a file for redirection
+fn open_file(ctx: &EvalContext<'_>, path: &Value, append: bool) -> Result<Arc<File>, ShellError> {
+    let path_expanded =
+        expand_path_with(path.as_str()?, ctx.engine_state.cwd(Some(ctx.stack))?, true);
+    let mut options = File::options();
+    if append {
+        options.append(true);
+    } else {
+        options.write(true).truncate(true);
+    }
+    let file = options
+        .create(true)
+        .open(path_expanded)
+        .err_span(path.span())?;
+    Ok(Arc::new(file))
+}
+
+/// Set up a [`Redirection`] from a [`RedirectMode`]
+fn eval_redirection(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    mode: &RedirectMode,
+    span: Span,
+    which: RedirectionStream,
+) -> Result<Option<Redirection>, ShellError> {
+    match mode {
+        RedirectMode::Pipe => Ok(Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Pipe))),
+        RedirectMode::Capture => Ok(Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture))),
+        RedirectMode::Null => Ok(Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Null))),
+        RedirectMode::Inherit => Ok(Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Inherit))),
+        RedirectMode::File { file_num } => {
+            let file = ctx
+                .files
+                .get(*file_num as usize)
+                .cloned()
+                .flatten()
+                .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::IrEvalError {
+                    msg: format!("Tried to redirect to file #{file_num}, but it is not open"),
+                    span: Some(span),
+                })?;
+            Ok(Some(Redirection::File(file)))
+        }
+        RedirectMode::Caller => Ok(match which {
+            RedirectionStream::Out => ctx.stack.pipe_stdout().cloned().map(Redirection::Pipe),
+            RedirectionStream::Err => ctx.stack.pipe_stderr().cloned().map(Redirection::Pipe),
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Do an `iterate` instruction. This can be called repeatedly to get more values from an iterable
+fn eval_iterate(
+    ctx: &mut EvalContext<'_>,
+    dst: RegId,
+    stream: RegId,
+    end_index: usize,
+) -> Result<InstructionResult, ShellError> {
+    let mut data = ctx.take_reg(stream);
+    if let PipelineData::ListStream(list_stream, _) = &mut data {
+        // Modify the stream, taking one value off, and branching if it's empty
+        if let Some(val) = list_stream.next_value() {
+            ctx.put_reg(dst, val.into_pipeline_data());
+            ctx.put_reg(stream, data); // put the stream back so it can be iterated on again
+            Ok(InstructionResult::Continue)
+        } else {
+            ctx.put_reg(dst, PipelineData::Empty);
+            Ok(InstructionResult::Branch(end_index))
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Convert the PipelineData to an iterator, and wrap it in a ListStream so it can be
+        // iterated on
+        let metadata = data.metadata();
+        let span = data.span().unwrap_or(Span::unknown());
+        ctx.put_reg(
+            stream,
+            PipelineData::ListStream(
+                ListStream::new(data.into_iter(), span, Signals::EMPTY),
+                metadata,
+            ),
+        );
+        eval_iterate(ctx, dst, stream, end_index)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Redirect environment from the callee stack to the caller stack
+fn redirect_env(engine_state: &EngineState, caller_stack: &mut Stack, callee_stack: &Stack) {
+    // TODO: make this more efficient
+    // Grab all environment variables from the callee
+    let caller_env_vars = caller_stack.get_env_var_names(engine_state);
+
+    // remove env vars that are present in the caller but not in the callee
+    // (the callee hid them)
+    for var in caller_env_vars.iter() {
+        if !callee_stack.has_env_var(engine_state, var) {
+            caller_stack.remove_env_var(engine_state, var);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // add new env vars from callee to caller
+    for (var, value) in callee_stack.get_stack_env_vars() {
+        caller_stack.add_env_var(var, value);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-engine/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-engine/src/lib.rs
index e3c8f8eede..5a5bb9a5d0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-engine/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-engine/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod call_ext;
 mod closure_eval;
 pub mod column;
 pub mod command_prelude;
+mod compile;
 pub mod documentation;
 pub mod env;
 mod eval;
 mod eval_helpers;
+mod eval_ir;
 mod glob_from;
 pub mod scope;
 
 pub use call_ext::CallExt;
 pub use closure_eval::*;
 pub use column::get_columns;
+pub use compile::compile;
 pub use documentation::get_full_help;
 pub use env::*;
 pub use eval::{
@@ -19,4 +23,5 @@ pub use eval::{
     eval_expression_with_input, eval_subexpression, eval_variable, redirect_env,
 };
 pub use eval_helpers::*;
+pub use eval_ir::eval_ir_block;
 pub use glob_from::glob_from;
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-explore/Cargo.toml
index 6d0816ee3e..1d0c081760 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-explore"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-explore"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-table = { path = "../nu-table", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-table = { path = "../nu-table", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-json = { path = "../nu-json", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
-nu-pretty-hex = { path = "../nu-pretty-hex", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-pretty-hex = { path = "../nu-pretty-hex", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/README.md b/crates/nu-explore/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d18a576c43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Implementation of the interactive `explore` command pager.
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/expand.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/expand.rs
index d7d75af6c5..38f92c0b50 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/expand.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/expand.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::ViewCommand;
 use crate::{
     nu_common::{self, collect_input},
-    views::Preview,
+    views::{Preview, ViewConfig},
 };
 use anyhow::Result;
 use nu_color_config::StyleComputer;
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ impl ViewCommand for ExpandCmd {
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         value: Option<Value>,
+        _: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View> {
         if let Some(value) = value {
             let value_as_string = convert_value_to_string(value, engine_state, stack)?;
@@ -63,15 +64,14 @@ fn convert_value_to_string(
     let has_no_head = cols.is_empty() || (cols.len() == 1 && cols[0].is_empty());
     let has_single_value = vals.len() == 1 && vals[0].len() == 1;
     if !has_no_head && has_single_value {
-        let config = engine_state.get_config();
-        Ok(vals[0][0].to_abbreviated_string(config))
+        let config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
+        Ok(vals[0][0].to_abbreviated_string(&config))
     } else {
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
         let config = engine_state.get_config();
         let style_computer = StyleComputer::from_config(engine_state, stack);
 
         Ok(nu_common::try_build_table(
-            ctrlc,
+            engine_state.signals(),
             config,
             &style_computer,
             value,
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/help.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/help.rs
index 8be468383e..684e713939 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/help.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/help.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::ViewCommand;
-use crate::views::Preview;
+use crate::views::{Preview, ViewConfig};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use nu_ansi_term::Color;
 use nu_protocol::{
@@ -99,7 +99,13 @@ impl ViewCommand for HelpCmd {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn spawn(&mut self, _: &EngineState, _: &mut Stack, _: Option<Value>) -> Result<Self::View> {
+    fn spawn(
+        &mut self,
+        _: &EngineState,
+        _: &mut Stack,
+        _: Option<Value>,
+        _: &ViewConfig,
+    ) -> Result<Self::View> {
         Ok(HelpCmd::view())
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/mod.rs
index 141dc25f56..a748ddaaa3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use crate::views::ViewConfig;
+
 use super::pager::{Pager, Transition};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use nu_protocol::{
@@ -49,5 +51,6 @@ pub trait ViewCommand {
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         value: Option<Value>,
+        config: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View>;
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/nu.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/nu.rs
index a0d479fd92..84e1fb9706 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/nu.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/nu.rs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ impl ViewCommand for NuCmd {
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         value: Option<Value>,
+        config: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View> {
         let value = value.unwrap_or_default();
 
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ impl ViewCommand for NuCmd {
             return Ok(NuView::Preview(Preview::new(&text)));
         }
 
-        let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, values);
+        let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, values, config.explore_config.clone());
 
         if is_record {
             view.set_top_layer_orientation(Orientation::Left);
@@ -119,11 +120,4 @@ impl View for NuView {
             NuView::Preview(v) => v.exit(),
         }
     }
-
-    fn setup(&mut self, config: ViewConfig<'_>) {
-        match self {
-            NuView::Records(v) => v.setup(config),
-            NuView::Preview(v) => v.setup(config),
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/table.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/table.rs
index 1079cf6cea..9ab1e39b98 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/table.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::ViewCommand;
 use crate::{
     nu_common::collect_input,
-    views::{Orientation, RecordView},
+    views::{Orientation, RecordView, ViewConfig},
 };
 use anyhow::Result;
 use nu_protocol::{
@@ -49,13 +49,14 @@ impl ViewCommand for TableCmd {
         _: &EngineState,
         _: &mut Stack,
         value: Option<Value>,
+        config: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View> {
         let value = value.unwrap_or_default();
         let is_record = matches!(value, Value::Record { .. });
 
         let (columns, data) = collect_input(value)?;
 
-        let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, data);
+        let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, data, config.explore_config.clone());
 
         if is_record {
             view.set_top_layer_orientation(Orientation::Left);
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/try.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/try.rs
index e70b4237d9..e1290651c8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/try.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/commands/try.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::ViewCommand;
-use crate::views::TryView;
+use crate::views::{TryView, ViewConfig};
 use anyhow::Result;
 use nu_protocol::{
     engine::{EngineState, Stack},
@@ -43,9 +43,10 @@ impl ViewCommand for TryCmd {
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         value: Option<Value>,
+        config: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View> {
         let value = value.unwrap_or_default();
-        let mut view = TryView::new(value);
+        let mut view = TryView::new(value, config.explore_config.clone());
         view.init(self.command.clone());
         view.try_run(engine_state, stack)?;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/explore.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/explore.rs
index e5498ce5b3..28a3f04a30 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/explore.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/explore.rs
@@ -63,11 +63,10 @@ impl Command for Explore {
         let tail: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "tail")?;
         let peek_value: bool = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "peek")?;
 
-        let ctrlc = engine_state.ctrlc.clone();
-        let nu_config = engine_state.get_config();
+        let nu_config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
         let style_computer = StyleComputer::from_config(engine_state, stack);
 
-        let mut explore_config = ExploreConfig::from_nu_config(nu_config);
+        let mut explore_config = ExploreConfig::from_nu_config(&nu_config);
         explore_config.table.show_header = show_head;
         explore_config.table.show_index = show_index;
         explore_config.table.separator_style = lookup_color(&style_computer, "separator");
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ impl Command for Explore {
         let lscolors = create_lscolors(engine_state, stack);
 
         let config = PagerConfig::new(
-            nu_config,
+            &nu_config,
             &explore_config,
             &style_computer,
             &lscolors,
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ impl Command for Explore {
             tail,
         );
 
-        let result = run_pager(engine_state, &mut stack.clone(), ctrlc, input, config);
+        let result = run_pager(engine_state, &mut stack.clone(), input, config);
 
         match result {
             Ok(Some(value)) => Ok(PipelineData::Value(value, None)),
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/lib.rs
index d347321354..d645572c89 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod commands;
 mod default_context;
 mod explore;
@@ -10,7 +11,8 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use commands::{ExpandCmd, HelpCmd, NuCmd, QuitCmd, TableCmd, TryCmd};
 pub use default_context::add_explore_context;
 pub use explore::Explore;
-use nu_common::{collect_pipeline, has_simple_value, CtrlC};
+use explore::ExploreConfig;
+use nu_common::{collect_pipeline, has_simple_value};
 use nu_protocol::{
     engine::{EngineState, Stack},
     PipelineData, Value,
@@ -27,7 +29,6 @@ mod util {
 fn run_pager(
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
-    ctrlc: CtrlC,
     input: PipelineData,
     config: PagerConfig,
 ) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
@@ -43,15 +44,15 @@ fn run_pager(
     if is_binary {
         p.show_message("For help type :help");
 
-        let view = binary_view(input)?;
-        return p.run(engine_state, stack, ctrlc, Some(view), commands);
+        let view = binary_view(input, config.explore_config)?;
+        return p.run(engine_state, stack, Some(view), commands);
     }
 
     let (columns, data) = collect_pipeline(input)?;
 
     let has_no_input = columns.is_empty() && data.is_empty();
     if has_no_input {
-        return p.run(engine_state, stack, ctrlc, help_view(), commands);
+        return p.run(engine_state, stack, help_view(), commands);
     }
 
     p.show_message("For help type :help");
@@ -59,11 +60,11 @@ fn run_pager(
     if let Some(value) = has_simple_value(&data) {
         let text = value.to_abbreviated_string(config.nu_config);
         let view = Some(Page::new(Preview::new(&text), false));
-        return p.run(engine_state, stack, ctrlc, view, commands);
+        return p.run(engine_state, stack, view, commands);
     }
 
     let view = create_record_view(columns, data, is_record, config);
-    p.run(engine_state, stack, ctrlc, view, commands)
+    p.run(engine_state, stack, view, commands)
 }
 
 fn create_record_view(
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ fn create_record_view(
     is_record: bool,
     config: PagerConfig,
 ) -> Option<Page> {
-    let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, data);
+    let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, data, config.explore_config.clone());
     if is_record {
         view.set_top_layer_orientation(Orientation::Left);
     }
@@ -91,14 +92,14 @@ fn help_view() -> Option<Page> {
     Some(Page::new(HelpCmd::view(), false))
 }
 
-fn binary_view(input: PipelineData) -> Result<Page> {
+fn binary_view(input: PipelineData, config: &ExploreConfig) -> Result<Page> {
     let data = match input {
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Binary { val, .. }, _) => val,
         PipelineData::ByteStream(bs, _) => bs.into_bytes()?,
         _ => unreachable!("checked beforehand"),
     };
 
-    let view = BinaryView::new(data);
+    let view = BinaryView::new(data, config);
 
     Ok(Page::new(view, true))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/mod.rs
index 091a7d6f36..42ba2f0896 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/mod.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,11 @@ mod value;
 
 use nu_color_config::TextStyle;
 use nu_protocol::Value;
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
 
 pub use nu_ansi_term::{Color as NuColor, Style as NuStyle};
 pub use nu_protocol::{Config as NuConfig, Span as NuSpan};
 
 pub type NuText = (String, TextStyle);
-pub type CtrlC = Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>;
 
 pub use command::run_command_with_value;
 pub use lscolor::{create_lscolors, lscolorize};
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/table.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/table.rs
index cb580e404b..164c837bf9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/table.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 use crate::nu_common::NuConfig;
 use nu_color_config::StyleComputer;
-use nu_protocol::{Record, Span, Value};
+use nu_protocol::{Record, Signals, Span, Value};
 use nu_table::{
     common::{nu_value_to_string, nu_value_to_string_clean},
     ExpandedTable, TableOpts,
 };
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
 
 pub fn try_build_table(
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     config: &NuConfig,
     style_computer: &StyleComputer,
     value: Value,
 ) -> String {
     let span = value.span();
     match value {
-        Value::List { vals, .. } => try_build_list(vals, ctrlc, config, span, style_computer),
-        Value::Record { val, .. } => try_build_map(&val, span, style_computer, ctrlc, config),
+        Value::List { vals, .. } => try_build_list(vals, signals, config, span, style_computer),
+        Value::Record { val, .. } => try_build_map(&val, span, style_computer, signals, config),
         val if matches!(val, Value::String { .. }) => {
             nu_value_to_string_clean(&val, config, style_computer).0
         }
@@ -28,13 +27,13 @@ fn try_build_map(
     record: &Record,
     span: Span,
     style_computer: &StyleComputer,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     config: &NuConfig,
 ) -> String {
     let opts = TableOpts::new(
         config,
         style_computer,
-        ctrlc,
+        signals,
         Span::unknown(),
         usize::MAX,
         (config.table_indent.left, config.table_indent.right),
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ fn try_build_map(
 
 fn try_build_list(
     vals: Vec<Value>,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &Signals,
     config: &NuConfig,
     span: Span,
     style_computer: &StyleComputer,
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ fn try_build_list(
     let opts = TableOpts::new(
         config,
         style_computer,
-        ctrlc,
+        signals,
         Span::unknown(),
         usize::MAX,
         (config.table_indent.left, config.table_indent.right),
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/pager/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/pager/mod.rs
index a56df95bc7..4a043476bb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/pager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/pager/mod.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use self::{
 use super::views::{Layout, View};
 use crate::{
     explore::ExploreConfig,
-    nu_common::{CtrlC, NuColor, NuConfig, NuStyle},
+    nu_common::{NuColor, NuConfig, NuStyle},
     registry::{Command, CommandRegistry},
     views::{util::nu_style_to_tui, ViewConfig},
 };
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ use std::{
     cmp::min,
     io::{self, Stdout},
     result,
-    sync::atomic::Ordering,
 };
 
 pub type Frame<'a> = ratatui::Frame<'a>;
@@ -89,20 +88,41 @@ impl<'a> Pager<'a> {
         &mut self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
-        ctrlc: CtrlC,
-        mut view: Option<Page>,
+        view: Option<Page>,
         commands: CommandRegistry,
     ) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
-        if let Some(page) = &mut view {
-            page.view.setup(ViewConfig::new(
-                self.config.nu_config,
-                self.config.explore_config,
-                self.config.style_computer,
-                self.config.lscolors,
-            ))
+        // setup terminal
+        enable_raw_mode()?;
+        let mut stdout = io::stdout();
+        execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, Clear(ClearType::All))?;
+
+        let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
+        let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
+
+        let mut info = ViewInfo {
+            status: Some(Report::default()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        if let Some(text) = self.message.take() {
+            info.status = Some(Report::message(text, Severity::Info));
         }
 
-        run_pager(engine_state, stack, ctrlc, self, view, commands)
+        let result = render_ui(
+            &mut terminal,
+            engine_state,
+            stack,
+            self,
+            &mut info,
+            view,
+            commands,
+        )?;
+
+        // restore terminal
+        disable_raw_mode()?;
+        execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
+
+        Ok(result)
     }
 }
 
@@ -145,55 +165,11 @@ impl<'a> PagerConfig<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn run_pager(
-    engine_state: &EngineState,
-    stack: &mut Stack,
-    ctrlc: CtrlC,
-    pager: &mut Pager,
-    view: Option<Page>,
-    commands: CommandRegistry,
-) -> Result<Option<Value>> {
-    // setup terminal
-    enable_raw_mode()?;
-    let mut stdout = io::stdout();
-    execute!(stdout, EnterAlternateScreen, Clear(ClearType::All))?;
-
-    let backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout);
-    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(backend)?;
-
-    let mut info = ViewInfo {
-        status: Some(Report::default()),
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
-
-    if let Some(text) = pager.message.take() {
-        info.status = Some(Report::message(text, Severity::Info));
-    }
-
-    let result = render_ui(
-        &mut terminal,
-        engine_state,
-        stack,
-        ctrlc,
-        pager,
-        &mut info,
-        view,
-        commands,
-    )?;
-
-    // restore terminal
-    disable_raw_mode()?;
-    execute!(io::stdout(), LeaveAlternateScreen)?;
-
-    Ok(result)
-}
-
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn render_ui(
     term: &mut Terminal,
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
-    ctrlc: CtrlC,
     pager: &mut Pager<'_>,
     info: &mut ViewInfo,
     view: Option<Page>,
@@ -203,11 +179,8 @@ fn render_ui(
     let mut view_stack = ViewStack::new(view, Vec::new());
 
     loop {
-        // handle CTRLC event
-        if let Some(ctrlc) = ctrlc.clone() {
-            if ctrlc.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
-                break Ok(None);
-            }
+        if engine_state.signals().interrupted() {
+            break Ok(None);
         }
 
         let mut layout = Layout::default();
@@ -440,15 +413,20 @@ fn run_command(
         Command::View { mut cmd, stackable } => {
             // what we do we just replace the view.
             let value = view_stack.curr_view.as_mut().and_then(|p| p.view.exit());
-            let mut new_view = cmd.spawn(engine_state, stack, value)?;
+            let view_cfg = ViewConfig::new(
+                pager.config.nu_config,
+                pager.config.explore_config,
+                pager.config.style_computer,
+                pager.config.lscolors,
+            );
+
+            let new_view = cmd.spawn(engine_state, stack, value, &view_cfg)?;
             if let Some(view) = view_stack.curr_view.take() {
                 if !view.stackable {
                     view_stack.stack.push(view);
                 }
             }
 
-            setup_view(&mut new_view, &pager.config);
-
             view_stack.curr_view = Some(Page::raw(new_view, stackable));
 
             Ok(CmdResult::new(false, true, cmd.name().to_owned()))
@@ -456,16 +434,6 @@ fn run_command(
     }
 }
 
-fn setup_view(view: &mut Box<dyn View>, cfg: &PagerConfig<'_>) {
-    let cfg = ViewConfig::new(
-        cfg.nu_config,
-        cfg.explore_config,
-        cfg.style_computer,
-        cfg.lscolors,
-    );
-    view.setup(cfg);
-}
-
 fn set_cursor_cmd_bar(f: &mut Frame, area: Rect, pager: &Pager) {
     if pager.cmd_buf.is_cmd_input {
         // todo: deal with a situation where we exceed the bar width
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/registry/command.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/registry/command.rs
index 7e0bc131b5..6a3e9a128f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/registry/command.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/registry/command.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     commands::{SimpleCommand, ViewCommand},
-    views::View,
+    views::{View, ViewConfig},
 };
 use anyhow::Result;
 
@@ -78,8 +78,9 @@ where
         engine_state: &nu_protocol::engine::EngineState,
         stack: &mut nu_protocol::engine::Stack,
         value: Option<nu_protocol::Value>,
+        cfg: &ViewConfig,
     ) -> Result<Self::View> {
-        let view = self.0.spawn(engine_state, stack, value)?;
+        let view = self.0.spawn(engine_state, stack, value, cfg)?;
         Ok(Box::new(view) as Box<dyn View>)
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/binary/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/binary/mod.rs
index f288861be8..2a35b7c180 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/binary/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/binary/mod.rs
@@ -40,11 +40,15 @@ struct Settings {
 }
 
 impl BinaryView {
-    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(data: Vec<u8>, cfg: &ExploreConfig) -> Self {
+        let settings = settings_from_config(cfg);
+        // There's gotta be a nicer way of doing this than creating a widget just to count lines
+        let count_rows = BinaryWidget::new(&data, settings.opts, Default::default()).count_lines();
+
         Self {
             data,
-            cursor: WindowCursor2D::default(),
-            settings: Settings::default(),
+            cursor: WindowCursor2D::new(count_rows, 1).expect("Failed to create XYCursor"),
+            settings,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -87,15 +91,6 @@ impl View for BinaryView {
         // todo: impl Cursor + peek of a value
         None
     }
-
-    fn setup(&mut self, cfg: ViewConfig<'_>) {
-        self.settings = settings_from_config(cfg.explore_config);
-
-        let count_rows =
-            BinaryWidget::new(&self.data, self.settings.opts, Default::default()).count_lines();
-        // TODO: refactor View so setup() is fallible and we don't have to panic here
-        self.cursor = WindowCursor2D::new(count_rows, 1).expect("Failed to create XYCursor");
-    }
 }
 
 fn create_binary_widget(v: &BinaryView) -> BinaryWidget<'_> {
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/mod.rs
index 7aab197eb5..bdbf3129db 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/mod.rs
@@ -99,8 +99,6 @@ pub trait View {
     fn exit(&mut self) -> Option<Value> {
         None
     }
-
-    fn setup(&mut self, _: ViewConfig<'_>) {}
 }
 
 impl View for Box<dyn View> {
@@ -131,8 +129,4 @@ impl View for Box<dyn View> {
     fn show_data(&mut self, i: usize) -> bool {
         self.as_mut().show_data(i)
     }
-
-    fn setup(&mut self, cfg: ViewConfig<'_>) {
-        self.as_mut().setup(cfg)
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/record/mod.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/record/mod.rs
index bd3c7e8e0a..4f617686f1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/record/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/record/mod.rs
@@ -36,14 +36,12 @@ pub struct RecordView {
 }
 
 impl RecordView {
-    pub fn new(columns: Vec<String>, records: Vec<Vec<Value>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(columns: Vec<String>, records: Vec<Vec<Value>>, cfg: ExploreConfig) -> Self {
         Self {
             layer_stack: vec![RecordLayer::new(columns, records)],
             mode: UIMode::View,
             orientation: Orientation::Top,
-            // TODO: It's kind of gross how this temporarily has an incorrect/default config.
-            // See if we can pass correct config in through the constructor
-            cfg: ExploreConfig::default(),
+            cfg,
         }
     }
 
@@ -72,23 +70,6 @@ impl RecordView {
             .expect("we guarantee that 1 entry is always in a list")
     }
 
-    pub fn get_top_layer_orientation(&mut self) -> Orientation {
-        self.get_top_layer().orientation
-    }
-
-    pub fn set_orientation(&mut self, orientation: Orientation) {
-        self.orientation = orientation;
-
-        // we need to reset all indexes as we can't no more use them.
-        self.reset_cursors();
-    }
-
-    fn reset_cursors(&mut self) {
-        for layer in &mut self.layer_stack {
-            layer.reset_cursor();
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn set_top_layer_orientation(&mut self, orientation: Orientation) {
         let layer = self.get_top_layer_mut();
         layer.orientation = orientation;
@@ -299,11 +280,6 @@ impl View for RecordView {
     fn exit(&mut self) -> Option<Value> {
         Some(build_last_value(self))
     }
-
-    // todo: move the method to Command?
-    fn setup(&mut self, cfg: ViewConfig<'_>) {
-        self.cfg = cfg.explore_config.clone();
-    }
 }
 
 fn get_element_info(
diff --git a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/try.rs b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/try.rs
index b23ca3e9f4..099e792e38 100644
--- a/crates/nu-explore/src/views/try.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-explore/src/views/try.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{record::RecordView, util::nu_style_to_tui, Layout, Orientation, View, ViewConfig};
 use crate::{
+    explore::ExploreConfig,
     nu_common::{collect_pipeline, run_command_with_value},
     pager::{report::Report, Frame, Transition, ViewInfo},
 };
@@ -23,17 +24,19 @@ pub struct TryView {
     table: Option<RecordView>,
     view_mode: bool,
     border_color: Style,
+    config: ExploreConfig,
 }
 
 impl TryView {
-    pub fn new(input: Value) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(input: Value, config: ExploreConfig) -> Self {
         Self {
             input,
             table: None,
-            immediate: false,
-            border_color: Style::default(),
+            immediate: config.try_reactive,
+            border_color: nu_style_to_tui(config.table.separator_style),
             view_mode: false,
             command: String::new(),
+            config,
         }
     }
 
@@ -42,7 +45,13 @@ impl TryView {
     }
 
     pub fn try_run(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, stack: &mut Stack) -> Result<()> {
-        let view = run_command(&self.command, &self.input, engine_state, stack)?;
+        let view = run_command(
+            &self.command,
+            &self.input,
+            engine_state,
+            stack,
+            &self.config,
+        )?;
         self.table = Some(view);
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -122,7 +131,6 @@ impl View for TryView {
         f.render_widget(table_block, table_area);
 
         if let Some(table) = &mut self.table {
-            table.setup(cfg);
             let area = Rect::new(
                 area.x + 2,
                 area.y + 4,
@@ -232,20 +240,6 @@ impl View for TryView {
     fn show_data(&mut self, i: usize) -> bool {
         self.table.as_mut().map_or(false, |v| v.show_data(i))
     }
-
-    fn setup(&mut self, config: ViewConfig<'_>) {
-        self.border_color = nu_style_to_tui(config.explore_config.table.separator_style);
-        self.immediate = config.explore_config.try_reactive;
-
-        let mut r = RecordView::new(vec![], vec![]);
-        r.setup(config);
-
-        if let Some(view) = &mut self.table {
-            view.setup(config);
-            view.set_orientation(r.get_top_layer_orientation());
-            view.set_top_layer_orientation(r.get_top_layer_orientation());
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 fn run_command(
@@ -253,6 +247,7 @@ fn run_command(
     input: &Value,
     engine_state: &EngineState,
     stack: &mut Stack,
+    config: &ExploreConfig,
 ) -> Result<RecordView> {
     let pipeline = run_command_with_value(command, input, engine_state, stack)?;
 
@@ -260,7 +255,7 @@ fn run_command(
 
     let (columns, values) = collect_pipeline(pipeline)?;
 
-    let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, values);
+    let mut view = RecordView::new(columns, values, config.clone());
     if is_record {
         view.set_top_layer_orientation(Orientation::Left);
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-glob/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-glob/Cargo.toml
index 932958910c..31d88e841e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-glob/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-glob/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "nu-glob"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 authors = ["The Nushell Project Developers", "The Rust Project Developers"]
 license = "MIT/Apache-2.0"
 description = """
diff --git a/crates/nu-json/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-json/Cargo.toml
index 04c39bdac5..9cfc35a1c8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-json/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-json/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 [package]
-authors = ["The Nushell Project Developers", "Christian Zangl <laktak@cdak.net>"]
+authors = [
+    "The Nushell Project Developers",
+    "Christian Zangl <laktak@cdak.net>",
+]
 description = "Fork of serde-hjson"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-json"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-json"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -19,9 +22,11 @@ default = ["preserve_order"]
 [dependencies]
 linked-hash-map = { version = "0.5", optional = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
-serde = { workspace =  true }
+serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-# nu-path = { path="../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-# serde_json = "1.0"
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+serde_json = "1.0"
+fancy-regex = "0.13.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-json/README.md b/crates/nu-json/README.md
index acf3c6b296..c982f1a818 100644
--- a/crates/nu-json/README.md
+++ b/crates/nu-json/README.md
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ nu-json = "0.76"
 ## From the Commandline
 
 Add with:
-```
+```sh
  cargo add serde
  cargo add nu-json
 ```
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ fn main() {
 
     let sample_text=r#"
     {
-        # specify rate in requests/second
+        ## specify rate in requests/second
         rate: 1000
         array:
         [
diff --git a/crates/nu-json/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-json/src/lib.rs
index eead282786..1cf2c0a9fd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-json/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-json/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 pub use self::de::{
     from_iter, from_reader, from_slice, from_str, Deserializer, StreamDeserializer,
 };
diff --git a/crates/nu-json/src/ser.rs b/crates/nu-json/src/ser.rs
index d9df1aea56..4b15740602 100644
--- a/crates/nu-json/src/ser.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-json/src/ser.rs
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ impl<'a> HjsonFormatter<'a> {
             stack: Vec::new(),
             at_colon: false,
             indent,
-            braces_same_line: false,
+            braces_same_line: true,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-json/tests/main.rs b/crates/nu-json/tests/main.rs
index c209bc0a52..73c68f3d8e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-json/tests/main.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-json/tests/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-// FIXME: re-enable tests
-/*
-use nu_json::Value;
 use fancy_regex::Regex;
+use nu_json::Value;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -11,7 +9,7 @@ fn txt(text: &str) -> String {
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
     {
-        out.replace("\r\n", "").replace("\n", "")
+        out.replace("\r\n", "").replace('\n', "")
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
@@ -21,15 +19,7 @@ fn txt(text: &str) -> String {
 }
 
 fn hjson_expectations() -> PathBuf {
-    let assets = nu_test_support::fs::assets().join("nu_json");
-
-    nu_path::canonicalize(assets.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        panic!(
-            "Couldn't canonicalize hjson assets path {}: {:?}",
-            assets.display(),
-            e
-        )
-    })
+    nu_test_support::fs::assets().join("nu_json").into()
 }
 
 fn get_test_content(name: &str) -> io::Result<String> {
@@ -50,7 +40,7 @@ fn get_result_content(name: &str) -> io::Result<(String, String)> {
     let p1 = format!("{}/{}_result.json", expectations.display(), name);
     let p2 = format!("{}/{}_result.hjson", expectations.display(), name);
 
-    Ok((fs::read_to_string(&p1)?, fs::read_to_string(&p2)?))
+    Ok((fs::read_to_string(p1)?, fs::read_to_string(p2)?))
 }
 
 macro_rules! run_test {
@@ -73,7 +63,8 @@ macro_rules! run_test {
             let actual_hjson = txt(&actual_hjson);
             let actual_json = $fix(serde_json::to_string_pretty(&udata).unwrap());
             let actual_json = txt(&actual_json);
-            if rhjson != actual_hjson {
+            // nu_json::to_string now outputs json instead of hjson!
+            if rjson != actual_hjson {
                 println!(
                     "{:?}\n---hjson expected\n{}\n---hjson actual\n{}\n---\n",
                     name, rhjson, actual_hjson
@@ -85,7 +76,7 @@ macro_rules! run_test {
                     name, rjson, actual_json
                 );
             }
-            assert!(rhjson == actual_hjson && rjson == actual_json);
+            assert!(rjson == actual_hjson && rjson == actual_json);
         }
     }};
 }
@@ -198,7 +189,7 @@ fn test_hjson() {
 
     let missing = all
         .into_iter()
-        .filter(|x| done.iter().find(|y| &x == y) == None)
+        .filter(|x| !done.iter().any(|y| x == y))
         .collect::<Vec<String>>();
 
     if !missing.is_empty() {
@@ -208,5 +199,3 @@ fn test_hjson() {
         panic!();
     }
 }
-
-*/
diff --git a/crates/nu-lsp/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-lsp/Cargo.toml
index 0f9ef01e69..46a9276126 100644
--- a/crates/nu-lsp/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-lsp/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ authors = ["The Nushell Project Developers"]
 description = "Nushell's integrated LSP server"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-lsp"
 name = "nu-lsp"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-cli = { path = "../nu-cli", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cli = { path = "../nu-cli", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 reedline = { workspace = true }
 
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 assert-json-diff = "2.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-lsp/README.md b/crates/nu-lsp/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d9e666d6c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-lsp/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Implementation of the Nushell language server.
+
+See [the Language Server Protocol specification](https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/)
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-lsp/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-lsp/src/lib.rs
index b2de5e1d16..6841749fc9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-lsp/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-lsp/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 use lsp_server::{Connection, IoThreads, Message, Response, ResponseError};
 use lsp_types::{
     request::{Completion, GotoDefinition, HoverRequest, Request},
@@ -17,10 +18,7 @@ use ropey::Rope;
 use std::{
     collections::BTreeMap,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
+    sync::Arc,
     time::Duration,
 };
 
@@ -57,11 +55,7 @@ impl LanguageServer {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn serve_requests(
-        mut self,
-        engine_state: EngineState,
-        ctrlc: Arc<AtomicBool>,
-    ) -> Result<()> {
+    pub fn serve_requests(mut self, engine_state: EngineState) -> Result<()> {
         let server_capabilities = serde_json::to_value(ServerCapabilities {
             text_document_sync: Some(lsp_types::TextDocumentSyncCapability::Kind(
                 TextDocumentSyncKind::INCREMENTAL,
@@ -75,10 +69,12 @@ impl LanguageServer {
 
         let _initialization_params = self
             .connection
-            .initialize_while(server_capabilities, || !ctrlc.load(Ordering::SeqCst))
+            .initialize_while(server_capabilities, || {
+                !engine_state.signals().interrupted()
+            })
             .into_diagnostic()?;
 
-        while !ctrlc.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+        while !engine_state.signals().interrupted() {
             let msg = match self
                 .connection
                 .receiver
@@ -631,7 +627,7 @@ mod tests {
         std::thread::spawn(move || {
             let engine_state = nu_cmd_lang::create_default_context();
             let engine_state = nu_command::add_shell_command_context(engine_state);
-            send.send(lsp_server.serve_requests(engine_state, Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false))))
+            send.send(lsp_server.serve_requests(engine_state))
         });
 
         client_connection
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-parser/Cargo.toml
index b06e81387d..d929deef08 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-parser"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-parser"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 exclude = ["/fuzz"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", optional = true, version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", optional = true, version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 bytesize = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { default-features = false, features = ['std'], workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/README.md b/crates/nu-parser/README.md
index 02f61a31a6..cbb7729e4d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/README.md
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Nushell's parser is a type-directed parser, meaning that the parser will use typ
 
 Nushell's base language is whitespace-separated tokens with the command (Nushell's term for a function) name in the head position:
 
-```
+```nushell
 head1 arg1 arg2 | head2
 ```
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ head1 arg1 arg2 | head2
 
 The first job of the parser is to a lexical analysis to find where the tokens start and end in the input. This turns the above into:
 
-```
+```text
 <item: "head1">, <item: "arg1">, <item: "arg2">, <pipe>, <item: "head2">
 ```
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ As Nushell is a language of pipelines, pipes form a key role in both separating
 
 The above tokens are converted the following during the lite parse phase:
 
-```
+```text
 Pipeline:
   Command #1:
     <item: "head1">, <item: "arg1">, <item: "arg2">
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Each command has a shape assigned to each of the arguments it reads in. These sh
 
 For example, if the command is written as:
 
-```sql
+```text
 where $x > 10
 ```
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ When the parsing happens, the parser will look up the `where` command and find i
 
 In the above example, if the Signature of `where` said that it took three String values, the result would be:
 
-```
+```text
 CallInfo:
   Name: `where`
   Args:
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ CallInfo:
 
 Or, the Signature could state that it takes in three positional arguments: a Variable, an Operator, and a Number, which would give:
 
-```
+```text
 CallInfo:
   Name: `where`
   Args:
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ Note that in this case, each would be checked at compile time to confirm that th
 
 Finally, some Shapes can consume more than one token. In the above, if the `where` command stated it took in a single required argument, and that the Shape of this argument was a MathExpression, then the parser would treat the remaining tokens as part of the math expression.
 
-```
+```text
 CallInfo:
   Name: `where`
   Args:
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/flatten.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/flatten.rs
index 88638b2475..2f71ccea28 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/flatten.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/flatten.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
         RecordItem,
     },
     engine::StateWorkingSet,
-    DeclId, Span, VarId,
+    DeclId, Span, SyntaxShape, VarId,
 };
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter, Result};
 
@@ -166,6 +166,22 @@ fn flatten_pipeline_element_into(
     }
 }
 
+fn flatten_positional_arg_into(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    positional: &Expression,
+    shape: &SyntaxShape,
+    output: &mut Vec<(Span, FlatShape)>,
+) {
+    if matches!(shape, SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument)
+        && matches!(positional.expr, Expr::String(..) | Expr::GlobPattern(..))
+    {
+        // Make known external arguments look more like external arguments
+        output.push((positional.span, FlatShape::ExternalArg));
+    } else {
+        flatten_expression_into(working_set, positional, output)
+    }
+}
+
 fn flatten_expression_into(
     working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     expr: &Expression,
@@ -189,6 +205,9 @@ fn flatten_expression_into(
             ));
             flatten_expression_into(working_set, not, output);
         }
+        Expr::Collect(_, expr) => {
+            flatten_expression_into(working_set, expr, output);
+        }
         Expr::Closure(block_id) => {
             let outer_span = expr.span;
 
@@ -246,16 +265,40 @@ fn flatten_expression_into(
             }
         }
         Expr::Call(call) => {
+            let decl = working_set.get_decl(call.decl_id);
+
             if call.head.end != 0 {
                 // Make sure we don't push synthetic calls
                 output.push((call.head, FlatShape::InternalCall(call.decl_id)));
             }
 
+            // Follow positional arguments from the signature.
+            let signature = decl.signature();
+            let mut positional_args = signature
+                .required_positional
+                .iter()
+                .chain(&signature.optional_positional);
+
             let arg_start = output.len();
             for arg in &call.arguments {
                 match arg {
-                    Argument::Positional(positional) | Argument::Unknown(positional) => {
-                        flatten_expression_into(working_set, positional, output)
+                    Argument::Positional(positional) => {
+                        let positional_arg = positional_args.next();
+                        let shape = positional_arg
+                            .or(signature.rest_positional.as_ref())
+                            .map(|arg| &arg.shape)
+                            .unwrap_or(&SyntaxShape::Any);
+
+                        flatten_positional_arg_into(working_set, positional, shape, output)
+                    }
+                    Argument::Unknown(positional) => {
+                        let shape = signature
+                            .rest_positional
+                            .as_ref()
+                            .map(|arg| &arg.shape)
+                            .unwrap_or(&SyntaxShape::Any);
+
+                        flatten_positional_arg_into(working_set, positional, shape, output)
                     }
                     Argument::Named(named) => {
                         if named.0.span.end != 0 {
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/known_external.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/known_external.rs
index 453112aa32..a41cf3a4e8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/known_external.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/known_external.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use nu_engine::command_prelude::*;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Argument, Expr, Expression},
-    engine::{CommandType, UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID},
+    ast::{self, Expr, Expression},
+    engine::{self, CallImpl, CommandType, UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID},
+    ir::{self, DataSlice},
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -43,8 +44,6 @@ impl Command for KnownExternal {
 
         let command = engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
 
-        let mut extern_call = Call::new(head_span);
-
         let extern_name = if let Some(name_bytes) = engine_state.find_decl_name(call.decl_id, &[]) {
             String::from_utf8_lossy(name_bytes)
         } else {
@@ -56,59 +55,166 @@ impl Command for KnownExternal {
         };
 
         let extern_name: Vec<_> = extern_name.split(' ').collect();
-        let call_head_id = engine_state
-            .find_span_id(call.head)
-            .unwrap_or(UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID);
 
-        let arg_extern_name = Expression::new_existing(
-            Expr::String(extern_name[0].to_string()),
+        match &call.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => {
+                let extern_call = ast_call_to_extern_call(engine_state, call, &extern_name)?;
+                command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&extern_call).into(), input)
+            }
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => {
+                let extern_call = ast_call_to_extern_call(engine_state, call, &extern_name)?;
+                command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&extern_call).into(), input)
+            }
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => {
+                let extern_call = ir_call_to_extern_call(stack, call, &extern_name)?;
+                command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&extern_call).into(), input)
+            }
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => {
+                let extern_call = ir_call_to_extern_call(stack, call, &extern_name)?;
+                command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&extern_call).into(), input)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Transform the args from an `ast::Call` onto a `run-external` call
+fn ast_call_to_extern_call(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    call: &ast::Call,
+    extern_name: &[&str],
+) -> Result<ast::Call, ShellError> {
+    let head_span = call.head;
+
+    let mut extern_call = ast::Call::new(head_span);
+
+    let call_head_id = engine_state
+        .find_span_id(call.head)
+        .unwrap_or(UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID);
+
+    let arg_extern_name = Expression::new_existing(
+        Expr::String(extern_name[0].to_string()),
+        call.head,
+        call_head_id,
+        Type::String,
+    );
+
+    extern_call.add_positional(arg_extern_name);
+
+    for subcommand in extern_name.iter().skip(1) {
+        extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
+            Expr::String(subcommand.to_string()),
             call.head,
             call_head_id,
             Type::String,
-        );
+        ));
+    }
 
-        extern_call.add_positional(arg_extern_name);
-
-        for subcommand in extern_name.into_iter().skip(1) {
-            extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
-                Expr::String(subcommand.to_string()),
-                call.head,
-                call_head_id,
-                Type::String,
-            ));
-        }
-
-        for arg in &call.arguments {
-            match arg {
-                Argument::Positional(positional) => extern_call.add_positional(positional.clone()),
-                Argument::Named(named) => {
-                    let named_span_id = engine_state
-                        .find_span_id(named.0.span)
-                        .unwrap_or(UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID);
-                    if let Some(short) = &named.1 {
-                        extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
-                            Expr::String(format!("-{}", short.item)),
-                            named.0.span,
-                            named_span_id,
-                            Type::String,
-                        ));
-                    } else {
-                        extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
-                            Expr::String(format!("--{}", named.0.item)),
-                            named.0.span,
-                            named_span_id,
-                            Type::String,
-                        ));
-                    }
-                    if let Some(arg) = &named.2 {
-                        extern_call.add_positional(arg.clone());
-                    }
+    for arg in &call.arguments {
+        match arg {
+            ast::Argument::Positional(positional) => extern_call.add_positional(positional.clone()),
+            ast::Argument::Named(named) => {
+                let named_span_id = engine_state
+                    .find_span_id(named.0.span)
+                    .unwrap_or(UNKNOWN_SPAN_ID);
+                if let Some(short) = &named.1 {
+                    extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
+                        Expr::String(format!("-{}", short.item)),
+                        named.0.span,
+                        named_span_id,
+                        Type::String,
+                    ));
+                } else {
+                    extern_call.add_positional(Expression::new_existing(
+                        Expr::String(format!("--{}", named.0.item)),
+                        named.0.span,
+                        named_span_id,
+                        Type::String,
+                    ));
                 }
-                Argument::Unknown(unknown) => extern_call.add_unknown(unknown.clone()),
-                Argument::Spread(args) => extern_call.add_spread(args.clone()),
+                if let Some(arg) = &named.2 {
+                    extern_call.add_positional(arg.clone());
+                }
+            }
+            ast::Argument::Unknown(unknown) => extern_call.add_unknown(unknown.clone()),
+            ast::Argument::Spread(args) => extern_call.add_spread(args.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(extern_call)
+}
+
+/// Transform the args from an `ir::Call` onto a `run-external` call
+fn ir_call_to_extern_call(
+    stack: &mut Stack,
+    call: &ir::Call,
+    extern_name: &[&str],
+) -> Result<ir::Call, ShellError> {
+    let mut extern_call = ir::Call::build(call.decl_id, call.head);
+
+    // Add the command and subcommands
+    for name in extern_name {
+        extern_call.add_positional(stack, call.head, Value::string(*name, call.head));
+    }
+
+    // Add the arguments, reformatting named arguments into string positionals
+    for index in 0..call.args_len {
+        match &call.arguments(stack)[index] {
+            engine::Argument::Flag {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+            } => {
+                let name_arg = engine::Argument::Positional {
+                    span: *span,
+                    val: Value::string(known_external_option_name(data, *name, *short), *span),
+                    ast: None,
+                };
+                extern_call.add_argument(stack, name_arg);
+            }
+            engine::Argument::Named {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+                val,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let name_arg = engine::Argument::Positional {
+                    span: *span,
+                    val: Value::string(known_external_option_name(data, *name, *short), *span),
+                    ast: None,
+                };
+                let val_arg = engine::Argument::Positional {
+                    span: *span,
+                    val: val.clone(),
+                    ast: None,
+                };
+                extern_call.add_argument(stack, name_arg);
+                extern_call.add_argument(stack, val_arg);
+            }
+            a @ (engine::Argument::Positional { .. }
+            | engine::Argument::Spread { .. }
+            | engine::Argument::ParserInfo { .. }) => {
+                let argument = a.clone();
+                extern_call.add_argument(stack, argument);
             }
         }
+    }
 
-        command.run(engine_state, stack, &extern_call, input)
+    Ok(extern_call.finish())
+}
+
+fn known_external_option_name(data: &[u8], name: DataSlice, short: DataSlice) -> String {
+    if !data[name].is_empty() {
+        format!(
+            "--{}",
+            std::str::from_utf8(&data[name]).expect("invalid utf-8 in flag name")
+        )
+    } else {
+        format!(
+            "-{}",
+            std::str::from_utf8(&data[short]).expect("invalid utf-8 in flag short name")
+        )
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/lex.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/lex.rs
index 4639cae25d..bad9e94a10 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/lex.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/lex.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub enum TokenContents {
     Comment,
     Pipe,
     PipePipe,
+    AssignmentOperator,
     ErrGreaterPipe,
     OutErrGreaterPipe,
     Semicolon,
@@ -69,6 +70,12 @@ fn is_item_terminator(
             || special_tokens.contains(&c))
 }
 
+/// Assignment operators have special handling distinct from math expressions, as they cause the
+/// rest of the pipeline to be consumed.
+pub fn is_assignment_operator(bytes: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    matches!(bytes, b"=" | b"+=" | b"++=" | b"-=" | b"*=" | b"/=")
+}
+
 // A special token is one that is a byte that stands alone as its own token. For example
 // when parsing a signature you may want to have `:` be able to separate tokens and also
 // to be handled as its own token to notify you you're about to parse a type in the example
@@ -238,6 +245,10 @@ pub fn lex_item(
                     Some(e),
                 );
             }
+        } else if c == b'|' && is_redirection(&input[token_start..*curr_offset]) {
+            // matches err>| etc.
+            *curr_offset += 1;
+            break;
         } else if is_item_terminator(&block_level, c, additional_whitespace, special_tokens) {
             break;
         }
@@ -293,6 +304,10 @@ pub fn lex_item(
 
     let mut err = None;
     let output = match &input[(span.start - span_offset)..(span.end - span_offset)] {
+        bytes if is_assignment_operator(bytes) => Token {
+            contents: TokenContents::AssignmentOperator,
+            span,
+        },
         b"out>" | b"o>" => Token {
             contents: TokenContents::OutGreaterThan,
             span,
@@ -301,6 +316,16 @@ pub fn lex_item(
             contents: TokenContents::OutGreaterGreaterThan,
             span,
         },
+        b"out>|" | b"o>|" => {
+            err = Some(ParseError::Expected(
+                "`|`.  Redirecting stdout to a pipe is the same as normal piping.",
+                span,
+            ));
+            Token {
+                contents: TokenContents::Item,
+                span,
+            }
+        }
         b"err>" | b"e>" => Token {
             contents: TokenContents::ErrGreaterThan,
             span,
@@ -309,6 +334,10 @@ pub fn lex_item(
             contents: TokenContents::ErrGreaterGreaterThan,
             span,
         },
+        b"err>|" | b"e>|" => Token {
+            contents: TokenContents::ErrGreaterPipe,
+            span,
+        },
         b"out+err>" | b"err+out>" | b"o+e>" | b"e+o>" => Token {
             contents: TokenContents::OutErrGreaterThan,
             span,
@@ -317,6 +346,10 @@ pub fn lex_item(
             contents: TokenContents::OutErrGreaterGreaterThan,
             span,
         },
+        b"out+err>|" | b"err+out>|" | b"o+e>|" | b"e+o>|" => Token {
+            contents: TokenContents::OutErrGreaterPipe,
+            span,
+        },
         b"&&" => {
             err = Some(ParseError::ShellAndAnd(span));
             Token {
@@ -580,14 +613,6 @@ fn lex_internal(
             // If the next character is non-newline whitespace, skip it.
             curr_offset += 1;
         } else {
-            let token = try_lex_special_piped_item(input, &mut curr_offset, span_offset);
-            if let Some(token) = token {
-                output.push(token);
-                is_complete = false;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // Otherwise, try to consume an unclassified token.
             let (token, err) = lex_item(
                 input,
                 &mut curr_offset,
@@ -606,48 +631,10 @@ fn lex_internal(
     (output, error)
 }
 
-/// trying to lex for the following item:
-/// e>|, e+o>|, o+e>|
-///
-/// It returns Some(token) if we find the item, or else return None.
-fn try_lex_special_piped_item(
-    input: &[u8],
-    curr_offset: &mut usize,
-    span_offset: usize,
-) -> Option<Token> {
-    let c = input[*curr_offset];
-    let e_pipe_len = 3;
-    let eo_pipe_len = 5;
-    let offset = *curr_offset;
-    if c == b'e' {
-        // expect `e>|`
-        if (offset + e_pipe_len <= input.len()) && (&input[offset..offset + e_pipe_len] == b"e>|") {
-            *curr_offset += e_pipe_len;
-            return Some(Token::new(
-                TokenContents::ErrGreaterPipe,
-                Span::new(span_offset + offset, span_offset + offset + e_pipe_len),
-            ));
-        }
-        if (offset + eo_pipe_len <= input.len())
-            && (&input[offset..offset + eo_pipe_len] == b"e+o>|")
-        {
-            *curr_offset += eo_pipe_len;
-            return Some(Token::new(
-                TokenContents::OutErrGreaterPipe,
-                Span::new(span_offset + offset, span_offset + offset + eo_pipe_len),
-            ));
-        }
-    } else if c == b'o' {
-        // it can be the following case: `o+e>|`
-        if (offset + eo_pipe_len <= input.len())
-            && (&input[offset..offset + eo_pipe_len] == b"o+e>|")
-        {
-            *curr_offset += eo_pipe_len;
-            return Some(Token::new(
-                TokenContents::OutErrGreaterPipe,
-                Span::new(span_offset + offset, span_offset + offset + eo_pipe_len),
-            ));
-        }
-    }
-    None
+/// True if this the start of a redirection. Does not match `>>` or `>|` forms.
+fn is_redirection(token: &[u8]) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        token,
+        b"o>" | b"out>" | b"e>" | b"err>" | b"o+e>" | b"e+o>" | b"out+err>" | b"err+out>"
+    )
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/lib.rs
index 3c97012e8a..8f871aa815 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod deparse;
 mod exportable;
 mod flatten;
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/lite_parser.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/lite_parser.rs
index f04b8befdc..0be57a7c9a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/lite_parser.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/lite_parser.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! can be parsed.
 
 use crate::{Token, TokenContents};
+use itertools::{Either, Itertools};
 use nu_protocol::{ast::RedirectionSource, ParseError, Span};
 use std::mem;
 
@@ -24,6 +25,15 @@ impl LiteRedirectionTarget {
             | LiteRedirectionTarget::Pipe { connector } => *connector,
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn spans(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Span> {
+        match *self {
+            LiteRedirectionTarget::File {
+                connector, file, ..
+            } => Either::Left([connector, file].into_iter()),
+            LiteRedirectionTarget::Pipe { connector } => Either::Right(std::iter::once(connector)),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -38,6 +48,17 @@ pub enum LiteRedirection {
     },
 }
 
+impl LiteRedirection {
+    pub fn spans(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Span> {
+        match self {
+            LiteRedirection::Single { target, .. } => Either::Left(target.spans()),
+            LiteRedirection::Separate { out, err } => {
+                Either::Right(out.spans().chain(err.spans()).sorted())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct LiteCommand {
     pub pipe: Option<Span>,
@@ -113,6 +134,14 @@ impl LiteCommand {
 
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    pub fn parts_including_redirection(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Span> + '_ {
+        self.parts.iter().copied().chain(
+            self.redirection
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|redirection| redirection.spans()),
+        )
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
@@ -167,10 +196,43 @@ pub fn lite_parse(tokens: &[Token]) -> (LiteBlock, Option<ParseError>) {
     let mut last_token = TokenContents::Eol;
     let mut file_redirection = None;
     let mut curr_comment: Option<Vec<Span>> = None;
+    let mut is_assignment = false;
     let mut error = None;
 
     for (idx, token) in tokens.iter().enumerate() {
-        if let Some((source, append, span)) = file_redirection.take() {
+        if is_assignment {
+            match &token.contents {
+                // Consume until semicolon or terminating EOL. Assignments absorb pipelines and
+                // redirections.
+                TokenContents::Eol => {
+                    // Handle `[Command] [Pipe] ([Comment] | [Eol])+ [Command]`
+                    //
+                    // `[Eol]` branch checks if previous token is `[Pipe]` to construct pipeline
+                    // and so `[Comment] | [Eol]` should be ignore to make it work
+                    let actual_token = last_non_comment_token(tokens, idx);
+                    if actual_token != Some(TokenContents::Pipe) {
+                        is_assignment = false;
+                        pipeline.push(&mut command);
+                        block.push(&mut pipeline);
+                    }
+
+                    if last_token == TokenContents::Eol {
+                        // Clear out the comment as we're entering a new comment
+                        curr_comment = None;
+                    }
+                }
+                TokenContents::Semicolon => {
+                    is_assignment = false;
+                    pipeline.push(&mut command);
+                    block.push(&mut pipeline);
+                }
+                TokenContents::Comment => {
+                    command.comments.push(token.span);
+                    curr_comment = None;
+                }
+                _ => command.push(token.span),
+            }
+        } else if let Some((source, append, span)) = file_redirection.take() {
             match &token.contents {
                 TokenContents::PipePipe => {
                     error = error.or(Some(ParseError::ShellOrOr(token.span)));
@@ -189,6 +251,11 @@ pub fn lite_parse(tokens: &[Token]) -> (LiteBlock, Option<ParseError>) {
                         command.push(token.span)
                     }
                 }
+                TokenContents::AssignmentOperator => {
+                    error = error.or(Some(ParseError::Expected("redirection target", token.span)));
+                    command.push(span);
+                    command.push(token.span);
+                }
                 TokenContents::OutGreaterThan
                 | TokenContents::OutGreaterGreaterThan
                 | TokenContents::ErrGreaterThan
@@ -251,6 +318,15 @@ pub fn lite_parse(tokens: &[Token]) -> (LiteBlock, Option<ParseError>) {
                     }
                     command.push(token.span);
                 }
+                TokenContents::AssignmentOperator => {
+                    // When in assignment mode, we'll just consume pipes or redirections as part of
+                    // the command.
+                    is_assignment = true;
+                    if let Some(curr_comment) = curr_comment.take() {
+                        command.comments = curr_comment;
+                    }
+                    command.push(token.span);
+                }
                 TokenContents::OutGreaterThan => {
                     error = error.or(command.check_accepts_redirection(token.span));
                     file_redirection = Some((RedirectionSource::Stdout, false, token.span));
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_keywords.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_keywords.rs
index 4ac1d20699..b4506e7f7d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_keywords.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_keywords.rs
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ use crate::{
     lite_parser::{lite_parse, LiteCommand},
     parser::{
         check_call, garbage, garbage_pipeline, parse, parse_call, parse_expression,
-        parse_full_signature, parse_import_pattern, parse_internal_call, parse_multispan_value,
-        parse_string, parse_value, parse_var_with_opt_type, trim_quotes, ParsedInternalCall,
+        parse_full_signature, parse_import_pattern, parse_internal_call, parse_string, parse_value,
+        parse_var_with_opt_type, trim_quotes, ParsedInternalCall,
     },
     unescape_unquote_string, Token, TokenContents,
 };
@@ -169,11 +169,7 @@ pub fn parse_def_predecl(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) {
 
     // Now, pos should point at the next span after the def-like call.
     // Skip all potential flags, like --env, --wrapped or --help:
-    while pos < spans.len()
-        && working_set
-            .get_span_contents(spans[pos])
-            .starts_with(&[b'-'])
-    {
+    while pos < spans.len() && working_set.get_span_contents(spans[pos]).starts_with(b"-") {
         pos += 1;
     }
 
@@ -202,12 +198,8 @@ pub fn parse_def_predecl(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) {
     let mut signature_pos = None;
 
     while pos < spans.len() {
-        if working_set
-            .get_span_contents(spans[pos])
-            .starts_with(&[b'['])
-            || working_set
-                .get_span_contents(spans[pos])
-                .starts_with(&[b'('])
+        if working_set.get_span_contents(spans[pos]).starts_with(b"[")
+            || working_set.get_span_contents(spans[pos]).starts_with(b"(")
         {
             signature_pos = Some(pos);
             break;
@@ -308,21 +300,21 @@ pub fn parse_for(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, lite_command: &LiteCommand)
             }
 
             // Let's get our block and make sure it has the right signature
-            if let Some(arg) = call.positional_nth(2) {
-                match arg {
-                    Expression {
-                        expr: Expr::Block(block_id),
-                        ..
-                    }
-                    | Expression {
-                        expr: Expr::RowCondition(block_id),
-                        ..
-                    } => {
-                        let block = working_set.get_block_mut(*block_id);
+            if let Some(
+                Expression {
+                    expr: Expr::Block(block_id),
+                    ..
+                }
+                | Expression {
+                    expr: Expr::RowCondition(block_id),
+                    ..
+                },
+            ) = call.positional_nth(2)
+            {
+                {
+                    let block = working_set.get_block_mut(*block_id);
 
-                        block.signature = Box::new(sig);
-                    }
-                    _ => {}
+                    block.signature = Box::new(sig);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -424,7 +416,7 @@ pub fn parse_def(
             let mut decl_name_span = None;
 
             for span in rest_spans {
-                if !working_set.get_span_contents(*span).starts_with(&[b'-']) {
+                if !working_set.get_span_contents(*span).starts_with(b"-") {
                     decl_name_span = Some(*span);
                     break;
                 }
@@ -554,7 +546,7 @@ pub fn parse_def(
         for arg_name in &signature.optional_positional {
             verify_not_reserved_variable_name(working_set, &arg_name.name, sig.span);
         }
-        for arg_name in &signature.rest_positional {
+        if let Some(arg_name) = &signature.rest_positional {
             verify_not_reserved_variable_name(working_set, &arg_name.name, sig.span);
         }
         for flag_name in &signature.get_names() {
@@ -783,6 +775,16 @@ pub fn parse_extern(
                         working_set.get_block_mut(block_id).signature = signature;
                     }
                 } else {
+                    if signature.rest_positional.is_none() {
+                        // Make sure that a known external takes rest args with ExternalArgument
+                        // shape
+                        *signature = signature.rest(
+                            "args",
+                            SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument,
+                            "all other arguments to the command",
+                        );
+                    }
+
                     let decl = KnownExternal {
                         name: external_name,
                         usage,
@@ -3161,9 +3163,6 @@ pub fn parse_const(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) -> Pipelin
     // }
 
     if let Some(decl_id) = working_set.find_decl(b"const") {
-        let cmd = working_set.get_decl(decl_id);
-        let call_signature = cmd.signature().call_signature();
-
         if spans.len() >= 4 {
             // This is a bit of by-hand parsing to get around the issue where we want to parse in the reverse order
             // so that the var-id created by the variable isn't visible in the expression that init it
@@ -3171,18 +3170,29 @@ pub fn parse_const(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) -> Pipelin
                 let item = working_set.get_span_contents(*span.1);
                 // const x = 'f', = at least start from index 2
                 if item == b"=" && spans.len() > (span.0 + 1) && span.0 > 1 {
-                    let mut idx = span.0;
+                    // Parse the rvalue as a subexpression
+                    let rvalue_span = Span::concat(&spans[(span.0 + 1)..]);
 
-                    let rvalue = parse_multispan_value(
-                        working_set,
-                        spans,
-                        &mut idx,
-                        &SyntaxShape::Keyword(b"=".to_vec(), Box::new(SyntaxShape::MathExpression)),
+                    let (rvalue_tokens, rvalue_error) = lex(
+                        working_set.get_span_contents(rvalue_span),
+                        rvalue_span.start,
+                        &[],
+                        &[],
+                        false,
+                    );
+                    working_set.parse_errors.extend(rvalue_error);
+
+                    trace!("parsing: const right-hand side subexpression");
+                    let rvalue_block =
+                        parse_block(working_set, &rvalue_tokens, rvalue_span, false, true);
+                    let rvalue_ty = rvalue_block.output_type();
+                    let rvalue_block_id = working_set.add_block(Arc::new(rvalue_block));
+                    let rvalue = Expression::new(
+                        working_set,
+                        Expr::Subexpression(rvalue_block_id),
+                        rvalue_span,
+                        rvalue_ty,
                     );
-                    if idx < (spans.len() - 1) {
-                        working_set
-                            .error(ParseError::ExtraPositional(call_signature, spans[idx + 1]));
-                    }
 
                     let mut idx = 0;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_patterns.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_patterns.rs
index 73668b7d04..dc4a64ce37 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_patterns.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/parse_patterns.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub fn parse_pattern(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> MatchPatt
         let value = parse_value(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Any);
 
         MatchPattern {
-            pattern: Pattern::Value(value),
+            pattern: Pattern::Value(Box::new(value)),
             guard: None,
             span,
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/parser.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/parser.rs
index b274d77404..8332d2f383 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/parser.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/parser.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    lex::{lex, lex_signature},
+    lex::{is_assignment_operator, lex, lex_signature},
     lite_parser::{lite_parse, LiteCommand, LitePipeline, LiteRedirection, LiteRedirectionTarget},
     parse_keywords::*,
     parse_patterns::parse_pattern,
@@ -221,6 +221,22 @@ pub(crate) fn check_call(
     }
 }
 
+/// Parses an unknown argument for the given signature. This handles the parsing as appropriate to
+/// the rest type of the command.
+fn parse_unknown_arg(
+    working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet,
+    span: Span,
+    signature: &Signature,
+) -> Expression {
+    let shape = signature
+        .rest_positional
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|arg| arg.shape.clone())
+        .unwrap_or(SyntaxShape::Any);
+
+    parse_value(working_set, span, &shape)
+}
+
 /// Parses a string in the arg or head position of an external call.
 ///
 /// If the string begins with `r#`, it is parsed as a raw string. If it doesn't contain any quotes
@@ -427,11 +443,7 @@ fn parse_external_string(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expre
 fn parse_external_arg(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> ExternalArgument {
     let contents = working_set.get_span_contents(span);
 
-    if contents.starts_with(b"$") || contents.starts_with(b"(") {
-        ExternalArgument::Regular(parse_dollar_expr(working_set, span))
-    } else if contents.starts_with(b"[") {
-        ExternalArgument::Regular(parse_list_expression(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Any))
-    } else if contents.len() > 3
+    if contents.len() > 3
         && contents.starts_with(b"...")
         && (contents[3] == b'$' || contents[3] == b'[' || contents[3] == b'(')
     {
@@ -441,7 +453,19 @@ fn parse_external_arg(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> External
             &SyntaxShape::List(Box::new(SyntaxShape::Any)),
         ))
     } else {
-        ExternalArgument::Regular(parse_external_string(working_set, span))
+        ExternalArgument::Regular(parse_regular_external_arg(working_set, span))
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_regular_external_arg(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expression {
+    let contents = working_set.get_span_contents(span);
+
+    if contents.starts_with(b"$") || contents.starts_with(b"(") {
+        parse_dollar_expr(working_set, span)
+    } else if contents.starts_with(b"[") {
+        parse_list_expression(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Any)
+    } else {
+        parse_external_string(working_set, span)
     }
 }
 
@@ -998,7 +1022,7 @@ pub fn parse_internal_call(
                 && signature.allows_unknown_args
             {
                 working_set.parse_errors.truncate(starting_error_count);
-                let arg = parse_value(working_set, arg_span, &SyntaxShape::Any);
+                let arg = parse_unknown_arg(working_set, arg_span, &signature);
 
                 call.add_unknown(arg);
             } else {
@@ -1040,7 +1064,7 @@ pub fn parse_internal_call(
                 && signature.allows_unknown_args
             {
                 working_set.parse_errors.truncate(starting_error_count);
-                let arg = parse_value(working_set, arg_span, &SyntaxShape::Any);
+                let arg = parse_unknown_arg(working_set, arg_span, &signature);
 
                 call.add_unknown(arg);
             } else {
@@ -1135,6 +1159,10 @@ pub fn parse_internal_call(
                     call.add_positional(Expression::garbage(working_set, arg_span));
                 } else {
                     let rest_shape = match &signature.rest_positional {
+                        Some(arg) if matches!(arg.shape, SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument) => {
+                            // External args aren't parsed inside lists in spread position.
+                            SyntaxShape::Any
+                        }
                         Some(arg) => arg.shape.clone(),
                         None => SyntaxShape::Any,
                     };
@@ -1196,7 +1224,7 @@ pub fn parse_internal_call(
             call.add_positional(arg);
             positional_idx += 1;
         } else if signature.allows_unknown_args {
-            let arg = parse_value(working_set, arg_span, &SyntaxShape::Any);
+            let arg = parse_unknown_arg(working_set, arg_span, &signature);
 
             call.add_unknown(arg);
         } else {
@@ -1430,7 +1458,8 @@ fn parse_binary_with_base(
                     | TokenContents::ErrGreaterThan
                     | TokenContents::ErrGreaterGreaterThan
                     | TokenContents::OutErrGreaterThan
-                    | TokenContents::OutErrGreaterGreaterThan => {
+                    | TokenContents::OutErrGreaterGreaterThan
+                    | TokenContents::AssignmentOperator => {
                         working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("binary", span));
                         return garbage(working_set, span);
                     }
@@ -3302,6 +3331,8 @@ pub fn parse_row_condition(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) ->
                 default_value: None,
             });
 
+            compile_block(working_set, &mut block);
+
             working_set.add_block(Arc::new(block))
         }
     };
@@ -3379,7 +3410,7 @@ pub fn parse_signature_helper(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) ->
     for token in &output {
         match token {
             Token {
-                contents: crate::TokenContents::Item,
+                contents: crate::TokenContents::Item | crate::TokenContents::AssignmentOperator,
                 span,
             } => {
                 let span = *span;
@@ -4445,7 +4476,7 @@ pub fn parse_match_block_expression(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Spa
                 &SyntaxShape::MathExpression,
             );
 
-            pattern.guard = Some(guard);
+            pattern.guard = Some(Box::new(guard));
             position += if found { start + 1 } else { start };
             connector = working_set.get_span_contents(output[position].span);
         }
@@ -4668,7 +4699,8 @@ pub fn parse_value(
             | SyntaxShape::Signature
             | SyntaxShape::Filepath
             | SyntaxShape::String
-            | SyntaxShape::GlobPattern => {}
+            | SyntaxShape::GlobPattern
+            | SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument => {}
             _ => {
                 working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("non-[] value", span));
                 return Expression::garbage(working_set, span);
@@ -4745,6 +4777,8 @@ pub fn parse_value(
             Expression::garbage(working_set, span)
         }
 
+        SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument => parse_regular_external_arg(working_set, span),
+
         SyntaxShape::Any => {
             if bytes.starts_with(b"[") {
                 //parse_value(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Table)
@@ -4796,7 +4830,7 @@ pub fn parse_value(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_operator(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expression {
+pub fn parse_assignment_operator(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expression {
     let contents = working_set.get_span_contents(span);
 
     let operator = match contents {
@@ -4806,6 +4840,95 @@ pub fn parse_operator(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expressi
         b"-=" => Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MinusAssign),
         b"*=" => Operator::Assignment(Assignment::MultiplyAssign),
         b"/=" => Operator::Assignment(Assignment::DivideAssign),
+        _ => {
+            working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("assignment operator", span));
+            return garbage(working_set, span);
+        }
+    };
+
+    Expression::new(working_set, Expr::Operator(operator), span, Type::Any)
+}
+
+pub fn parse_assignment_expression(
+    working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet,
+    spans: &[Span],
+) -> Expression {
+    trace!("parsing: assignment expression");
+    let expr_span = Span::concat(spans);
+
+    // Assignment always has the most precedence, and its right-hand side can be a pipeline
+    let Some(op_index) = spans
+        .iter()
+        .position(|span| is_assignment_operator(working_set.get_span_contents(*span)))
+    else {
+        working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("assignment expression", expr_span));
+        return garbage(working_set, expr_span);
+    };
+
+    let lhs_spans = &spans[0..op_index];
+    let op_span = spans[op_index];
+    let rhs_spans = &spans[(op_index + 1)..];
+
+    if lhs_spans.is_empty() {
+        working_set.error(ParseError::Expected(
+            "left hand side of assignment",
+            op_span,
+        ));
+        return garbage(working_set, expr_span);
+    }
+
+    if rhs_spans.is_empty() {
+        working_set.error(ParseError::Expected(
+            "right hand side of assignment",
+            op_span,
+        ));
+        return garbage(working_set, expr_span);
+    }
+
+    // Parse the lhs and operator as usual for a math expression
+    let mut lhs = parse_expression(working_set, lhs_spans);
+    let mut operator = parse_assignment_operator(working_set, op_span);
+
+    // Re-parse the right-hand side as a subexpression
+    let rhs_span = Span::concat(rhs_spans);
+
+    let (rhs_tokens, rhs_error) = lex(
+        working_set.get_span_contents(rhs_span),
+        rhs_span.start,
+        &[],
+        &[],
+        true,
+    );
+    working_set.parse_errors.extend(rhs_error);
+
+    trace!("parsing: assignment right-hand side subexpression");
+    let rhs_block = parse_block(working_set, &rhs_tokens, rhs_span, false, true);
+    let rhs_ty = rhs_block.output_type();
+    let rhs_block_id = working_set.add_block(Arc::new(rhs_block));
+    let mut rhs = Expression::new(
+        working_set,
+        Expr::Subexpression(rhs_block_id),
+        rhs_span,
+        rhs_ty,
+    );
+
+    let (result_ty, err) = math_result_type(working_set, &mut lhs, &mut operator, &mut rhs);
+    if let Some(err) = err {
+        working_set.parse_errors.push(err);
+    }
+
+    Expression::new(
+        working_set,
+        Expr::BinaryOp(Box::new(lhs), Box::new(operator), Box::new(rhs)),
+        expr_span,
+        result_ty,
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn parse_operator(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expression {
+    let contents = working_set.get_span_contents(span);
+
+    let operator = match contents {
         b"==" => Operator::Comparison(Comparison::Equal),
         b"!=" => Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual),
         b"<" => Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan),
@@ -4921,6 +5044,10 @@ pub fn parse_operator(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expressi
             ));
             return garbage(working_set, span);
         }
+        op if is_assignment_operator(op) => {
+            working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("a non-assignment operator", span));
+            return garbage(working_set, span);
+        }
         _ => {
             working_set.error(ParseError::Expected("operator", span));
             return garbage(working_set, span);
@@ -4950,7 +5077,7 @@ pub fn parse_math_expression(
     let mut expr_stack: Vec<Expression> = vec![];
 
     let mut idx = 0;
-    let mut last_prec = 1000000;
+    let mut last_prec = u8::MAX;
 
     let first_span = working_set.get_span_contents(spans[0]);
 
@@ -5225,7 +5352,12 @@ pub fn parse_expression(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) -> Ex
         return garbage(working_set, Span::concat(spans));
     }
 
-    let output = if is_math_expression_like(working_set, spans[pos]) {
+    let output = if spans[pos..]
+        .iter()
+        .any(|span| is_assignment_operator(working_set.get_span_contents(*span)))
+    {
+        parse_assignment_expression(working_set, &spans[pos..])
+    } else if is_math_expression_like(working_set, spans[pos]) {
         parse_math_expression(working_set, &spans[pos..], None)
     } else {
         let bytes = working_set.get_span_contents(spans[pos]).to_vec();
@@ -5297,6 +5429,9 @@ pub fn parse_expression(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, spans: &[Span]) -> Ex
             let mut block = Block::default();
             let ty = output.ty.clone();
             block.pipelines = vec![Pipeline::from_vec(vec![output])];
+            block.span = Some(Span::concat(spans));
+
+            compile_block(working_set, &mut block);
 
             let block_id = working_set.add_block(Arc::new(block));
 
@@ -5389,9 +5524,19 @@ pub fn parse_builtin_commands(
     match name {
         b"def" => parse_def(working_set, lite_command, None).0,
         b"extern" => parse_extern(working_set, lite_command, None),
-        b"let" => parse_let(working_set, &lite_command.parts),
+        b"let" => parse_let(
+            working_set,
+            &lite_command
+                .parts_including_redirection()
+                .collect::<Vec<Span>>(),
+        ),
         b"const" => parse_const(working_set, &lite_command.parts),
-        b"mut" => parse_mut(working_set, &lite_command.parts),
+        b"mut" => parse_mut(
+            working_set,
+            &lite_command
+                .parts_including_redirection()
+                .collect::<Vec<Span>>(),
+        ),
         b"for" => {
             let expr = parse_for(working_set, lite_command);
             Pipeline::from_vec(vec![expr])
@@ -5643,169 +5788,28 @@ pub(crate) fn redirecting_builtin_error(
     }
 }
 
-pub fn parse_pipeline(
-    working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet,
-    pipeline: &LitePipeline,
-    is_subexpression: bool,
-    pipeline_index: usize,
-) -> Pipeline {
+pub fn parse_pipeline(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, pipeline: &LitePipeline) -> Pipeline {
     if pipeline.commands.len() > 1 {
-        // Special case: allow `let` and `mut` to consume the whole pipeline, eg) `let abc = "foo" | str length`
-        if let Some(&first) = pipeline.commands[0].parts.first() {
-            let first = working_set.get_span_contents(first);
-            if first == b"let" || first == b"mut" {
-                let name = if first == b"let" { "let" } else { "mut" };
-                let mut new_command = LiteCommand {
-                    comments: vec![],
-                    parts: pipeline.commands[0].parts.clone(),
-                    pipe: None,
-                    redirection: None,
-                };
-
-                if let Some(redirection) = pipeline.commands[0].redirection.as_ref() {
-                    working_set.error(redirecting_builtin_error(name, redirection));
-                }
-
-                for element in &pipeline.commands[1..] {
-                    if let Some(redirection) = pipeline.commands[0].redirection.as_ref() {
-                        working_set.error(redirecting_builtin_error(name, redirection));
-                    } else {
-                        new_command.parts.push(element.pipe.expect("pipe span"));
-                        new_command.comments.extend_from_slice(&element.comments);
-                        new_command.parts.extend_from_slice(&element.parts);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // if the 'let' is complete enough, use it, if not, fall through for now
-                if new_command.parts.len() > 3 {
-                    let rhs_span = Span::concat(&new_command.parts[3..]);
-
-                    new_command.parts.truncate(3);
-                    new_command.parts.push(rhs_span);
-
-                    let mut pipeline = parse_builtin_commands(working_set, &new_command);
-
-                    if pipeline_index == 0 {
-                        let let_decl_id = working_set.find_decl(b"let");
-                        let mut_decl_id = working_set.find_decl(b"mut");
-                        for element in pipeline.elements.iter_mut() {
-                            if let Expr::Call(call) = &element.expr.expr {
-                                if Some(call.decl_id) == let_decl_id
-                                    || Some(call.decl_id) == mut_decl_id
-                                {
-                                    // Do an expansion
-                                    if let Some(Expression {
-                                        expr: Expr::Block(block_id),
-                                        ..
-                                    }) = call.positional_iter().nth(1)
-                                    {
-                                        let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
-
-                                        if let Some(element) = block
-                                            .pipelines
-                                            .first()
-                                            .and_then(|p| p.elements.first())
-                                            .cloned()
-                                        {
-                                            if element.has_in_variable(working_set) {
-                                                let element = wrap_element_with_collect(
-                                                    working_set,
-                                                    &element,
-                                                );
-                                                let block = working_set.get_block_mut(*block_id);
-                                                block.pipelines[0].elements[0] = element;
-                                            }
-                                        }
-                                    }
-                                    continue;
-                                } else if element.has_in_variable(working_set) && !is_subexpression
-                                {
-                                    *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
-                                }
-                            } else if element.has_in_variable(working_set) && !is_subexpression {
-                                *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    return pipeline;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut elements = pipeline
+        // Parse a normal multi command pipeline
+        let elements: Vec<_> = pipeline
             .commands
             .iter()
-            .map(|element| parse_pipeline_element(working_set, element))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        if is_subexpression {
-            for element in elements.iter_mut().skip(1) {
-                if element.has_in_variable(working_set) {
-                    *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(index, element)| {
+                let element = parse_pipeline_element(working_set, element);
+                // Handle $in for pipeline elements beyond the first one
+                if index > 0 && element.has_in_variable(working_set) {
+                    wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element.clone())
+                } else {
+                    element
                 }
-            }
-        } else {
-            for element in elements.iter_mut() {
-                if element.has_in_variable(working_set) {
-                    *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
-                }
-            }
-        }
+            })
+            .collect();
 
         Pipeline { elements }
     } else {
-        if let Some(&first) = pipeline.commands[0].parts.first() {
-            let first = working_set.get_span_contents(first);
-            if first == b"let" || first == b"mut" {
-                if let Some(redirection) = pipeline.commands[0].redirection.as_ref() {
-                    let name = if first == b"let" { "let" } else { "mut" };
-                    working_set.error(redirecting_builtin_error(name, redirection));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut pipeline = parse_builtin_commands(working_set, &pipeline.commands[0]);
-
-        let let_decl_id = working_set.find_decl(b"let");
-        let mut_decl_id = working_set.find_decl(b"mut");
-
-        if pipeline_index == 0 {
-            for element in pipeline.elements.iter_mut() {
-                if let Expr::Call(call) = &element.expr.expr {
-                    if Some(call.decl_id) == let_decl_id || Some(call.decl_id) == mut_decl_id {
-                        // Do an expansion
-                        if let Some(Expression {
-                            expr: Expr::Block(block_id),
-                            ..
-                        }) = call.positional_iter().nth(1)
-                        {
-                            let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
-
-                            if let Some(element) = block
-                                .pipelines
-                                .first()
-                                .and_then(|p| p.elements.first())
-                                .cloned()
-                            {
-                                if element.has_in_variable(working_set) {
-                                    let element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, &element);
-                                    let block = working_set.get_block_mut(*block_id);
-                                    block.pipelines[0].elements[0] = element;
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        continue;
-                    } else if element.has_in_variable(working_set) && !is_subexpression {
-                        *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
-                    }
-                } else if element.has_in_variable(working_set) && !is_subexpression {
-                    *element = wrap_element_with_collect(working_set, element);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        pipeline
+        // If there's only one command in the pipeline, this could be a builtin command
+        parse_builtin_commands(working_set, &pipeline.commands[0])
     }
 }
 
@@ -5836,26 +5840,69 @@ pub fn parse_block(
     }
 
     let mut block = Block::new_with_capacity(lite_block.block.len());
+    block.span = Some(span);
 
-    for (idx, lite_pipeline) in lite_block.block.iter().enumerate() {
-        let pipeline = parse_pipeline(working_set, lite_pipeline, is_subexpression, idx);
+    for lite_pipeline in &lite_block.block {
+        let pipeline = parse_pipeline(working_set, lite_pipeline);
         block.pipelines.push(pipeline);
     }
 
+    // If this is not a subexpression and there are any pipelines where the first element has $in,
+    // we can wrap the whole block in collect so that they all reference the same $in
+    if !is_subexpression
+        && block
+            .pipelines
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|pipeline| pipeline.elements.first())
+            .any(|element| element.has_in_variable(working_set))
+    {
+        // Move the block out to prepare it to become a subexpression
+        let inner_block = std::mem::take(&mut block);
+        block.span = inner_block.span;
+        let ty = inner_block.output_type();
+        let block_id = working_set.add_block(Arc::new(inner_block));
+
+        // Now wrap it in a Collect expression, and put it in the block as the only pipeline
+        let subexpression = Expression::new(working_set, Expr::Subexpression(block_id), span, ty);
+        let collect = wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set, subexpression);
+
+        block.pipelines.push(Pipeline {
+            elements: vec![PipelineElement {
+                pipe: None,
+                expr: collect,
+                redirection: None,
+            }],
+        });
+    }
+
     if scoped {
         working_set.exit_scope();
     }
 
-    block.span = Some(span);
-
     let errors = type_check::check_block_input_output(working_set, &block);
     if !errors.is_empty() {
         working_set.parse_errors.extend_from_slice(&errors);
     }
 
+    // Do not try to compile blocks that are subexpressions, or when we've already had a parse
+    // failure as that definitely will fail to compile
+    if !is_subexpression && working_set.parse_errors.is_empty() {
+        compile_block(working_set, &mut block);
+    }
+
     block
 }
 
+/// Compile an IR block for the `Block`, adding a compile error on failure
+fn compile_block(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet<'_>, block: &mut Block) {
+    match nu_engine::compile(working_set, block) {
+        Ok(ir_block) => {
+            block.ir_block = Some(ir_block);
+        }
+        Err(err) => working_set.compile_errors.push(err),
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn discover_captures_in_closure(
     working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     block: &Block,
@@ -5879,7 +5926,7 @@ pub fn discover_captures_in_closure(
             seen.push(var_id);
         }
     }
-    for positional in &block.signature.rest_positional {
+    if let Some(positional) = &block.signature.rest_positional {
         if let Some(var_id) = positional.var_id {
             seen.push(var_id);
         }
@@ -6200,6 +6247,10 @@ pub fn discover_captures_in_expr(
                 discover_captures_in_expr(working_set, &match_.1, seen, seen_blocks, output)?;
             }
         }
+        Expr::Collect(var_id, expr) => {
+            seen.push(*var_id);
+            discover_captures_in_expr(working_set, expr, seen, seen_blocks, output)?
+        }
         Expr::RowCondition(block_id) | Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
             let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
 
@@ -6250,28 +6301,28 @@ pub fn discover_captures_in_expr(
 
 fn wrap_redirection_with_collect(
     working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet,
-    target: &RedirectionTarget,
+    target: RedirectionTarget,
 ) -> RedirectionTarget {
     match target {
         RedirectionTarget::File { expr, append, span } => RedirectionTarget::File {
             expr: wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set, expr),
-            span: *span,
-            append: *append,
+            span,
+            append,
         },
-        RedirectionTarget::Pipe { span } => RedirectionTarget::Pipe { span: *span },
+        RedirectionTarget::Pipe { span } => RedirectionTarget::Pipe { span },
     }
 }
 
 fn wrap_element_with_collect(
     working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet,
-    element: &PipelineElement,
+    element: PipelineElement,
 ) -> PipelineElement {
     PipelineElement {
         pipe: element.pipe,
-        expr: wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set, &element.expr),
-        redirection: element.redirection.as_ref().map(|r| match r {
+        expr: wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set, element.expr),
+        redirection: element.redirection.map(|r| match r {
             PipelineRedirection::Single { source, target } => PipelineRedirection::Single {
-                source: *source,
+                source,
                 target: wrap_redirection_with_collect(working_set, target),
             },
             PipelineRedirection::Separate { out, err } => PipelineRedirection::Separate {
@@ -6282,63 +6333,24 @@ fn wrap_element_with_collect(
     }
 }
 
-fn wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, expr: &Expression) -> Expression {
+fn wrap_expr_with_collect(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, expr: Expression) -> Expression {
     let span = expr.span;
 
-    if let Some(decl_id) = working_set.find_decl(b"collect") {
-        let mut output = vec![];
+    // IN_VARIABLE_ID should get replaced with a unique variable, so that we don't have to
+    // execute as a closure
+    let var_id = working_set.add_variable(b"$in".into(), expr.span, Type::Any, false);
+    let mut expr = expr.clone();
+    expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, var_id);
 
-        let var_id = IN_VARIABLE_ID;
-        let mut signature = Signature::new("");
-        signature.required_positional.push(PositionalArg {
-            var_id: Some(var_id),
-            name: "$in".into(),
-            desc: String::new(),
-            shape: SyntaxShape::Any,
-            default_value: None,
-        });
-
-        let block = Block {
-            pipelines: vec![Pipeline::from_vec(vec![expr.clone()])],
-            signature: Box::new(signature),
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-
-        let block_id = working_set.add_block(Arc::new(block));
-
-        output.push(Argument::Positional(Expression::new(
-            working_set,
-            Expr::Closure(block_id),
-            span,
-            Type::Any,
-        )));
-
-        output.push(Argument::Named((
-            Spanned {
-                item: "keep-env".to_string(),
-                span: Span::new(0, 0),
-            },
-            None,
-            None,
-        )));
-
-        // The containing, synthetic call to `collect`.
-        // We don't want to have a real span as it will confuse flattening
-        // The args are where we'll get the real info
-        Expression::new(
-            working_set,
-            Expr::Call(Box::new(Call {
-                head: Span::new(0, 0),
-                arguments: output,
-                decl_id,
-                parser_info: HashMap::new(),
-            })),
-            span,
-            Type::Any,
-        )
-    } else {
-        Expression::garbage(working_set, span)
-    }
+    // Bind the custom `$in` variable for that particular expression
+    let ty = expr.ty.clone();
+    Expression::new(
+        working_set,
+        Expr::Collect(var_id, Box::new(expr)),
+        span,
+        // We can expect it to have the same result type
+        ty,
+    )
 }
 
 // Parses a vector of u8 to create an AST Block. If a file name is given, then
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/src/type_check.rs b/crates/nu-parser/src/type_check.rs
index 6999a0469b..6cfe8f64b3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/src/type_check.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/src/type_check.rs
@@ -1055,7 +1055,11 @@ pub fn check_block_input_output(working_set: &StateWorkingSet, block: &Block) ->
                     .span
             };
 
-            output_errors.push(ParseError::OutputMismatch(output_type.clone(), span))
+            output_errors.push(ParseError::OutputMismatch(
+                output_type.clone(),
+                current_output_type.clone(),
+                span,
+            ))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-parser/tests/test_parser.rs b/crates/nu-parser/tests/test_parser.rs
index 0784fe69d4..44cd79a04a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-parser/tests/test_parser.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-parser/tests/test_parser.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use nu_parser::*;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Argument, Call, Expr, Expression, ExternalArgument, PathMember, Range},
-    engine::{Command, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
+    ast::{Argument, Expr, Expression, ExternalArgument, PathMember, Range},
+    engine::{Call, Command, EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     ParseError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature, Span, SyntaxShape, Type,
 };
 use rstest::rstest;
@@ -41,6 +41,41 @@ impl Command for Let {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Mut;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+impl Command for Mut {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "mut"
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Mock mut command."
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> nu_protocol::Signature {
+        Signature::build("mut")
+            .required("var_name", SyntaxShape::VarWithOptType, "variable name")
+            .required(
+                "initial_value",
+                SyntaxShape::Keyword(b"=".to_vec(), Box::new(SyntaxShape::MathExpression)),
+                "equals sign followed by value",
+            )
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        _stack: &mut Stack,
+        _call: &Call,
+        _input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
 fn test_int(
     test_tag: &str,     // name of sub-test
     test: &[u8],        // input expression
@@ -1142,18 +1177,36 @@ fn test_nothing_comparison_eq() {
 #[rstest]
 #[case(b"let a = 1 err> /dev/null")]
 #[case(b"let a = 1 out> /dev/null")]
+#[case(b"let a = 1 out+err> /dev/null")]
 #[case(b"mut a = 1 err> /dev/null")]
 #[case(b"mut a = 1 out> /dev/null")]
-#[case(b"let a = 1 out+err> /dev/null")]
 #[case(b"mut a = 1 out+err> /dev/null")]
 fn test_redirection_with_letmut(#[case] phase: &[u8]) {
     let engine_state = EngineState::new();
     let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
-    let _block = parse(&mut working_set, None, phase, true);
-    assert!(matches!(
-        working_set.parse_errors.first(),
-        Some(ParseError::RedirectingBuiltinCommand(_, _, _))
-    ));
+    working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Let));
+    working_set.add_decl(Box::new(Mut));
+
+    let block = parse(&mut working_set, None, phase, true);
+    assert!(
+        working_set.parse_errors.is_empty(),
+        "parse errors: {:?}",
+        working_set.parse_errors
+    );
+    assert_eq!(1, block.pipelines[0].elements.len());
+
+    let element = &block.pipelines[0].elements[0];
+    assert!(element.redirection.is_none()); // it should be in the let block, not here
+
+    if let Expr::Call(call) = &element.expr.expr {
+        let arg = call.positional_nth(1).expect("no positional args");
+        let block_id = arg.as_block().expect("arg 1 is not a block");
+        let block = working_set.get_block(block_id);
+        let inner_element = &block.pipelines[0].elements[0];
+        assert!(inner_element.redirection.is_some());
+    } else {
+        panic!("expected Call: {:?}", block.pipelines[0].elements[0])
+    }
 }
 
 #[rstest]
@@ -1759,10 +1812,7 @@ mod range {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod input_types {
     use super::*;
-    use nu_protocol::{
-        ast::{Argument, Call},
-        Category, PipelineData, ShellError, Type,
-    };
+    use nu_protocol::{ast::Argument, engine::Call, Category, PipelineData, ShellError, Type};
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     pub struct LsTest;
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-path/Cargo.toml
index dc2f870a9d..c1e368aa7e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-path/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-path"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-path"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 exclude = ["/fuzz"]
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-dirs-next = { workspace = true }
+dirs = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 omnipath = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/dots.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/dots.rs
index 53330eec1d..6f46bb09c3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/dots.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/dots.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-use super::helpers;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use omnipath::WinPathExt;
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 
 /// Normalize the path, expanding occurrences of n-dots.
@@ -63,7 +64,18 @@ pub fn expand_dots(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> PathBuf {
         }
     }
 
-    helpers::simiplified(&result)
+    simiplified(&result)
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn simiplified(path: &std::path::Path) -> PathBuf {
+    path.to_winuser_path()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| path.to_path_buf())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn simiplified(path: &std::path::Path) -> PathBuf {
+    path.to_path_buf()
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/expansions.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/expansions.rs
index 8e99b84092..44e2d12503 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/expansions.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/expansions.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+#[cfg(windows)]
+use omnipath::WinPathExt;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 use super::dots::{expand_dots, expand_ndots};
-use super::helpers;
 use super::tilde::expand_tilde;
 
 // Join a path relative to another path. Paths starting with tilde are considered as absolute.
@@ -30,8 +31,17 @@ where
 fn canonicalize(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
     let path = expand_tilde(path);
     let path = expand_ndots(path);
+    canonicalize_path(&path)
+}
 
-    helpers::canonicalize(&path)
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn canonicalize_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    path.canonicalize()?.to_winuser_path()
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn canonicalize_path(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
+    path.canonicalize()
 }
 
 /// Resolve all symbolic links and all components (tilde, ., .., ...+) and return the path in its
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/form.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/form.rs
index 4266905a20..edec72c08c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/form.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/form.rs
@@ -75,9 +75,6 @@ impl private::Sealed for Canonical {
 
 /// A marker trait for [`PathForm`]s that may be relative paths.
 /// This includes only the [`Any`] and [`Relative`] path forms.
-///
-/// [`push`](crate::PathBuf::push) and [`join`](crate::Path::join)
-/// operations only support [`MaybeRelative`] path forms as input.
 pub trait MaybeRelative: PathForm {}
 impl MaybeRelative for Any {}
 impl MaybeRelative for Relative {}
@@ -149,13 +146,13 @@ impl PathSet for Any {}
 impl PathSet for Relative {}
 impl PathSet for Absolute {}
 
-/// A marker trait for [`PathForm`]s that support pushing [`MaybeRelative`] paths.
+/// A marker trait for [`PathForm`]s that support pushing paths.
 ///
 /// This includes only [`Any`] and [`Absolute`] path forms.
 /// Pushing onto a [`Relative`] path could cause it to become [`Absolute`],
 /// which is why they do not support pushing.
 /// In the future, a `push_rel` and/or a `try_push` method could be added as an alternative.
-/// Similarly, [`Canonical`] paths may become uncanonical if a non-canonical path is pushed onto it.
+/// Similarly, [`Canonical`] paths may become uncanonical if a path is pushed onto it.
 pub trait PathPush: PathSet {}
 impl PathPush for Any {}
 impl PathPush for Absolute {}
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/helpers.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/helpers.rs
index 5b389410e4..b36d59971e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/helpers.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/helpers.rs
@@ -1,59 +1,32 @@
-#[cfg(windows)]
-use omnipath::WinPathExt;
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use crate::AbsolutePathBuf;
 
-pub fn home_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    dirs_next::home_dir()
+pub fn home_dir() -> Option<AbsolutePathBuf> {
+    dirs::home_dir().and_then(|home| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(home).ok())
 }
 
 /// Return the data directory for the current platform or XDG_DATA_HOME if specified.
-pub fn data_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    match std::env::var("XDG_DATA_HOME").map(PathBuf::from) {
-        Ok(xdg_data) if xdg_data.is_absolute() => Some(canonicalize(&xdg_data).unwrap_or(xdg_data)),
-        _ => get_canonicalized_path(dirs_next::data_dir()),
-    }
+pub fn data_dir() -> Option<AbsolutePathBuf> {
+    std::env::var("XDG_DATA_HOME")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok())
+        .or_else(|| dirs::data_dir().and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok()))
+        .map(|path| path.canonicalize().map(Into::into).unwrap_or(path))
 }
 
 /// Return the cache directory for the current platform or XDG_CACHE_HOME if specified.
-pub fn cache_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    match std::env::var("XDG_CACHE_HOME").map(PathBuf::from) {
-        Ok(xdg_cache) if xdg_cache.is_absolute() => {
-            Some(canonicalize(&xdg_cache).unwrap_or(xdg_cache))
-        }
-        _ => get_canonicalized_path(dirs_next::cache_dir()),
-    }
+pub fn cache_dir() -> Option<AbsolutePathBuf> {
+    std::env::var("XDG_CACHE_HOME")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok())
+        .or_else(|| dirs::cache_dir().and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok()))
+        .map(|path| path.canonicalize().map(Into::into).unwrap_or(path))
 }
 
 /// Return the config directory for the current platform or XDG_CONFIG_HOME if specified.
-pub fn config_dir() -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    match std::env::var("XDG_CONFIG_HOME").map(PathBuf::from) {
-        Ok(xdg_config) if xdg_config.is_absolute() => {
-            Some(canonicalize(&xdg_config).unwrap_or(xdg_config))
-        }
-        _ => get_canonicalized_path(dirs_next::config_dir()),
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn get_canonicalized_path(path: Option<PathBuf>) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    let path = path?;
-    Some(canonicalize(&path).unwrap_or(path))
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-pub fn canonicalize(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    path.canonicalize()?.to_winuser_path()
-}
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
-pub fn canonicalize(path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    path.canonicalize()
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-pub fn simiplified(path: &std::path::Path) -> PathBuf {
-    path.to_winuser_path()
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| path.to_path_buf())
-}
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
-pub fn simiplified(path: &std::path::Path) -> PathBuf {
-    path.to_path_buf()
+pub fn config_dir() -> Option<AbsolutePathBuf> {
+    std::env::var("XDG_CONFIG_HOME")
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok())
+        .or_else(|| dirs::config_dir().and_then(|path| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).ok()))
+        .map(|path| path.canonicalize().map(Into::into).unwrap_or(path))
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/lib.rs
index 8553495439..524a6aed4e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod assert_path_eq;
 mod components;
 pub mod dots;
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ mod trailing_slash;
 
 pub use components::components;
 pub use expansions::{canonicalize_with, expand_path_with, expand_to_real_path, locate_in_dirs};
-pub use helpers::{cache_dir, config_dir, data_dir, get_canonicalized_path, home_dir};
+pub use helpers::{cache_dir, config_dir, data_dir, home_dir};
 pub use path::*;
 pub use tilde::expand_tilde;
 pub use trailing_slash::{has_trailing_slash, strip_trailing_slash};
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/path.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/path.rs
index 916fffdf72..9d7b64af27 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/path.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/path.rs
@@ -660,10 +660,10 @@ impl Path {
     /// the current directory.
     ///
     /// * On Unix, a path is absolute if it starts with the root,
-    /// so [`is_absolute`](Path::is_absolute) and [`has_root`](Path::has_root) are equivalent.
+    ///   so [`is_absolute`](Path::is_absolute) and [`has_root`](Path::has_root) are equivalent.
     ///
     /// * On Windows, a path is absolute if it has a prefix and starts with the root:
-    /// `c:\windows` is absolute, while `c:temp` and `\temp` are not.
+    ///   `c:\windows` is absolute, while `c:temp` and `\temp` are not.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
diff --git a/crates/nu-path/src/tilde.rs b/crates/nu-path/src/tilde.rs
index 60cc7d11eb..ac48bdfc3f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-path/src/tilde.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-path/src/tilde.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn user_home_dir(username: &str) -> PathBuf {
 fn user_home_dir(username: &str) -> PathBuf {
     use std::path::Component;
 
-    match dirs_next::home_dir() {
+    match dirs::home_dir() {
         None => {
             // Termux always has the same home directory
             #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ fn expand_tilde_with_another_user_home(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
     return match path.to_str() {
         Some(file_path) => {
             let mut file = file_path.to_string();
-            match file_path.find(|c| c == '/' || c == '\\') {
+            match file_path.find(['/', '\\']) {
                 None => {
                     file.remove(0);
                     user_home_dir(&file)
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ fn expand_tilde_with_another_user_home(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
 /// Expand tilde ("~") into a home directory if it is the first path component
 pub fn expand_tilde(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> PathBuf {
     // TODO: Extend this to work with "~user" style of home paths
-    expand_tilde_with_home(path, dirs_next::home_dir())
+    expand_tilde_with_home(path, dirs::home_dir())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-plugin-core/Cargo.toml
index 48aee13276..0bdafbbdf5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-plugin-core
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-plugin-core"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.95.1", default-features = false }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.96.2", default-features = false }
 
 rmp-serde = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/communication_mode/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/communication_mode/mod.rs
index 1eb72d6ac8..576cfe866c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/communication_mode/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/communication_mode/mod.rs
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ impl CommunicationMode {
 
 /// The result of [`CommunicationMode::serve()`], which acts as an intermediate stage for
 /// communication modes that require some kind of socket binding to occur before the client process
-/// can be started. Call [`.connect()`] once the client process has been started.
+/// can be started. Call [`.connect()`](Self::connect) once the client process has been started.
 ///
 /// The socket may be cleaned up on `Drop` if applicable.
 pub enum PreparedServerCommunication {
-    /// Will take stdin and stdout from the process on [`.connect()`].
+    /// Will take stdin and stdout from the process on [`.connect()`](Self::connect).
     Stdio,
     /// Contains the listener to accept connections on. On Unix, the socket is unlinked on `Drop`.
     #[cfg(feature = "local-socket")]
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/mod.rs
index 4f287f39c0..de04bd6387 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/mod.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,19 @@
 //! Implements the stream multiplexing interface for both the plugin side and the engine side.
 
 use nu_plugin_protocol::{ByteStreamInfo, ListStreamInfo, PipelineDataHeader, StreamMessage};
-use nu_protocol::{ByteStream, IntoSpanned, ListStream, PipelineData, Reader, ShellError};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    engine::Sequence, ByteStream, IntoSpanned, ListStream, PipelineData, Reader, ShellError,
+    Signals,
+};
 use std::{
     io::{Read, Write},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc, Mutex},
+    sync::Mutex,
     thread,
 };
 
 pub mod stream;
 
-use crate::{util::Sequence, Encoder};
+use crate::Encoder;
 
 use self::stream::{StreamManager, StreamManagerHandle, StreamWriter, WriteStreamMessage};
 
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ pub trait InterfaceManager {
 
     /// Consume an input message.
     ///
-    /// When implementing, call [`.consume_stream_message()`] for any encapsulated
+    /// When implementing, call [`.consume_stream_message()`](Self::consume_stream_message) for any encapsulated
     /// [`StreamMessage`]s received.
     fn consume(&mut self, input: Self::Input) -> Result<(), ShellError>;
 
@@ -170,20 +173,23 @@ pub trait InterfaceManager {
     fn read_pipeline_data(
         &self,
         header: PipelineDataHeader,
-        ctrlc: Option<&Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: &Signals,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         self.prepare_pipeline_data(match header {
             PipelineDataHeader::Empty => PipelineData::Empty,
-            PipelineDataHeader::Value(value) => PipelineData::Value(value, None),
+            PipelineDataHeader::Value(value, metadata) => PipelineData::Value(value, metadata),
             PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(info) => {
                 let handle = self.stream_manager().get_handle();
                 let reader = handle.read_stream(info.id, self.get_interface())?;
-                ListStream::new(reader, info.span, ctrlc.cloned()).into()
+                let ls = ListStream::new(reader, info.span, signals.clone());
+                PipelineData::ListStream(ls, info.metadata)
             }
             PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(info) => {
                 let handle = self.stream_manager().get_handle();
                 let reader = handle.read_stream(info.id, self.get_interface())?;
-                ByteStream::from_result_iter(reader, info.span, ctrlc.cloned(), info.type_).into()
+                let bs =
+                    ByteStream::from_result_iter(reader, info.span, signals.clone(), info.type_);
+                PipelineData::ByteStream(bs, info.metadata)
             }
         })
     }
@@ -245,26 +251,33 @@ pub trait Interface: Clone + Send {
             Ok::<_, ShellError>((id, writer))
         };
         match self.prepare_pipeline_data(data, context)? {
-            PipelineData::Value(value, ..) => {
-                Ok((PipelineDataHeader::Value(value), PipelineDataWriter::None))
-            }
+            PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => Ok((
+                PipelineDataHeader::Value(value, metadata),
+                PipelineDataWriter::None,
+            )),
             PipelineData::Empty => Ok((PipelineDataHeader::Empty, PipelineDataWriter::None)),
-            PipelineData::ListStream(stream, ..) => {
+            PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
                 let (id, writer) = new_stream(LIST_STREAM_HIGH_PRESSURE)?;
                 Ok((
                     PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
                         id,
                         span: stream.span(),
+                        metadata,
                     }),
                     PipelineDataWriter::ListStream(writer, stream),
                 ))
             }
-            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => {
+            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) => {
                 let span = stream.span();
                 let type_ = stream.type_();
                 if let Some(reader) = stream.reader() {
                     let (id, writer) = new_stream(RAW_STREAM_HIGH_PRESSURE)?;
-                    let header = PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo { id, span, type_ });
+                    let header = PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo {
+                        id,
+                        span,
+                        type_,
+                        metadata,
+                    });
                     Ok((header, PipelineDataWriter::ByteStream(writer, reader)))
                 } else {
                     Ok((PipelineDataHeader::Empty, PipelineDataWriter::None))
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/stream/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/stream/mod.rs
index 541e1176a0..cfe44fabb4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/stream/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/stream/mod.rs
@@ -189,14 +189,14 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Check if the stream was dropped from the other end. Recommended to do this before calling
-    /// [`.write()`], especially in a loop.
+    /// [`.write()`](Self::write), especially in a loop.
     pub fn is_dropped(&self) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
         self.signal.is_dropped()
     }
 
     /// Write a single piece of data to the stream.
     ///
-    /// Error if something failed with the write, or if [`.end()`] was already called
+    /// Error if something failed with the write, or if [`.end()`](Self::end) was already called
     /// previously.
     pub fn write(&mut self, data: impl Into<StreamData>) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
         if !self.ended {
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// Write a full iterator to the stream. Note that this doesn't end the stream, so you should
-    /// still call [`.end()`].
+    /// still call [`.end()`](Self::end).
     ///
     /// If the stream is dropped from the other end, the iterator will not be fully consumed, and
     /// writing will terminate.
@@ -341,8 +341,8 @@ impl StreamWriterSignal {
     }
 
     /// Track that a message has been sent. Returns `Ok(true)` if more messages can be sent,
-    /// or `Ok(false)` if the high pressure mark has been reached and [`.wait_for_drain()`] should
-    /// be called to block.
+    /// or `Ok(false)` if the high pressure mark has been reached and
+    /// [`.wait_for_drain()`](Self::wait_for_drain) should be called to block.
     pub fn notify_sent(&self) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
         let mut state = self.lock()?;
         state.unacknowledged =
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/tests.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/tests.rs
index 6b86aba97d..6b4ad85d7f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/interface/tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use crate::util::Sequence;
-
 use super::{
     stream::{StreamManager, StreamManagerHandle},
     test_util::TestCase,
@@ -10,8 +8,8 @@ use nu_plugin_protocol::{
     StreamMessage,
 };
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ByteStream, ByteStreamSource, ByteStreamType, DataSource, ListStream, PipelineData,
-    PipelineMetadata, ShellError, Span, Value,
+    engine::Sequence, ByteStream, ByteStreamSource, ByteStreamType, DataSource, ListStream,
+    PipelineData, PipelineMetadata, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value,
 };
 use std::{path::Path, sync::Arc};
 
@@ -129,7 +127,7 @@ fn read_pipeline_data_empty() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     let header = PipelineDataHeader::Empty;
 
     assert!(matches!(
-        manager.read_pipeline_data(header, None)?,
+        manager.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty())?,
         PipelineData::Empty
     ));
     Ok(())
@@ -139,10 +137,16 @@ fn read_pipeline_data_empty() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
 fn read_pipeline_data_value() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     let manager = TestInterfaceManager::new(&TestCase::new());
     let value = Value::test_int(4);
-    let header = PipelineDataHeader::Value(value.clone());
-
-    match manager.read_pipeline_data(header, None)? {
-        PipelineData::Value(read_value, ..) => assert_eq!(value, read_value),
+    let metadata = Some(PipelineMetadata {
+        data_source: DataSource::FilePath("/test/path".into()),
+        content_type: None,
+    });
+    let header = PipelineDataHeader::Value(value.clone(), metadata.clone());
+    match manager.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty())? {
+        PipelineData::Value(read_value, read_metadata) => {
+            assert_eq!(value, read_value);
+            assert_eq!(metadata, read_metadata);
+        }
         PipelineData::ListStream(..) => panic!("unexpected ListStream"),
         PipelineData::ByteStream(..) => panic!("unexpected ByteStream"),
         PipelineData::Empty => panic!("unexpected Empty"),
@@ -163,12 +167,18 @@ fn read_pipeline_data_list_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     }
     test.add(StreamMessage::End(7));
 
+    let metadata = Some(PipelineMetadata {
+        data_source: DataSource::None,
+        content_type: Some("foobar".into()),
+    });
+
     let header = PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
         id: 7,
         span: Span::test_data(),
+        metadata,
     });
 
-    let pipe = manager.read_pipeline_data(header, None)?;
+    let pipe = manager.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty())?;
     assert!(
         matches!(pipe, PipelineData::ListStream(..)),
         "unexpected PipelineData: {pipe:?}"
@@ -206,13 +216,20 @@ fn read_pipeline_data_byte_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     test.add(StreamMessage::End(12));
 
     let test_span = Span::new(10, 13);
+
+    let metadata = Some(PipelineMetadata {
+        data_source: DataSource::None,
+        content_type: Some("foobar".into()),
+    });
+
     let header = PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo {
         id: 12,
         span: test_span,
         type_: ByteStreamType::Unknown,
+        metadata,
     });
 
-    let pipe = manager.read_pipeline_data(header, None)?;
+    let pipe = manager.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty())?;
 
     // need to consume input
     manager.consume_all()?;
@@ -253,11 +270,17 @@ fn read_pipeline_data_byte_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
 #[test]
 fn read_pipeline_data_prepared_properly() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     let manager = TestInterfaceManager::new(&TestCase::new());
+    let metadata = Some(PipelineMetadata {
+        data_source: DataSource::None,
+        content_type: Some("foobar".into()),
+    });
+
     let header = PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
         id: 0,
         span: Span::test_data(),
+        metadata,
     });
-    match manager.read_pipeline_data(header, None)? {
+    match manager.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty())? {
         PipelineData::ListStream(_, meta) => match meta {
             Some(PipelineMetadata { data_source, .. }) => match data_source {
                 DataSource::FilePath(path) => {
@@ -303,7 +326,7 @@ fn write_pipeline_data_value() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
         interface.init_write_pipeline_data(PipelineData::Value(value.clone(), None), &())?;
 
     match header {
-        PipelineDataHeader::Value(read_value) => assert_eq!(value, read_value),
+        PipelineDataHeader::Value(read_value, _) => assert_eq!(value, read_value),
         _ => panic!("unexpected header: {header:?}"),
     }
 
@@ -353,7 +376,11 @@ fn write_pipeline_data_list_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
 
     // Set up pipeline data for a list stream
     let pipe = PipelineData::ListStream(
-        ListStream::new(values.clone().into_iter(), Span::test_data(), None),
+        ListStream::new(
+            values.clone().into_iter(),
+            Span::test_data(),
+            Signals::empty(),
+        ),
         None,
     );
 
@@ -406,7 +433,7 @@ fn write_pipeline_data_byte_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
         ByteStream::read(
             std::io::Cursor::new(expected),
             span,
-            None,
+            Signals::empty(),
             ByteStreamType::Unknown,
         ),
         None,
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/serializers/tests.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/serializers/tests.rs
index 06d47ffc14..5d0c07cceb 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/serializers/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/serializers/tests.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
             StreamData,
         };
         use nu_protocol::{
-            LabeledError, PluginSignature, Signature, Span, Spanned, SyntaxShape, Value,
+            DataSource, LabeledError, PipelineMetadata, PluginSignature, Signature, Span, Spanned,
+            SyntaxShape, Value,
         };
 
         #[test]
@@ -123,10 +124,15 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
                 )],
             };
 
+            let metadata = Some(PipelineMetadata {
+                data_source: DataSource::None,
+                content_type: Some("foobar".into()),
+            });
+
             let plugin_call = PluginCall::Run(CallInfo {
                 name: name.clone(),
                 call: call.clone(),
-                input: PipelineDataHeader::Value(input.clone()),
+                input: PipelineDataHeader::Value(input.clone(), metadata.clone()),
             });
 
             let plugin_input = PluginInput::Call(1, plugin_call);
@@ -144,7 +150,7 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
             match returned {
                 PluginInput::Call(1, PluginCall::Run(call_info)) => {
                     assert_eq!(name, call_info.name);
-                    assert_eq!(PipelineDataHeader::Value(input), call_info.input);
+                    assert_eq!(PipelineDataHeader::Value(input, metadata), call_info.input);
                     assert_eq!(call.head, call_info.call.head);
                     assert_eq!(call.positional.len(), call_info.call.positional.len());
 
@@ -305,7 +311,7 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
             match returned {
                 PluginOutput::CallResponse(
                     4,
-                    PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(returned_value)),
+                    PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(returned_value, _)),
                 ) => {
                     assert_eq!(value, returned_value)
                 }
@@ -325,7 +331,7 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
                 span,
             );
 
-            let response = PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(value));
+            let response = PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::value(value));
             let output = PluginOutput::CallResponse(5, response);
 
             let encoder = $encoder;
@@ -341,7 +347,7 @@ macro_rules! generate_tests {
             match returned {
                 PluginOutput::CallResponse(
                     5,
-                    PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(returned_value)),
+                    PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(returned_value, _)),
                 ) => {
                     assert_eq!(span, returned_value.span());
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/mod.rs
index e88b945831..1be1cfbef5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-mod sequence;
 mod waitable;
 mod with_custom_values_in;
 
-pub use sequence::Sequence;
 pub use waitable::*;
 pub use with_custom_values_in::with_custom_values_in;
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/waitable.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/waitable.rs
index aaefa6f1b5..0f4cb30de3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/waitable.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/waitable.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn fail_if_poisoned<'a, T>(
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + Send> WaitableMut<T> {
-    /// Create a new empty `WaitableMut`. Call [`.reader()`] to get [`Waitable`].
+    /// Create a new empty `WaitableMut`. Call [`.reader()`](Self::reader) to get [`Waitable`].
     pub fn new() -> WaitableMut<T> {
         WaitableMut {
             shared: Arc::new(WaitableShared {
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/Cargo.toml
index f86c1ae703..0a58c1af72 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-plugin-engi
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-plugin-engine"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.95.1", default-features = false }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.96.2", default-features = false }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 serde = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/context.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/context.rs
index c87e64aa48..160ce802b2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/context.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/context.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,27 @@
 use crate::util::MutableCow;
 use nu_engine::{get_eval_block_with_early_return, get_full_help, ClosureEvalOnce};
+use nu_plugin_protocol::EvaluatedCall;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Call,
-    engine::{Closure, EngineState, Redirection, Stack},
-    Config, IntoSpanned, OutDest, PipelineData, PluginIdentity, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    engine::{Call, Closure, EngineState, Redirection, Stack},
+    ir, Config, DeclId, IntoSpanned, OutDest, PipelineData, PluginIdentity, ShellError, Signals,
+    Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     collections::HashMap,
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32},
-        Arc,
-    },
+    sync::{atomic::AtomicU32, Arc},
 };
 
 /// Object safe trait for abstracting operations required of the plugin context.
 pub trait PluginExecutionContext: Send + Sync {
     /// A span pointing to the command being executed
     fn span(&self) -> Span;
-    /// The interrupt signal, if present
-    fn ctrlc(&self) -> Option<&Arc<AtomicBool>>;
+    /// The [`Signals`] struct, if present
+    fn signals(&self) -> &Signals;
     /// The pipeline externals state, for tracking the foreground process group, if present
     fn pipeline_externals_state(&self) -> Option<&Arc<(AtomicU32, AtomicU32)>>;
     /// Get engine configuration
-    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Config, ShellError>;
+    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Arc<Config>, ShellError>;
     /// Get plugin configuration
     fn get_plugin_config(&self) -> Result<Option<Value>, ShellError>;
     /// Get an environment variable from `$env`
@@ -47,6 +45,17 @@ pub trait PluginExecutionContext: Send + Sync {
         redirect_stdout: bool,
         redirect_stderr: bool,
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>;
+    /// Find a declaration by name
+    fn find_decl(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<DeclId>, ShellError>;
+    /// Call a declaration with arguments and input
+    fn call_decl(
+        &mut self,
+        decl_id: DeclId,
+        call: EvaluatedCall,
+        input: PipelineData,
+        redirect_stdout: bool,
+        redirect_stderr: bool,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>;
     /// Create an owned version of the context with `'static` lifetime
     fn boxed(&self) -> Box<dyn PluginExecutionContext>;
 }
@@ -56,7 +65,7 @@ pub struct PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
     identity: Arc<PluginIdentity>,
     engine_state: Cow<'a, EngineState>,
     stack: MutableCow<'a, Stack>,
-    call: Cow<'a, Call>,
+    call: Call<'a>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
@@ -64,13 +73,13 @@ impl<'a> PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
         identity: Arc<PluginIdentity>,
         engine_state: &'a EngineState,
         stack: &'a mut Stack,
-        call: &'a Call,
+        call: &'a Call<'a>,
     ) -> PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
         PluginExecutionCommandContext {
             identity,
             engine_state: Cow::Borrowed(engine_state),
             stack: MutableCow::Borrowed(stack),
-            call: Cow::Borrowed(call),
+            call: call.clone(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -80,16 +89,16 @@ impl<'a> PluginExecutionContext for PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
         self.call.head
     }
 
-    fn ctrlc(&self) -> Option<&Arc<AtomicBool>> {
-        self.engine_state.ctrlc.as_ref()
+    fn signals(&self) -> &Signals {
+        self.engine_state.signals()
     }
 
     fn pipeline_externals_state(&self) -> Option<&Arc<(AtomicU32, AtomicU32)>> {
         Some(&self.engine_state.pipeline_externals_state)
     }
 
-    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Config, ShellError> {
-        Ok(nu_engine::get_config(&self.engine_state, &self.stack))
+    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Arc<Config>, ShellError> {
+        Ok(self.stack.get_config(&self.engine_state))
     }
 
     fn get_plugin_config(&self) -> Result<Option<Value>, ShellError> {
@@ -180,19 +189,10 @@ impl<'a> PluginExecutionContext for PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
             .captures_to_stack(closure.item.captures)
             .reset_pipes();
 
-        let stdout = if redirect_stdout {
-            Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture))
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        let stderr = if redirect_stderr {
-            Some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture))
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-
-        let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(stdout, stderr);
+        let stack = &mut stack.push_redirection(
+            redirect_stdout.then_some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture)),
+            redirect_stderr.then_some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture)),
+        );
 
         // Set up the positional arguments
         for (idx, value) in positional.into_iter().enumerate() {
@@ -214,12 +214,60 @@ impl<'a> PluginExecutionContext for PluginExecutionCommandContext<'a> {
         eval_block_with_early_return(&self.engine_state, stack, block, input)
     }
 
+    fn find_decl(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<DeclId>, ShellError> {
+        Ok(self.engine_state.find_decl(name.as_bytes(), &[]))
+    }
+
+    fn call_decl(
+        &mut self,
+        decl_id: DeclId,
+        call: EvaluatedCall,
+        input: PipelineData,
+        redirect_stdout: bool,
+        redirect_stderr: bool,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        if decl_id >= self.engine_state.num_decls() {
+            return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "Plugin misbehaving".into(),
+                msg: format!("Tried to call unknown decl id: {}", decl_id),
+                span: Some(call.head),
+                help: None,
+                inner: vec![],
+            });
+        }
+
+        let decl = self.engine_state.get_decl(decl_id);
+
+        let stack = &mut self.stack.push_redirection(
+            redirect_stdout.then_some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture)),
+            redirect_stderr.then_some(Redirection::Pipe(OutDest::Capture)),
+        );
+
+        let mut call_builder = ir::Call::build(decl_id, call.head);
+
+        for positional in call.positional {
+            call_builder.add_positional(stack, positional.span(), positional);
+        }
+
+        for (name, value) in call.named {
+            if let Some(value) = value {
+                call_builder.add_named(stack, &name.item, "", name.span, value);
+            } else {
+                call_builder.add_flag(stack, &name.item, "", name.span);
+            }
+        }
+
+        call_builder.with(stack, |stack, call| {
+            decl.run(&self.engine_state, stack, call, input)
+        })
+    }
+
     fn boxed(&self) -> Box<dyn PluginExecutionContext + 'static> {
         Box::new(PluginExecutionCommandContext {
             identity: self.identity.clone(),
             engine_state: Cow::Owned(self.engine_state.clone().into_owned()),
             stack: self.stack.owned(),
-            call: Cow::Owned(self.call.clone().into_owned()),
+            call: self.call.to_owned(),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -234,15 +282,15 @@ impl PluginExecutionContext for PluginExecutionBogusContext {
         Span::test_data()
     }
 
-    fn ctrlc(&self) -> Option<&Arc<AtomicBool>> {
-        None
+    fn signals(&self) -> &Signals {
+        &Signals::EMPTY
     }
 
     fn pipeline_externals_state(&self) -> Option<&Arc<(AtomicU32, AtomicU32)>> {
         None
     }
 
-    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Config, ShellError> {
+    fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Arc<Config>, ShellError> {
         Err(ShellError::NushellFailed {
             msg: "get_config not implemented on bogus".into(),
         })
@@ -301,6 +349,25 @@ impl PluginExecutionContext for PluginExecutionBogusContext {
         })
     }
 
+    fn find_decl(&self, _name: &str) -> Result<Option<DeclId>, ShellError> {
+        Err(ShellError::NushellFailed {
+            msg: "find_decl not implemented on bogus".into(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn call_decl(
+        &mut self,
+        _decl_id: DeclId,
+        _call: EvaluatedCall,
+        _input: PipelineData,
+        _redirect_stdout: bool,
+        _redirect_stderr: bool,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        Err(ShellError::NushellFailed {
+            msg: "call_decl not implemented on bogus".into(),
+        })
+    }
+
     fn boxed(&self) -> Box<dyn PluginExecutionContext + 'static> {
         Box::new(PluginExecutionBogusContext)
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/declaration.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/declaration.rs
index d48fa39b85..745ba9a998 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/declaration.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/declaration.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl Command for PluginDeclaration {
             EvaluatedCall::try_from_call(call, engine_state, stack, eval_expression)?;
 
         // Get the engine config
-        let engine_config = nu_engine::get_config(engine_state, stack);
+        let engine_config = stack.get_config(engine_state);
 
         // Get, or start, the plugin.
         let plugin = self
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/gc.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/gc.rs
index bd9c8de06f..555c57e47d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/gc.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/gc.rs
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ impl PluginGc {
     ///
     /// The reason the plugin tells the GC rather than just stopping itself via `source` is that
     /// it can't guarantee that the plugin currently pointed to by `source` is itself, but if the
-    /// GC is still running, it hasn't received [`.stop_tracking()`] yet, which means it should be
-    /// the right plugin.
+    /// GC is still running, it hasn't received [`.stop_tracking()`](Self::stop_tracking) yet, which
+    /// means it should be the right plugin.
     pub fn exited(&self) {
         let _ = self.sender.send(PluginGcMsg::Exited);
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/mod.rs
index 9a4c72d2c1..78ed966dd6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Interface used by the engine to communicate with the plugin.
 
 use nu_plugin_core::{
-    util::{with_custom_values_in, Sequence, Waitable, WaitableMut},
+    util::{with_custom_values_in, Waitable, WaitableMut},
     Interface, InterfaceManager, PipelineDataWriter, PluginRead, PluginWrite, StreamManager,
     StreamManagerHandle,
 };
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@ use nu_plugin_protocol::{
     PluginOutput, ProtocolInfo, StreamId, StreamMessage,
 };
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Operator, CustomValue, IntoSpanned, PipelineData, PluginMetadata, PluginSignature,
-    ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    ast::Operator, engine::Sequence, CustomValue, IntoSpanned, PipelineData, PluginMetadata,
+    PluginSignature, ShellError, Signals, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
+use nu_utils::SharedCow;
 use std::{
     collections::{btree_map, BTreeMap},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, mpsc, Arc, OnceLock},
+    sync::{mpsc, Arc, OnceLock},
 };
 
 use crate::{
@@ -103,8 +104,8 @@ struct PluginCallState {
     /// Don't try to send the plugin call response. This is only used for `Dropped` to avoid an
     /// error
     dont_send_response: bool,
-    /// Interrupt signal to be used for stream iterators
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    /// Signals to be used for stream iterators
+    signals: Signals,
     /// Channel to receive context on to be used if needed
     context_rx: Option<mpsc::Receiver<Context>>,
     /// Span associated with the call, if any
@@ -231,14 +232,14 @@ impl PluginInterfaceManager {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Find the ctrlc signal corresponding to the given plugin call id
-    fn get_ctrlc(&mut self, id: PluginCallId) -> Result<Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>, ShellError> {
+    /// Find the [`Signals`] struct corresponding to the given plugin call id
+    fn get_signals(&mut self, id: PluginCallId) -> Result<Signals, ShellError> {
         // Make sure we're up to date
         self.receive_plugin_call_subscriptions();
         // Find the subscription and return the context
         self.plugin_call_states
             .get(&id)
-            .map(|state| state.ctrlc.clone())
+            .map(|state| state.signals.clone())
             .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::PluginFailedToDecode {
                 msg: format!("Unknown plugin call ID: {id}"),
             })
@@ -517,14 +518,14 @@ impl InterfaceManager for PluginInterfaceManager {
                 // Handle reading the pipeline data, if any
                 let response = response
                     .map_data(|data| {
-                        let ctrlc = self.get_ctrlc(id)?;
+                        let signals = self.get_signals(id)?;
 
                         // Register the stream in the response
                         if let Some(stream_id) = data.stream_id() {
                             self.recv_stream_started(id, stream_id);
                         }
 
-                        self.read_pipeline_data(data, ctrlc.as_ref())
+                        self.read_pipeline_data(data, &signals)
                     })
                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                         // If there's an error with initializing this stream, change it to a plugin
@@ -544,8 +545,8 @@ impl InterfaceManager for PluginInterfaceManager {
                 let call = call
                     // Handle reading the pipeline data, if any
                     .map_data(|input| {
-                        let ctrlc = self.get_ctrlc(context)?;
-                        self.read_pipeline_data(input, ctrlc.as_ref())
+                        let signals = self.get_signals(context)?;
+                        self.read_pipeline_data(input, &signals)
                     })
                     // Do anything extra needed for each engine call setup
                     .and_then(|mut engine_call| {
@@ -663,6 +664,12 @@ impl PluginInterface {
         self.flush()
     }
 
+    /// Send the plugin a ctrl-c signal.
+    pub fn ctrlc(&self) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        self.write(PluginInput::Ctrlc)?;
+        self.flush()
+    }
+
     /// Write an [`EngineCallResponse`]. Writes the full stream contained in any [`PipelineData`]
     /// before returning.
     pub fn write_engine_call_response(
@@ -698,7 +705,9 @@ impl PluginInterface {
         context: Option<&dyn PluginExecutionContext>,
     ) -> Result<WritePluginCallResult, ShellError> {
         let id = self.state.plugin_call_id_sequence.next()?;
-        let ctrlc = context.and_then(|c| c.ctrlc().cloned());
+        let signals = context
+            .map(|c| c.signals().clone())
+            .unwrap_or_else(Signals::empty);
         let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
         let (context_tx, context_rx) = mpsc::channel();
         let keep_plugin_custom_values = mpsc::channel();
@@ -746,7 +755,7 @@ impl PluginInterface {
                 PluginCallState {
                     sender: Some(tx).filter(|_| !dont_send_response),
                     dont_send_response,
-                    ctrlc,
+                    signals,
                     context_rx: Some(context_rx),
                     span: call.span(),
                     keep_plugin_custom_values,
@@ -1258,7 +1267,7 @@ pub(crate) fn handle_engine_call(
 
     match call {
         EngineCall::GetConfig => {
-            let config = Box::new(context.get_config()?);
+            let config = SharedCow::from(context.get_config()?);
             Ok(EngineCallResponse::Config(config))
         }
         EngineCall::GetPluginConfig => {
@@ -1313,6 +1322,22 @@ pub(crate) fn handle_engine_call(
         } => context
             .eval_closure(closure, positional, input, redirect_stdout, redirect_stderr)
             .map(EngineCallResponse::PipelineData),
+        EngineCall::FindDecl(name) => context.find_decl(&name).map(|decl_id| {
+            if let Some(decl_id) = decl_id {
+                EngineCallResponse::Identifier(decl_id)
+            } else {
+                EngineCallResponse::empty()
+            }
+        }),
+        EngineCall::CallDecl {
+            decl_id,
+            call,
+            input,
+            redirect_stdout,
+            redirect_stderr,
+        } => context
+            .call_decl(decl_id, call, input, redirect_stdout, redirect_stderr)
+            .map(EngineCallResponse::PipelineData),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/tests.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/tests.rs
index 5665beb92b..31828973d3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/interface/tests.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@ use nu_plugin_protocol::{
 use nu_protocol::{
     ast::{Math, Operator},
     engine::Closure,
-    ByteStreamType, CustomValue, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, IntoSpanned, PipelineData,
-    PluginMetadata, PluginSignature, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    ByteStreamType, CustomValue, DataSource, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, IntoSpanned,
+    PipelineData, PipelineMetadata, PluginMetadata, PluginSignature, ShellError, Signals, Span,
+    Spanned, Value,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
@@ -52,11 +53,8 @@ fn manager_consume_all_exits_after_streams_and_interfaces_are_dropped() -> Resul
 
     // Create a stream...
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(0, Span::test_data())),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     // and an interface...
@@ -108,11 +106,8 @@ fn manager_consume_all_propagates_io_error_to_readers() -> Result<(), ShellError
     test.set_read_error(test_io_error());
 
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(0, Span::test_data())),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     manager
@@ -154,12 +149,12 @@ fn manager_consume_all_propagates_message_error_to_readers() -> Result<(), Shell
     test.add(invalid_output());
 
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-            type_: ByteStreamType::Unknown,
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::byte_stream(ByteStreamInfo::new(
+            0,
+            Span::test_data(),
+            ByteStreamType::Unknown,
+        )),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     manager
@@ -190,7 +185,7 @@ fn fake_plugin_call(
         PluginCallState {
             sender: Some(tx),
             dont_send_response: false,
-            ctrlc: None,
+            signals: Signals::empty(),
             context_rx: None,
             span: None,
             keep_plugin_custom_values: mpsc::channel(),
@@ -331,10 +326,10 @@ fn manager_consume_call_response_forwards_to_subscriber_with_pipeline_data(
 
     manager.consume(PluginOutput::CallResponse(
         0,
-        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        })),
+        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(
+            0,
+            Span::test_data(),
+        ))),
     ))?;
 
     for i in 0..2 {
@@ -375,18 +370,18 @@ fn manager_consume_call_response_registers_streams() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     // Check list streams, byte streams
     manager.consume(PluginOutput::CallResponse(
         0,
-        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        })),
+        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(
+            0,
+            Span::test_data(),
+        ))),
     ))?;
     manager.consume(PluginOutput::CallResponse(
         1,
-        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo {
-            id: 1,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-            type_: ByteStreamType::Unknown,
-        })),
+        PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::byte_stream(ByteStreamInfo::new(
+            1,
+            Span::test_data(),
+            ByteStreamType::Unknown,
+        ))),
     ))?;
 
     // ListStream should have one
@@ -442,10 +437,7 @@ fn manager_consume_engine_call_forwards_to_subscriber_with_pipeline_data() -> Re
                 span: Span::test_data(),
             },
             positional: vec![],
-            input: PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-                id: 2,
-                span: Span::test_data(),
-            }),
+            input: PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(2, Span::test_data())),
             redirect_stdout: false,
             redirect_stderr: false,
         },
@@ -493,7 +485,7 @@ fn manager_handle_engine_call_after_response_received() -> Result<(), ShellError
         PluginCallState {
             sender: None,
             dont_send_response: false,
-            ctrlc: None,
+            signals: Signals::empty(),
             context_rx: Some(context_rx),
             span: None,
             keep_plugin_custom_values: mpsc::channel(),
@@ -559,7 +551,7 @@ fn manager_send_plugin_call_response_removes_context_only_if_no_streams_to_read(
             PluginCallState {
                 sender: None,
                 dont_send_response: false,
-                ctrlc: None,
+                signals: Signals::empty(),
                 context_rx: None,
                 span: None,
                 keep_plugin_custom_values: mpsc::channel(),
@@ -595,7 +587,7 @@ fn manager_consume_stream_end_removes_context_only_if_last_stream() -> Result<()
             PluginCallState {
                 sender: None,
                 dont_send_response: false,
-                ctrlc: None,
+                signals: Signals::empty(),
                 context_rx: None,
                 span: None,
                 keep_plugin_custom_values: mpsc::channel(),
@@ -678,7 +670,7 @@ fn manager_prepare_pipeline_data_adds_source_to_list_streams() -> Result<(), She
         [Value::test_custom_value(Box::new(
             test_plugin_custom_value(),
         ))]
-        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
     )?;
 
     let value = data
@@ -806,6 +798,11 @@ fn interface_write_plugin_call_writes_run_with_value_input() -> Result<(), Shell
     let manager = test.plugin("test");
     let interface = manager.get_interface();
 
+    let metadata0 = PipelineMetadata {
+        data_source: DataSource::None,
+        content_type: Some("baz".into()),
+    };
+
     let result = interface.write_plugin_call(
         PluginCall::Run(CallInfo {
             name: "foo".into(),
@@ -814,7 +811,7 @@ fn interface_write_plugin_call_writes_run_with_value_input() -> Result<(), Shell
                 positional: vec![],
                 named: vec![],
             },
-            input: PipelineData::Value(Value::test_int(-1), None),
+            input: PipelineData::Value(Value::test_int(-1), Some(metadata0.clone())),
         }),
         None,
     )?;
@@ -826,7 +823,10 @@ fn interface_write_plugin_call_writes_run_with_value_input() -> Result<(), Shell
             PluginCall::Run(CallInfo { name, input, .. }) => {
                 assert_eq!("foo", name);
                 match input {
-                    PipelineDataHeader::Value(value) => assert_eq!(-1, value.as_int()?),
+                    PipelineDataHeader::Value(value, metadata) => {
+                        assert_eq!(-1, value.as_int()?);
+                        assert_eq!(metadata0, metadata.expect("there should be metadata"));
+                    }
                     _ => panic!("unexpected input header: {input:?}"),
                 }
             }
@@ -852,7 +852,9 @@ fn interface_write_plugin_call_writes_run_with_stream_input() -> Result<(), Shel
                 positional: vec![],
                 named: vec![],
             },
-            input: values.clone().into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+            input: values
+                .clone()
+                .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         }),
         None,
     )?;
@@ -1148,7 +1150,9 @@ fn interface_prepare_pipeline_data_accepts_normal_streams() -> Result<(), ShellE
     let values = normal_values(&interface);
     let state = CurrentCallState::default();
     let data = interface.prepare_pipeline_data(
-        values.clone().into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        values
+            .clone()
+            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         &state,
     )?;
 
@@ -1211,7 +1215,9 @@ fn interface_prepare_pipeline_data_rejects_bad_custom_value_in_a_stream() -> Res
     let values = bad_custom_values();
     let state = CurrentCallState::default();
     let data = interface.prepare_pipeline_data(
-        values.clone().into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        values
+            .clone()
+            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         &state,
     )?;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/persistent.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/persistent.rs
index 6a87aa1e6b..69f5c7f7a8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/persistent.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/persistent.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
 use super::{PluginInterface, PluginSource};
 use nu_plugin_core::CommunicationMode;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    engine::{EngineState, Stack},
+    engine::{ctrlc, EngineState, Stack},
     PluginGcConfig, PluginIdentity, PluginMetadata, RegisteredPlugin, ShellError,
 };
 use std::{
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ struct MutableState {
     preferred_mode: Option<PreferredCommunicationMode>,
     /// Garbage collector config
     gc_config: PluginGcConfig,
+    /// RAII guard for this plugin's ctrl-c handler
+    ctrlc_guard: Option<ctrlc::Guard>,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ impl PersistentPlugin {
                 metadata: None,
                 preferred_mode: None,
                 gc_config,
+                ctrlc_guard: None,
             }),
         }
     }
@@ -299,6 +302,34 @@ impl RegisteredPlugin for PersistentPlugin {
     fn as_any(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn std::any::Any + Send + Sync> {
         self
     }
+
+    fn configure_ctrlc_handler(
+        self: Arc<Self>,
+        handlers: &ctrlc::Handlers,
+    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        let guard = {
+            // We take a weakref to the plugin so that we don't create a cycle to the
+            // RAII guard that will be stored on the plugin.
+            let plugin = Arc::downgrade(&self);
+            handlers.register(Box::new(move || {
+                // write a Ctrl-C packet through the PluginInterface if the plugin is alive and
+                // running
+                if let Some(plugin) = plugin.upgrade() {
+                    if let Ok(mutable) = plugin.mutable.lock() {
+                        if let Some(ref running) = mutable.running {
+                            let _ = running.interface.ctrlc();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }))?
+        };
+
+        if let Ok(mut mutable) = self.mutable.lock() {
+            mutable.ctrlc_guard = Some(guard);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 /// Anything that can produce a plugin interface.
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/source.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/source.rs
index 9b388576c5..56043eccf5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/source.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-engine/src/source.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl PluginSource {
 
     /// Create a new fake source with a fake identity, for testing
     ///
-    /// Warning: [`.persistent()`] will always return an error.
+    /// Warning: [`.persistent()`](Self::persistent) will always return an error.
     pub fn new_fake(name: &str) -> PluginSource {
         PluginSource {
             identity: PluginIdentity::new_fake(name).into(),
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/Cargo.toml
index 939f164786..60226f3674 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-plugin-prot
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-plugin-protocol"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 bincode = "1.3"
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/evaluated_call.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/evaluated_call.rs
index 19f9049340..c5cbcc5ba0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/evaluated_call.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/evaluated_call.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::{Call, Expression},
-    engine::{EngineState, Stack},
-    FromValue, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    ast::{self, Expression},
+    engine::{Call, CallImpl, EngineState, Stack},
+    ir, FromValue, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
@@ -27,12 +27,106 @@ pub struct EvaluatedCall {
 }
 
 impl EvaluatedCall {
+    /// Create a new [`EvaluatedCall`] with the given head span.
+    pub fn new(head: Span) -> EvaluatedCall {
+        EvaluatedCall {
+            head,
+            positional: vec![],
+            named: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Add a positional argument to an [`EvaluatedCall`].
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use nu_protocol::{Value, Span, IntoSpanned};
+    /// # use nu_plugin_protocol::EvaluatedCall;
+    /// # let head = Span::test_data();
+    /// let mut call = EvaluatedCall::new(head);
+    /// call.add_positional(Value::test_int(1337));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn add_positional(&mut self, value: Value) -> &mut Self {
+        self.positional.push(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a named argument to an [`EvaluatedCall`].
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use nu_protocol::{Value, Span, IntoSpanned};
+    /// # use nu_plugin_protocol::EvaluatedCall;
+    /// # let head = Span::test_data();
+    /// let mut call = EvaluatedCall::new(head);
+    /// call.add_named("foo".into_spanned(head), Value::test_string("bar"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn add_named(&mut self, name: Spanned<impl Into<String>>, value: Value) -> &mut Self {
+        self.named.push((name.map(Into::into), Some(value)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a flag argument to an [`EvaluatedCall`]. A flag argument is a named argument with no
+    /// value.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use nu_protocol::{Value, Span, IntoSpanned};
+    /// # use nu_plugin_protocol::EvaluatedCall;
+    /// # let head = Span::test_data();
+    /// let mut call = EvaluatedCall::new(head);
+    /// call.add_flag("pretty".into_spanned(head));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn add_flag(&mut self, name: Spanned<impl Into<String>>) -> &mut Self {
+        self.named.push((name.map(Into::into), None));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Builder variant of [`.add_positional()`](Self::add_positional).
+    pub fn with_positional(mut self, value: Value) -> Self {
+        self.add_positional(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Builder variant of [`.add_named()`](Self::add_named).
+    pub fn with_named(mut self, name: Spanned<impl Into<String>>, value: Value) -> Self {
+        self.add_named(name, value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Builder variant of [`.add_flag()`](Self::add_flag).
+    pub fn with_flag(mut self, name: Spanned<impl Into<String>>) -> Self {
+        self.add_flag(name);
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Try to create an [`EvaluatedCall`] from a command `Call`.
     pub fn try_from_call(
         call: &Call,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
         stack: &mut Stack,
         eval_expression_fn: fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Expression) -> Result<Value, ShellError>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
+        match &call.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => {
+                Self::try_from_ast_call(call, engine_state, stack, eval_expression_fn)
+            }
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => {
+                Self::try_from_ast_call(call, engine_state, stack, eval_expression_fn)
+            }
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => Self::try_from_ir_call(call, stack),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => Self::try_from_ir_call(call, stack),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn try_from_ast_call(
+        call: &ast::Call,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        eval_expression_fn: fn(&EngineState, &mut Stack, &Expression) -> Result<Value, ShellError>,
     ) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         let positional =
             call.rest_iter_flattened(0, |expr| eval_expression_fn(engine_state, stack, expr))?;
@@ -54,6 +148,22 @@ impl EvaluatedCall {
         })
     }
 
+    fn try_from_ir_call(call: &ir::Call, stack: &Stack) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
+        let positional = call.rest_iter_flattened(stack, 0)?;
+
+        let mut named = Vec::with_capacity(call.named_len(stack));
+        named.extend(
+            call.named_iter(stack)
+                .map(|(name, value)| (name.map(|s| s.to_owned()), value.cloned())),
+        );
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            head: call.head,
+            positional,
+            named,
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Check if a flag (named parameter that does not take a value) is set
     /// Returns Ok(true) if flag is set or passed true value
     /// Returns Ok(false) if flag is not set or passed false value
@@ -158,6 +268,16 @@ impl EvaluatedCall {
         Ok(false)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the [`Span`] of the name of an optional named argument.
+    ///
+    /// This can be used in errors for named arguments that don't take values.
+    pub fn get_flag_span(&self, flag_name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
+        self.named
+            .iter()
+            .find(|(name, _)| name.item == flag_name)
+            .map(|(name, _)| name.span)
+    }
+
     /// Returns the [`Value`] of an optional named argument
     ///
     /// # Examples
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/lib.rs
index 2f582c3009..00a18beca9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-protocol/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@ mod tests;
 pub mod test_util;
 
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ast::Operator, engine::Closure, ByteStreamType, Config, LabeledError, PipelineData,
-    PluginMetadata, PluginSignature, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    ast::Operator, engine::Closure, ByteStreamType, Config, DeclId, LabeledError, PipelineData,
+    PipelineMetadata, PluginMetadata, PluginSignature, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
+use nu_utils::SharedCow;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ pub enum PipelineDataHeader {
     /// No input
     Empty,
     /// A single value
-    Value(Value),
+    Value(Value, Option<PipelineMetadata>),
     /// Initiate [`nu_protocol::PipelineData::ListStream`].
     ///
     /// Items are sent via [`StreamData`]
@@ -93,11 +94,23 @@ impl PipelineDataHeader {
     pub fn stream_id(&self) -> Option<StreamId> {
         match self {
             PipelineDataHeader::Empty => None,
-            PipelineDataHeader::Value(_) => None,
+            PipelineDataHeader::Value(_, _) => None,
             PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(info) => Some(info.id),
             PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(info) => Some(info.id),
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn value(value: Value) -> Self {
+        PipelineDataHeader::Value(value, None)
+    }
+
+    pub fn list_stream(info: ListStreamInfo) -> Self {
+        PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(info)
+    }
+
+    pub fn byte_stream(info: ByteStreamInfo) -> Self {
+        PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(info)
+    }
 }
 
 /// Additional information about list (value) streams
@@ -105,6 +118,18 @@ impl PipelineDataHeader {
 pub struct ListStreamInfo {
     pub id: StreamId,
     pub span: Span,
+    pub metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
+}
+
+impl ListStreamInfo {
+    /// Create a new `ListStreamInfo` with a unique ID
+    pub fn new(id: StreamId, span: Span) -> Self {
+        ListStreamInfo {
+            id,
+            span,
+            metadata: None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Additional information about byte streams
@@ -114,6 +139,19 @@ pub struct ByteStreamInfo {
     pub span: Span,
     #[serde(rename = "type")]
     pub type_: ByteStreamType,
+    pub metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
+}
+
+impl ByteStreamInfo {
+    /// Create a new `ByteStreamInfo` with a unique ID
+    pub fn new(id: StreamId, span: Span, type_: ByteStreamType) -> Self {
+        ByteStreamInfo {
+            id,
+            span,
+            type_,
+            metadata: None,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Calls that a plugin can execute. The type parameter determines the input type.
@@ -207,6 +245,8 @@ pub enum PluginInput {
     Drop(StreamId),
     /// See [`StreamMessage::Ack`].
     Ack(StreamId),
+    /// Signal a ctrlc event
+    Ctrlc,
 }
 
 impl TryFrom<PluginInput> for StreamMessage {
@@ -341,7 +381,7 @@ impl PluginCallResponse<PipelineDataHeader> {
         if value.is_nothing() {
             PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Empty)
         } else {
-            PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::Value(value))
+            PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::value(value))
         }
     }
 }
@@ -493,6 +533,21 @@ pub enum EngineCall<D> {
         /// Whether to redirect stderr from external commands
         redirect_stderr: bool,
     },
+    /// Find a declaration by name
+    FindDecl(String),
+    /// Call a declaration with args
+    CallDecl {
+        /// The id of the declaration to be called (can be found with `FindDecl`)
+        decl_id: DeclId,
+        /// Information about the call (head span, arguments, etc.)
+        call: EvaluatedCall,
+        /// Pipeline input to the call
+        input: D,
+        /// Whether to redirect stdout from external commands
+        redirect_stdout: bool,
+        /// Whether to redirect stderr from external commands
+        redirect_stderr: bool,
+    },
 }
 
 impl<D> EngineCall<D> {
@@ -510,6 +565,8 @@ impl<D> EngineCall<D> {
             EngineCall::LeaveForeground => "LeaveForeground",
             EngineCall::GetSpanContents(_) => "GetSpanContents",
             EngineCall::EvalClosure { .. } => "EvalClosure",
+            EngineCall::FindDecl(_) => "FindDecl",
+            EngineCall::CallDecl { .. } => "CallDecl",
         }
     }
 
@@ -543,6 +600,20 @@ impl<D> EngineCall<D> {
                 redirect_stdout,
                 redirect_stderr,
             },
+            EngineCall::FindDecl(name) => EngineCall::FindDecl(name),
+            EngineCall::CallDecl {
+                decl_id,
+                call,
+                input,
+                redirect_stdout,
+                redirect_stderr,
+            } => EngineCall::CallDecl {
+                decl_id,
+                call,
+                input: f(input)?,
+                redirect_stdout,
+                redirect_stderr,
+            },
         })
     }
 }
@@ -553,8 +624,9 @@ impl<D> EngineCall<D> {
 pub enum EngineCallResponse<D> {
     Error(ShellError),
     PipelineData(D),
-    Config(Box<Config>),
+    Config(SharedCow<Config>),
     ValueMap(HashMap<String, Value>),
+    Identifier(usize),
 }
 
 impl<D> EngineCallResponse<D> {
@@ -569,6 +641,7 @@ impl<D> EngineCallResponse<D> {
             EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(data) => EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(f(data)?),
             EngineCallResponse::Config(config) => EngineCallResponse::Config(config),
             EngineCallResponse::ValueMap(map) => EngineCallResponse::ValueMap(map),
+            EngineCallResponse::Identifier(id) => EngineCallResponse::Identifier(id),
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/Cargo.toml
index efc76c3b93..66c5146e6e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "nu-plugin-test-support"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 description = "Testing support for Nushell plugins"
@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ bench = false
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-engine = { path = "../nu-plugin-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
-similar = "2.5"
+similar = "2.6"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 typetag = "0.2"
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/lib.rs
index a53b353981..998c31ac0d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/lib.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 //! use nu_plugin::*;
 //! use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 //! use nu_protocol::{
-//!     Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature,
-//!     Span, Type, Value,
+//!     Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals,
+//!     Signature, Span, Type, Value,
 //! };
 //!
 //! struct LowercasePlugin;
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 //!                     // Errors in a stream should be returned as values.
 //!                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, span))
 //!             },
-//!             None,
+//!             &Signals::empty(),
 //!         )?)
 //!     }
 //! }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 //!
 //! // #[test]
 //! fn test_lowercase() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
-//!     let input = vec![Value::test_string("FooBar")].into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None);
+//!     let input = vec![Value::test_string("FooBar")].into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty());
 //!     let output = PluginTest::new("lowercase", LowercasePlugin.into())?
 //!         .eval_with("lowercase", input)?
 //!         .into_value(Span::test_data())?;
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/plugin_test.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/plugin_test.rs
index 3d6b3eec23..5e3334c78b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/plugin_test.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/src/plugin_test.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
     debugger::WithoutDebug,
     engine::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet},
     report_error_new, CustomValue, Example, IntoSpanned as _, LabeledError, PipelineData,
-    ShellError, Span, Value,
+    ShellError, Signals, Span, Value,
 };
 
 use crate::{diff::diff_by_line, fake_register::fake_register};
@@ -85,13 +85,13 @@ impl PluginTest {
     ///
     /// ```rust,no_run
     /// # use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
-    /// # use nu_protocol::{ShellError, Span, Value, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData};
+    /// # use nu_protocol::{IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
     /// # use nu_plugin::*;
     /// # fn test(MyPlugin: impl Plugin + Send + 'static) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     /// let result = PluginTest::new("my_plugin", MyPlugin.into())?
     ///     .eval_with(
     ///         "my-command",
-    ///         vec![Value::test_int(42)].into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None)
+    ///         vec![Value::test_int(42)].into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty())
     ///     )?
     ///     .into_value(Span::test_data())?;
     /// assert_eq!(Value::test_string("42"), result);
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl PluginTest {
                         Err(err) => Value::error(err, value.span()),
                     }
                 },
-                None,
+                &Signals::empty(),
             )?
         };
 
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl PluginTest {
                         Err(err) => Value::error(err, value.span()),
                     }
                 },
-                None,
+                &Signals::empty(),
             )
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/tests/lowercase/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/tests/lowercase/mod.rs
index 50271a8cc2..5be127e7f5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/tests/lowercase/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin-test-support/tests/lowercase/mod.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use nu_plugin::*;
 use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 use nu_protocol::{
-    Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature,
-    Span, Type, Value,
+    Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals,
+    Signature, Span, Type, Value,
 };
 
 struct LowercasePlugin;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for Lowercase {
                     // Errors in a stream should be returned as values.
                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, span))
             },
-            None,
+            &Signals::empty(),
         )?)
     }
 }
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@ impl Plugin for LowercasePlugin {
 fn test_lowercase_using_eval_with() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     let result = PluginTest::new("lowercase", LowercasePlugin.into())?.eval_with(
         "lowercase",
-        vec![Value::test_string("HeLlO wOrLd")].into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        vec![Value::test_string("HeLlO wOrLd")]
+            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
     )?;
 
     assert_eq!(
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-plugin/Cargo.toml
index a3b4455d15..80c9f74471 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-plugin"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-plugin"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.95.1", default-features = false }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-protocol = { path = "../nu-plugin-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-core = { path = "../nu-plugin-core", version = "0.96.2", default-features = false }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 log = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = "1.0"
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/command.rs b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/command.rs
index d33fc445e2..8e8adc9578 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/command.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/command.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, Plugin};
 /// Basic usage:
 /// ```
 /// # use nu_plugin::*;
-/// # use nu_protocol::{Signature, PipelineData, Type, Value, LabeledError};
+/// # use nu_protocol::{LabeledError, PipelineData, Signals, Signature, Type, Value};
 /// struct LowercasePlugin;
 /// struct Lowercase;
 ///
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ use crate::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, Plugin};
 ///                 .map(|string| Value::string(string.to_lowercase(), span))
 ///                 // Errors in a stream should be returned as values.
 ///                 .unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, span))
-///         }, None)?)
+///         }, &Signals::empty())?)
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ use crate::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, Plugin};
 pub trait PluginCommand: Sync {
     /// The type of plugin this command runs on.
     ///
-    /// Since [`.run()`] takes a reference to the plugin, it is necessary to define the type of
-    /// plugin that the command expects here.
+    /// Since [`.run()`](Self::run) takes a reference to the plugin, it is necessary to define the
+    /// type of plugin that the command expects here.
     type Plugin: Plugin;
 
     /// The name of the command from within Nu.
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ pub trait PluginCommand: Sync {
 
     /// Additional documentation for usage of the command.
     ///
-    /// This is optional - any arguments documented by [`.signature()`] will be shown in the help
-    /// page automatically. However, this can be useful for explaining things that would be too
-    /// brief to include in [`.usage()`] and may span multiple lines.
+    /// This is optional - any arguments documented by [`.signature()`](Self::signature) will be
+    /// shown in the help page automatically. However, this can be useful for explaining things that
+    /// would be too brief to include in [`.usage()`](Self::usage) and may span multiple lines.
     fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
         ""
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/mod.rs
index fc9c9e85b3..daf2d5b783 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/mod.rs
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 //! Interface used by the plugin to communicate with the engine.
 
 use nu_plugin_core::{
-    util::{Sequence, Waitable, WaitableMut},
+    util::{Waitable, WaitableMut},
     Interface, InterfaceManager, PipelineDataWriter, PluginRead, PluginWrite, StreamManager,
     StreamManagerHandle,
 };
 use nu_plugin_protocol::{
-    CallInfo, CustomValueOp, EngineCall, EngineCallId, EngineCallResponse, Ordering, PluginCall,
-    PluginCallId, PluginCallResponse, PluginCustomValue, PluginInput, PluginOption, PluginOutput,
-    ProtocolInfo,
+    CallInfo, CustomValueOp, EngineCall, EngineCallId, EngineCallResponse, EvaluatedCall, Ordering,
+    PluginCall, PluginCallId, PluginCallResponse, PluginCustomValue, PluginInput, PluginOption,
+    PluginOutput, ProtocolInfo,
 };
 use nu_protocol::{
-    engine::Closure, Config, LabeledError, PipelineData, PluginMetadata, PluginSignature,
-    ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    engine::{ctrlc, Closure, Sequence},
+    Config, DeclId, LabeledError, PipelineData, PluginMetadata, PluginSignature, ShellError,
+    Signals, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
+use nu_utils::SharedCow;
 use std::{
     collections::{btree_map, BTreeMap, HashMap},
-    sync::{mpsc, Arc},
+    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, mpsc, Arc},
 };
 
 /// Plugin calls that are received by the [`EngineInterfaceManager`] for handling.
@@ -62,6 +64,10 @@ struct EngineInterfaceState {
         mpsc::Sender<(EngineCallId, mpsc::Sender<EngineCallResponse<PipelineData>>)>,
     /// The synchronized output writer
     writer: Box<dyn PluginWrite<PluginOutput>>,
+    // Mirror signals from `EngineState`
+    signals: Signals,
+    /// Registered Ctrl-C handlers
+    ctrlc_handlers: ctrlc::Handlers,
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for EngineInterfaceState {
@@ -115,6 +121,8 @@ impl EngineInterfaceManager {
                 stream_id_sequence: Sequence::default(),
                 engine_call_subscription_sender: subscription_tx,
                 writer: Box::new(writer),
+                signals: Signals::new(Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false))),
+                ctrlc_handlers: ctrlc::Handlers::new(),
             }),
             protocol_info_mut,
             plugin_call_sender: Some(plug_tx),
@@ -234,7 +242,6 @@ impl InterfaceManager for EngineInterfaceManager {
 
     fn consume(&mut self, input: Self::Input) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
         log::trace!("from engine: {:?}", input);
-
         match input {
             PluginInput::Hello(info) => {
                 let info = Arc::new(info);
@@ -274,7 +281,9 @@ impl InterfaceManager for EngineInterfaceManager {
             PluginInput::Call(id, call) => {
                 let interface = self.interface_for_context(id);
                 // Read streams in the input
-                let call = match call.map_data(|input| self.read_pipeline_data(input, None)) {
+                let call = match call
+                    .map_data(|input| self.read_pipeline_data(input, &Signals::empty()))
+                {
                     Ok(call) => call,
                     Err(err) => {
                         // If there's an error with initialization of the input stream, just send
@@ -320,7 +329,7 @@ impl InterfaceManager for EngineInterfaceManager {
             }
             PluginInput::EngineCallResponse(id, response) => {
                 let response = response
-                    .map_data(|header| self.read_pipeline_data(header, None))
+                    .map_data(|header| self.read_pipeline_data(header, &Signals::empty()))
                     .unwrap_or_else(|err| {
                         // If there's an error with initializing this stream, change it to an engine
                         // call error response, but send it anyway
@@ -328,6 +337,11 @@ impl InterfaceManager for EngineInterfaceManager {
                     });
                 self.send_engine_call_response(id, response)
             }
+            PluginInput::Ctrlc => {
+                self.state.signals.trigger();
+                self.state.ctrlc_handlers.run();
+                Ok(())
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -507,6 +521,15 @@ impl EngineInterface {
         self.state.writer.is_stdout()
     }
 
+    /// Register a closure which will be called when the engine receives a Ctrl-C signal. Returns a
+    /// RAII guard that will keep the closure alive until it is dropped.
+    pub fn register_ctrlc_handler(
+        &self,
+        handler: ctrlc::Handler,
+    ) -> Result<ctrlc::Guard, ShellError> {
+        self.state.ctrlc_handlers.register(handler)
+    }
+
     /// Get the full shell configuration from the engine. As this is quite a large object, it is
     /// provided on request only.
     ///
@@ -523,9 +546,9 @@ impl EngineInterface {
     /// # Ok(())
     /// # }
     /// ```
-    pub fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Box<Config>, ShellError> {
+    pub fn get_config(&self) -> Result<Arc<Config>, ShellError> {
         match self.engine_call(EngineCall::GetConfig)? {
-            EngineCallResponse::Config(config) => Ok(config),
+            EngineCallResponse::Config(config) => Ok(SharedCow::into_arc(config)),
             EngineCallResponse::Error(err) => Err(err),
             _ => Err(ShellError::PluginFailedToDecode {
                 msg: "Received unexpected response for EngineCall::GetConfig".into(),
@@ -615,8 +638,9 @@ impl EngineInterface {
 
     /// Get all environment variables from the engine.
     ///
-    /// Since this is quite a large map that has to be sent, prefer to use [`.get_env_var()`] if
-    /// the variables needed are known ahead of time and there are only a small number needed.
+    /// Since this is quite a large map that has to be sent, prefer to use
+    /// [`.get_env_var()`] (Self::get_env_var) if the variables needed are known ahead of time
+    /// and there are only a small number needed.
     ///
     /// # Example
     /// ```rust,no_run
@@ -869,6 +893,71 @@ impl EngineInterface {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Ask the engine for the identifier for a declaration. If found, the result can then be passed
+    /// to [`.call_decl()`](Self::call_decl) to call other internal commands.
+    ///
+    /// See [`.call_decl()`](Self::call_decl) for an example.
+    pub fn find_decl(&self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Result<Option<DeclId>, ShellError> {
+        let call = EngineCall::FindDecl(name.into());
+
+        match self.engine_call(call)? {
+            EngineCallResponse::Error(err) => Err(err),
+            EngineCallResponse::Identifier(id) => Ok(Some(id)),
+            EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineData::Empty) => Ok(None),
+            _ => Err(ShellError::PluginFailedToDecode {
+                msg: "Received unexpected response type for EngineCall::FindDecl".into(),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Ask the engine to call an internal command, using the declaration ID previously looked up
+    /// with [`.find_decl()`](Self::find_decl).
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust,no_run
+    /// # use nu_protocol::{Value, ShellError, PipelineData};
+    /// # use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall};
+    /// # fn example(engine: &EngineInterface, call: &EvaluatedCall) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+    /// if let Some(decl_id) = engine.find_decl("scope commands")? {
+    ///     let commands = engine.call_decl(
+    ///         decl_id,
+    ///         EvaluatedCall::new(call.head),
+    ///         PipelineData::Empty,
+    ///         true,
+    ///         false,
+    ///     )?;
+    ///     commands.into_value(call.head)
+    /// } else {
+    ///     Ok(Value::list(vec![], call.head))
+    /// }
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn call_decl(
+        &self,
+        decl_id: DeclId,
+        call: EvaluatedCall,
+        input: PipelineData,
+        redirect_stdout: bool,
+        redirect_stderr: bool,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+        let call = EngineCall::CallDecl {
+            decl_id,
+            call,
+            input,
+            redirect_stdout,
+            redirect_stderr,
+        };
+
+        match self.engine_call(call)? {
+            EngineCallResponse::Error(err) => Err(err),
+            EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(data) => Ok(data),
+            _ => Err(ShellError::PluginFailedToDecode {
+                msg: "Received unexpected response type for EngineCall::CallDecl".into(),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Tell the engine whether to disable garbage collection for this plugin.
     ///
     /// The garbage collector is enabled by default, but plugins can turn it off (ideally
@@ -890,6 +979,10 @@ impl EngineInterface {
         self.write(PluginOutput::CallResponse(self.context()?, response))?;
         self.flush()
     }
+
+    pub fn signals(&self) -> &Signals {
+        &self.state.signals
+    }
 }
 
 impl Interface for EngineInterface {
@@ -940,7 +1033,7 @@ impl Interface for EngineInterface {
 
 /// Keeps the plugin in the foreground as long as it is alive.
 ///
-/// Use [`.leave()`] to leave the foreground without ignoring the error.
+/// Use [`.leave()`](Self::leave) to leave the foreground without ignoring the error.
 pub struct ForegroundGuard(Option<EngineInterface>);
 
 impl ForegroundGuard {
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/tests.rs b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/tests.rs
index b195b43197..f8002b2c6d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/interface/tests.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use nu_plugin_protocol::{
 };
 use nu_protocol::{
     engine::Closure, ByteStreamType, Config, CustomValue, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData,
-    LabeledError, PipelineData, PluginSignature, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+    LabeledError, PipelineData, PluginSignature, ShellError, Signals, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
@@ -55,11 +55,8 @@ fn manager_consume_all_exits_after_streams_and_interfaces_are_dropped() -> Resul
 
     // Create a stream...
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(0, Span::test_data())),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     // and an interface...
@@ -111,11 +108,8 @@ fn manager_consume_all_propagates_io_error_to_readers() -> Result<(), ShellError
     test.set_read_error(test_io_error());
 
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(0, Span::test_data())),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     manager
@@ -157,12 +151,12 @@ fn manager_consume_all_propagates_message_error_to_readers() -> Result<(), Shell
     test.add(invalid_input());
 
     let stream = manager.read_pipeline_data(
-        PipelineDataHeader::ByteStream(ByteStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-            type_: ByteStreamType::Unknown,
-        }),
-        None,
+        PipelineDataHeader::byte_stream(ByteStreamInfo::new(
+            0,
+            Span::test_data(),
+            ByteStreamType::Unknown,
+        )),
+        &Signals::empty(),
     )?;
 
     manager
@@ -414,10 +408,7 @@ fn manager_consume_call_run_forwards_to_receiver_with_pipeline_data() -> Result<
                 positional: vec![],
                 named: vec![],
             },
-            input: PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-                id: 6,
-                span: Span::test_data(),
-            }),
+            input: PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(6, Span::test_data())),
         }),
     ))?;
 
@@ -556,10 +547,10 @@ fn manager_consume_engine_call_response_forwards_to_subscriber_with_pipeline_dat
 
     manager.consume(PluginInput::EngineCallResponse(
         0,
-        EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::ListStream(ListStreamInfo {
-            id: 0,
-            span: Span::test_data(),
-        })),
+        EngineCallResponse::PipelineData(PipelineDataHeader::list_stream(ListStreamInfo::new(
+            0,
+            Span::test_data(),
+        ))),
     ))?;
 
     for i in 0..2 {
@@ -615,7 +606,7 @@ fn manager_prepare_pipeline_data_deserializes_custom_values_in_streams() -> Resu
         [Value::test_custom_value(Box::new(
             test_plugin_custom_value(),
         ))]
-        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
     )?;
 
     let value = data
@@ -647,7 +638,7 @@ fn manager_prepare_pipeline_data_embeds_deserialization_errors_in_streams() -> R
     let span = Span::new(20, 30);
     let data = manager.prepare_pipeline_data(
         [Value::custom(Box::new(invalid_custom_value), span)]
-            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
     )?;
 
     let value = data
@@ -707,7 +698,7 @@ fn interface_write_response_with_value() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
             assert_eq!(33, id, "id");
             match response {
                 PluginCallResponse::PipelineData(header) => match header {
-                    PipelineDataHeader::Value(value) => assert_eq!(6, value.as_int()?),
+                    PipelineDataHeader::Value(value, _) => assert_eq!(6, value.as_int()?),
                     _ => panic!("unexpected pipeline data header: {header:?}"),
                 },
                 _ => panic!("unexpected response: {response:?}"),
@@ -730,7 +721,7 @@ fn interface_write_response_with_stream() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     interface
         .write_response(Ok::<_, ShellError>(
             [Value::test_int(3), Value::test_int(4), Value::test_int(5)]
-                .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+                .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         ))?
         .write()?;
 
@@ -1132,7 +1123,7 @@ fn interface_prepare_pipeline_data_serializes_custom_values_in_streams() -> Resu
         [Value::test_custom_value(Box::new(
             expected_test_custom_value(),
         ))]
-        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+        .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         &(),
     )?;
 
@@ -1191,7 +1182,7 @@ fn interface_prepare_pipeline_data_embeds_serialization_errors_in_streams() -> R
     let span = Span::new(40, 60);
     let data = interface.prepare_pipeline_data(
         [Value::custom(Box::new(CantSerialize::BadVariant), span)]
-            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), None),
+            .into_pipeline_data(Span::test_data(), Signals::empty()),
         &(),
     )?;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/mod.rs b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/mod.rs
index 2bf7f9fc07..87f95cf7d4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-plugin/src/plugin/mod.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use std::{
     thread,
 };
 
-use nu_engine::documentation::get_flags_section;
+use nu_engine::documentation::{get_flags_section, HelpStyle};
 use nu_plugin_core::{
     ClientCommunicationIo, CommunicationMode, InterfaceManager, PluginEncoder, PluginRead,
     PluginWrite,
@@ -657,6 +657,7 @@ fn print_help(plugin: &impl Plugin, encoder: impl PluginEncoder) {
     println!("Encoder: {}", encoder.name());
 
     let mut help = String::new();
+    let help_style = HelpStyle::default();
 
     plugin.commands().into_iter().for_each(|command| {
         let signature = command.signature();
@@ -670,7 +671,7 @@ fn print_help(plugin: &impl Plugin, encoder: impl PluginEncoder) {
                 }
             })
             .and_then(|_| {
-                let flags = get_flags_section(None, &signature, |v| format!("{:#?}", v));
+                let flags = get_flags_section(&signature, &help_style, |v| format!("{:#?}", v));
                 write!(help, "{flags}")
             })
             .and_then(|_| writeln!(help, "\nParameters:"))
diff --git a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/Cargo.toml
index cd3c3502a4..bf018dcf38 100644
--- a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-pretty-hex"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-pretty-hex"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
diff --git a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/src/lib.rs
index 02a8d553f3..201f586f75 100644
--- a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// #![no_std]
-
 //! A Rust library providing pretty hex dump.
 //!
 //! A `simple_hex()` way renders one-line hex dump, and a `pretty_hex()` way renders
@@ -59,8 +57,5 @@
 //! 0018:   db b1 bc 35 bf ee         ...5..
 //! ```
 
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-extern crate alloc;
-
 mod pretty_hex;
 pub use pretty_hex::*;
diff --git a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/tests/tests.rs b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/tests/tests.rs
index b59362a077..8c481f6fb0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-pretty-hex/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-pretty-hex/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,158 +1,147 @@
-// #![no_std]
-
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-extern crate alloc;
-extern crate nu_pretty_hex;
-
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-use alloc::{format, string::String, vec, vec::Vec};
 use nu_pretty_hex::*;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-#[test]
-fn test_simple() {
-    let bytes: Vec<u8> = (0..16).collect();
-    let expected = "00 01 02 03  04 05 06 07  08 09 0a 0b  0c 0d 0e 0f";
-    assert_eq!(expected, simple_hex(&bytes));
-    assert_eq!(expected, bytes.hex_dump().to_string());
-    assert_eq!(simple_hex(&bytes), config_hex(&bytes, HexConfig::simple()));
-
-    let mut have = String::new();
-    simple_hex_write(&mut have, &bytes).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(expected, have);
-
-    let str = "string";
-    let string: String = String::from("string");
-    let slice: &[u8] = &[0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67];
-    assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), "73 74 72 69  6e 67");
-    assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), simple_hex(&string));
-    assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), simple_hex(&slice));
-
-    assert!(simple_hex(&vec![]).is_empty());
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-#[test]
-fn test_pretty() {
-    let bytes: Vec<u8> = (0..256).map(|x| x as u8).collect();
-    let want = include_str!("256.txt");
-
-    let mut hex = String::new();
-    pretty_hex_write(&mut hex, &bytes).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(want, hex);
-    assert_eq!(want, format!("{:?}", bytes.hex_dump()));
-    assert_eq!(want, pretty_hex(&bytes));
-    assert_eq!(want, config_hex(&bytes, HexConfig::default()));
-
-    assert_eq!("Length: 0 (0x0) bytes\n", pretty_hex(&vec![]));
-}
-
-#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
-#[test]
-fn test_config() {
-    let cfg = HexConfig {
-        title: false,
-        ascii: false,
-        width: 0,
-        group: 0,
-        chunk: 0,
-    };
-    assert!(config_hex(&vec![], cfg).is_empty());
-    assert_eq!("2425262728", config_hex(&"$%&'(", cfg));
-
-    let v = include_bytes!("data");
-    let cfg = HexConfig {
-        title: false,
-        group: 8,
-        ..HexConfig::default()
-    };
-    let hex = "0000:   6b 4e 1a c3 af 03 d2 1e  7e 73 ba c8 bd 84 0f 83   kN......~s......\n\
-         0010:   89 d5 cf 90 23 67 4b 48  db b1 bc 35 bf ee         ....#gKH...5..";
-    assert_eq!(hex, config_hex(&v, cfg));
-    assert_eq!(hex, format!("{:?}", v.hex_conf(cfg)));
-    let mut str = String::new();
-    hex_write(&mut str, v, cfg).unwrap();
-    assert_eq!(hex, str);
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        config_hex(
-            &v,
-            HexConfig {
-                ascii: false,
-                ..cfg
-            }
-        ),
-        "0000:   6b 4e 1a c3 af 03 d2 1e  7e 73 ba c8 bd 84 0f 83\n\
-         0010:   89 d5 cf 90 23 67 4b 48  db b1 bc 35 bf ee"
-    );
-
-    assert_eq!(
-        config_hex(
-            &v,
-            HexConfig {
-                ascii: false,
-                group: 4,
-                chunk: 2,
-                ..cfg
-            }
-        ),
-        "0000:   6b4e 1ac3 af03 d21e  7e73 bac8 bd84 0f83\n\
-         0010:   89d5 cf90 2367 4b48  dbb1 bc35 bfee"
-    );
-
-    let v: Vec<u8> = (0..21).collect();
-    let want = r##"Length: 21 (0x15) bytes
-0000:   00 01 02 03  04 05 06 07  08 09 0a 0b  0c 0d 0e 0f   ................
-0010:   10 11 12 13  14                                      ....."##;
-    assert_eq!(want, pretty_hex(&v));
-
-    let v: Vec<u8> = (0..13).collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        config_hex(
-            &v,
-            HexConfig {
-                title: false,
-                ascii: true,
-                width: 11,
-                group: 2,
-                chunk: 3
-            }
-        ),
-        "0000:   000102 030405  060708 090a   ...........\n\
-         000b:   0b0c                         .."
-    );
-
-    let v: Vec<u8> = (0..19).collect();
-    assert_eq!(
-        config_hex(
-            &v,
-            HexConfig {
-                title: false,
-                ascii: true,
-                width: 16,
-                group: 3,
-                chunk: 3
-            }
-        ),
-        "0000:   000102 030405 060708  090a0b 0c0d0e 0f   ................\n\
-         0010:   101112                                   ..."
-    );
-
-    let cfg = HexConfig {
-        title: false,
-        group: 0,
-        ..HexConfig::default()
-    };
-    assert_eq!(
-        format!("{:?}", v.hex_conf(cfg)),
-        "0000:   00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f   ................\n\
-         0010:   10 11 12                                          ..."
-    );
-    assert_eq!(
-        v.hex_conf(cfg).to_string(),
-        "00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12"
-    );
-}
+// #[test]
+// fn test_simple() {
+//     let bytes: Vec<u8> = (0..16).collect();
+//     let expected = "00 01 02 03  04 05 06 07  08 09 0a 0b  0c 0d 0e 0f";
+//     assert_eq!(expected, simple_hex(&bytes));
+//     assert_eq!(expected, bytes.hex_dump().to_string());
+//     assert_eq!(simple_hex(&bytes), config_hex(&bytes, HexConfig::simple()));
+//
+//     let mut have = String::new();
+//     simple_hex_write(&mut have, &bytes).unwrap();
+//     assert_eq!(expected, have);
+//
+//     let str = "string";
+//     let string: String = String::from("string");
+//     let slice: &[u8] = &[0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67];
+//     assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), "73 74 72 69  6e 67");
+//     assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), simple_hex(&string));
+//     assert_eq!(simple_hex(&str), simple_hex(&slice));
+//
+//     assert!(simple_hex(&vec![]).is_empty());
+// }
+//
+// #[test]
+// fn test_pretty() {
+//     let bytes: Vec<u8> = (0..256).map(|x| x as u8).collect();
+//     let want = include_str!("256.txt");
+//
+//     let mut hex = String::new();
+//     pretty_hex_write(&mut hex, &bytes).unwrap();
+//     assert_eq!(want, hex);
+//     assert_eq!(want, format!("{:?}", bytes.hex_dump()));
+//     assert_eq!(want, pretty_hex(&bytes));
+//     assert_eq!(want, config_hex(&bytes, HexConfig::default()));
+//
+//     assert_eq!("Length: 0 (0x0) bytes\n", pretty_hex(&vec![]));
+// }
+//
+// #[test]
+// fn test_config() {
+//     let cfg = HexConfig {
+//         title: false,
+//         ascii: false,
+//         width: 0,
+//         group: 0,
+//         chunk: 0,
+//     };
+//     assert!(config_hex(&vec![], cfg).is_empty());
+//     assert_eq!("2425262728", config_hex(&"$%&'(", cfg));
+//
+//     let v = include_bytes!("data");
+//     let cfg = HexConfig {
+//         title: false,
+//         group: 8,
+//         ..HexConfig::default()
+//     };
+//     let hex = "0000:   6b 4e 1a c3 af 03 d2 1e  7e 73 ba c8 bd 84 0f 83   kN......~s......\n\
+//          0010:   89 d5 cf 90 23 67 4b 48  db b1 bc 35 bf ee         ....#gKH...5..";
+//     assert_eq!(hex, config_hex(&v, cfg));
+//     assert_eq!(hex, format!("{:?}", v.hex_conf(cfg)));
+//     let mut str = String::new();
+//     hex_write(&mut str, v, cfg).unwrap();
+//     assert_eq!(hex, str);
+//
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         config_hex(
+//             &v,
+//             HexConfig {
+//                 ascii: false,
+//                 ..cfg
+//             }
+//         ),
+//         "0000:   6b 4e 1a c3 af 03 d2 1e  7e 73 ba c8 bd 84 0f 83\n\
+//          0010:   89 d5 cf 90 23 67 4b 48  db b1 bc 35 bf ee"
+//     );
+//
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         config_hex(
+//             &v,
+//             HexConfig {
+//                 ascii: false,
+//                 group: 4,
+//                 chunk: 2,
+//                 ..cfg
+//             }
+//         ),
+//         "0000:   6b4e 1ac3 af03 d21e  7e73 bac8 bd84 0f83\n\
+//          0010:   89d5 cf90 2367 4b48  dbb1 bc35 bfee"
+//     );
+//
+//     let v: Vec<u8> = (0..21).collect();
+//     let want = r##"Length: 21 (0x15) bytes
+// 0000:   00 01 02 03  04 05 06 07  08 09 0a 0b  0c 0d 0e 0f   ................
+// 0010:   10 11 12 13  14                                      ....."##;
+//     assert_eq!(want, pretty_hex(&v));
+//
+//     let v: Vec<u8> = (0..13).collect();
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         config_hex(
+//             &v,
+//             HexConfig {
+//                 title: false,
+//                 ascii: true,
+//                 width: 11,
+//                 group: 2,
+//                 chunk: 3
+//             }
+//         ),
+//         "0000:   000102 030405  060708 090a   ...........\n\
+//          000b:   0b0c                         .."
+//     );
+//
+//     let v: Vec<u8> = (0..19).collect();
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         config_hex(
+//             &v,
+//             HexConfig {
+//                 title: false,
+//                 ascii: true,
+//                 width: 16,
+//                 group: 3,
+//                 chunk: 3
+//             }
+//         ),
+//         "0000:   000102 030405 060708  090a0b 0c0d0e 0f   ................\n\
+//          0010:   101112                                   ..."
+//     );
+//
+//     let cfg = HexConfig {
+//         title: false,
+//         group: 0,
+//         ..HexConfig::default()
+//     };
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         format!("{:?}", v.hex_conf(cfg)),
+//         "0000:   00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f   ................\n\
+//          0010:   10 11 12                                          ..."
+//     );
+//     assert_eq!(
+//         v.hex_conf(cfg).to_string(),
+//         "00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12"
+//     );
+// }
 
 // This test case checks that hex_write works even without the alloc crate.
 // Decorators to this function like simple_hex_write or PrettyHex::hex_dump()
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-protocol/Cargo.toml
index ee0f5a8221..197131b3f4 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-protocol"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-protocol"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -13,16 +13,17 @@ version = "0.95.1"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-derive-value = { path = "../nu-derive-value", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-system = { path = "../nu-system", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-derive-value = { path = "../nu-derive-value", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 brotli = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 byte-unit = { version = "5.1", features = [ "serde" ] }
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = [ "serde", "std", "unstable-locales" ], default-features = false }
 chrono-humanize = { workspace = true }
 convert_case = { workspace = true }
+dirs = { workspace = true }
 fancy-regex = { workspace = true }
 indexmap = { workspace = true }
 lru = { workspace = true }
@@ -33,10 +34,15 @@ serde = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 thiserror = "1.0"
 typetag = "0.2"
 os_pipe = { workspace = true, features = ["io_safety"] }
+log = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
 nix = { workspace = true, default-features = false, features = ["signal"] }
 
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+dirs-sys = { workspace = true }
+windows-sys = { workspace = true }
+
 [features]
 plugin = [
   "brotli",
@@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ plugin = [
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
 strum = "0.26"
 strum_macros = "0.26"
-nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-test-support = { path = "../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
 pretty_assertions = { workspace = true }
 rstest = { workspace = true }
 tempfile = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/alias.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/alias.rs
index 24448225d4..701543c57b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/alias.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/alias.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 use crate::{
-    ast::{Call, Expression},
-    engine::{Command, CommandType, EngineState, Stack},
+    ast::Expression,
+    engine::{Call, Command, CommandType, EngineState, Stack},
     PipelineData, ShellError, Signature,
 };
 
+/// Command wrapper of an alias.
+///
+/// Our current aliases are implemented as wrapping commands
+/// This has some limitations compared to text-substitution macro aliases but can reliably use more
+/// of our machinery
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Alias {
     pub name: String,
-    pub command: Option<Box<dyn Command>>, // None if external call
+    /// Wrapped inner [`Command`]. `None` if alias of external call
+    pub command: Option<Box<dyn Command>>,
     pub wrapped_call: Expression,
     pub usage: String,
     pub extra_usage: String,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/block.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/block.rs
index 6e3449af26..a6e640cc15 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/block.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/block.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::Pipeline;
-use crate::{engine::EngineState, OutDest, Signature, Span, Type, VarId};
+use crate::{engine::StateWorkingSet, ir::IrBlock, OutDest, Signature, Span, Type, VarId};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ pub struct Block {
     pub pipelines: Vec<Pipeline>,
     pub captures: Vec<VarId>,
     pub redirect_env: bool,
+    /// The block compiled to IR instructions. Not available for subexpressions.
+    pub ir_block: Option<IrBlock>,
     pub span: Option<Span>, // None option encodes no span to avoid using test_span()
 }
 
@@ -22,10 +24,10 @@ impl Block {
 
     pub fn pipe_redirection(
         &self,
-        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     ) -> (Option<OutDest>, Option<OutDest>) {
         if let Some(first) = self.pipelines.first() {
-            first.pipe_redirection(engine_state)
+            first.pipe_redirection(working_set)
         } else {
             (None, None)
         }
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ impl Block {
             pipelines: vec![],
             captures: vec![],
             redirect_env: false,
+            ir_block: None,
             span: None,
         }
     }
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@ impl Block {
             pipelines: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
             captures: vec![],
             redirect_env: false,
+            ir_block: None,
             span: None,
         }
     }
@@ -74,6 +78,19 @@ impl Block {
             Type::Nothing
         }
     }
+
+    /// Replace any `$in` variables in the initial element of pipelines within the block
+    pub fn replace_in_variable(
+        &mut self,
+        working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet<'_>,
+        new_var_id: VarId,
+    ) {
+        for pipeline in self.pipelines.iter_mut() {
+            if let Some(element) = pipeline.elements.first_mut() {
+                element.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T> From<T> for Block
@@ -86,6 +103,7 @@ where
             pipelines: pipelines.collect(),
             captures: vec![],
             redirect_env: false,
+            ir_block: None,
             span: None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/call.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/call.rs
index 6e8cc64a05..0f7b25e21f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/call.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/call.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,30 @@ use crate::{
     ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 
+/// Parsed command arguments
+///
+/// Primarily for internal commands
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Argument {
+    /// A positional argument (that is not [`Argument::Spread`])
+    ///
+    /// ```nushell
+    /// my_cmd positional
+    /// ```
     Positional(Expression),
+    /// A named/flag argument that can optionally receive a [`Value`] as an [`Expression`]
+    ///
+    /// The optional second `Spanned<String>` refers to the short-flag version if used
+    /// ```nushell
+    /// my_cmd --flag
+    /// my_cmd -f
+    /// my_cmd --flag-with-value <expr>
+    /// ```
     Named((Spanned<String>, Option<Spanned<String>>, Option<Expression>)),
-    Unknown(Expression), // unknown argument used in "fall-through" signatures
-    Spread(Expression),  // a list spread to fill in rest arguments
+    /// unknown argument used in "fall-through" signatures
+    Unknown(Expression),
+    /// a list spread to fill in rest arguments
+    Spread(Expression),
 }
 
 impl Argument {
@@ -47,12 +65,24 @@ impl Argument {
     }
 }
 
+/// Argument passed to an external command
+///
+/// Here the parsing rules slightly differ to directly pass strings to the external process
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ExternalArgument {
+    /// Expression that needs to be evaluated to turn into an external process argument
     Regular(Expression),
+    /// Occurrence of a `...` spread operator that needs to be expanded
     Spread(Expression),
 }
 
+/// Parsed call of a `Command`
+///
+/// As we also implement some internal keywords in terms of the `Command` trait, this type stores the passed arguments as [`Expression`].
+/// Some of its methods lazily evaluate those to [`Value`] while others return the underlying
+/// [`Expression`].
+///
+/// For further utilities check the `nu_engine::CallExt` trait that extends [`Call`]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Call {
     /// identifier of the declaration to call
@@ -80,17 +110,11 @@ impl Call {
     /// If there are one or more arguments the span encompasses the start of the first argument to
     /// end of the last argument
     pub fn arguments_span(&self) -> Span {
-        let past = self.head.past();
-
-        let start = self
-            .arguments
-            .first()
-            .map(|a| a.span())
-            .unwrap_or(past)
-            .start;
-        let end = self.arguments.last().map(|a| a.span()).unwrap_or(past).end;
-
-        Span::new(start, end)
+        if self.arguments.is_empty() {
+            self.head.past()
+        } else {
+            Span::merge_many(self.arguments.iter().map(|a| a.span()))
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn named_iter(
@@ -311,27 +335,7 @@ impl Call {
     }
 
     pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
-        let mut span = self.head;
-
-        for positional in self.positional_iter() {
-            if positional.span.end > span.end {
-                span.end = positional.span.end;
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (named, _, val) in self.named_iter() {
-            if named.span.end > span.end {
-                span.end = named.span.end;
-            }
-
-            if let Some(val) = &val {
-                if val.span.end > span.end {
-                    span.end = val.span.end;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        span
+        self.head.merge(self.arguments_span())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/cell_path.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/cell_path.rs
index 3de37f3992..0880537557 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/cell_path.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/cell_path.rs
@@ -3,16 +3,23 @@ use crate::Span;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display};
 
+/// One level of access of a [`CellPath`]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum PathMember {
+    /// Accessing a member by string (i.e. columns of a table or [`Record`](crate::Record))
     String {
         val: String,
         span: Span,
+        /// If marked as optional don't throw an error if not found but perform default handling
+        /// (e.g. return `Value::Nothing`)
         optional: bool,
     },
+    /// Accessing a member by index (i.e. row of a table or item in a list)
     Int {
         val: usize,
         span: Span,
+        /// If marked as optional don't throw an error if not found but perform default handling
+        /// (e.g. return `Value::Nothing`)
         optional: bool,
     },
 }
@@ -143,6 +150,18 @@ impl PartialOrd for PathMember {
     }
 }
 
+/// Represents the potentially nested access to fields/cells of a container type
+///
+/// In our current implementation for table access the order of row/column is commutative.
+/// This limits the number of possible rows to select in one [`CellPath`] to 1 as it could
+/// otherwise be ambiguous
+///
+/// ```nushell
+/// col1.0
+/// 0.col1
+/// col2
+/// 42
+/// ```
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct CellPath {
     pub members: Vec<PathMember>,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expr.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expr.rs
index 0e561e5c8f..d6386f92dc 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expr.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ use super::{
     Call, CellPath, Expression, ExternalArgument, FullCellPath, Keyword, MatchPattern, Operator,
     Range, Table, ValueWithUnit,
 };
-use crate::{ast::ImportPattern, engine::EngineState, BlockId, OutDest, Signature, Span, VarId};
+use crate::{
+    ast::ImportPattern, engine::StateWorkingSet, BlockId, OutDest, Signature, Span, VarId,
+};
 
+/// An [`Expression`] AST node
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Expr {
     Bool(bool),
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ pub enum Expr {
     RowCondition(BlockId),
     UnaryNot(Box<Expression>),
     BinaryOp(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>), //lhs, op, rhs
+    Collect(VarId, Box<Expression>),
     Subexpression(BlockId),
     Block(BlockId),
     Closure(BlockId),
@@ -60,17 +64,19 @@ const _: () = assert!(std::mem::size_of::<Expr>() <= 40);
 impl Expr {
     pub fn pipe_redirection(
         &self,
-        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     ) -> (Option<OutDest>, Option<OutDest>) {
-        // Usages of `$in` will be wrapped by a `collect` call by the parser,
-        // so we do not have to worry about that when considering
-        // which of the expressions below may consume pipeline output.
         match self {
-            Expr::Call(call) => engine_state.get_decl(call.decl_id).pipe_redirection(),
-            Expr::Subexpression(block_id) | Expr::Block(block_id) => engine_state
+            Expr::Call(call) => working_set.get_decl(call.decl_id).pipe_redirection(),
+            Expr::Collect(_, _) => {
+                // A collect expression always has default redirection, it's just going to collect
+                // stdout unless another type of redirection is specified
+                (None, None)
+            },
+            Expr::Subexpression(block_id) | Expr::Block(block_id) => working_set
                 .get_block(*block_id)
-                .pipe_redirection(engine_state),
-            Expr::FullCellPath(cell_path) => cell_path.head.expr.pipe_redirection(engine_state),
+                .pipe_redirection(working_set),
+            Expr::FullCellPath(cell_path) => cell_path.head.expr.pipe_redirection(working_set),
             Expr::Bool(_)
             | Expr::Int(_)
             | Expr::Float(_)
@@ -125,6 +131,7 @@ impl Expr {
     }
 }
 
+/// Expressions permitted inside a record expression/literal
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum RecordItem {
     /// A key: val mapping
@@ -133,6 +140,7 @@ pub enum RecordItem {
     Spread(Span, Expression),
 }
 
+/// Expressions permitted inside a list expression/literal
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ListItem {
     /// A normal expression
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expression.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expression.rs
index 040e140cab..faf47d42ec 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expression.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/expression.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ use crate::{
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+use super::ListItem;
+
+/// Wrapper around [`Expr`]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Expression {
     pub expr: Expr,
@@ -27,42 +30,9 @@ impl Expression {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn precedence(&self) -> usize {
+    pub fn precedence(&self) -> u8 {
         match &self.expr {
-            Expr::Operator(operator) => {
-                use super::operator::*;
-                // Higher precedence binds tighter
-
-                match operator {
-                    Operator::Math(Math::Pow) => 100,
-                    Operator::Math(Math::Multiply)
-                    | Operator::Math(Math::Divide)
-                    | Operator::Math(Math::Modulo)
-                    | Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivision) => 95,
-                    Operator::Math(Math::Plus) | Operator::Math(Math::Minus) => 90,
-                    Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft) | Operator::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight) => 85,
-                    Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::Equal)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::In)
-                    | Operator::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn)
-                    | Operator::Math(Math::Append) => 80,
-                    Operator::Bits(Bits::BitAnd) => 75,
-                    Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor) => 70,
-                    Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr) => 60,
-                    Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And) => 50,
-                    Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor) => 45,
-                    Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => 40,
-                    Operator::Assignment(_) => 10,
-                }
-            }
+            Expr::Operator(operator) => operator.precedence(),
             _ => 0,
         }
     }
@@ -138,37 +108,14 @@ impl Expression {
                 left.has_in_variable(working_set) || right.has_in_variable(working_set)
             }
             Expr::UnaryNot(expr) => expr.has_in_variable(working_set),
-            Expr::Block(block_id) => {
+            Expr::Block(block_id) | Expr::Closure(block_id) => {
                 let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
-
-                if block.captures.contains(&IN_VARIABLE_ID) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                if let Some(pipeline) = block.pipelines.first() {
-                    match pipeline.elements.first() {
-                        Some(element) => element.has_in_variable(working_set),
-                        None => false,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
-            }
-            Expr::Closure(block_id) => {
-                let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
-
-                if block.captures.contains(&IN_VARIABLE_ID) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-
-                if let Some(pipeline) = block.pipelines.first() {
-                    match pipeline.elements.first() {
-                        Some(element) => element.has_in_variable(working_set),
-                        None => false,
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    false
-                }
+                block.captures.contains(&IN_VARIABLE_ID)
+                    || block
+                        .pipelines
+                        .iter()
+                        .flat_map(|pipeline| pipeline.elements.first())
+                        .any(|element| element.has_in_variable(working_set))
             }
             Expr::Binary(_) => false,
             Expr::Bool(_) => false,
@@ -283,6 +230,9 @@ impl Expression {
             Expr::Signature(_) => false,
             Expr::String(_) => false,
             Expr::RawString(_) => false,
+            // A `$in` variable found within a `Collect` is local, as it's already been wrapped
+            // This is probably unlikely to happen anyway - the expressions are wrapped depth-first
+            Expr::Collect(_, _) => false,
             Expr::RowCondition(block_id) | Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
                 let block = working_set.get_block(*block_id);
 
@@ -446,6 +396,7 @@ impl Expression {
                     i.replace_span(working_set, replaced, new_span)
                 }
             }
+            Expr::Collect(_, expr) => expr.replace_span(working_set, replaced, new_span),
             Expr::RowCondition(block_id) | Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
                 let mut block = (**working_set.get_block(*block_id)).clone();
 
@@ -475,6 +426,139 @@ impl Expression {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn replace_in_variable(&mut self, working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, new_var_id: VarId) {
+        match &mut self.expr {
+            Expr::Bool(_) => {}
+            Expr::Int(_) => {}
+            Expr::Float(_) => {}
+            Expr::Binary(_) => {}
+            Expr::Range(range) => {
+                if let Some(from) = &mut range.from {
+                    from.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+                if let Some(next) = &mut range.next {
+                    next.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+                if let Some(to) = &mut range.to {
+                    to.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Var(var_id) | Expr::VarDecl(var_id) => {
+                if *var_id == IN_VARIABLE_ID {
+                    *var_id = new_var_id;
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Call(call) => {
+                for arg in call.arguments.iter_mut() {
+                    match arg {
+                        Argument::Positional(expr)
+                        | Argument::Unknown(expr)
+                        | Argument::Named((_, _, Some(expr)))
+                        | Argument::Spread(expr) => {
+                            expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+                        }
+                        Argument::Named((_, _, None)) => {}
+                    }
+                }
+                for expr in call.parser_info.values_mut() {
+                    expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::ExternalCall(head, args) => {
+                head.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                for arg in args.iter_mut() {
+                    match arg {
+                        ExternalArgument::Regular(expr) | ExternalArgument::Spread(expr) => {
+                            expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Operator(_) => {}
+            // `$in` in `Collect` has already been handled, so we don't need to check further
+            Expr::Collect(_, _) => {}
+            Expr::Block(block_id)
+            | Expr::Closure(block_id)
+            | Expr::RowCondition(block_id)
+            | Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
+                let mut block = Block::clone(working_set.get_block(*block_id));
+                block.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                *working_set.get_block_mut(*block_id) = block;
+            }
+            Expr::UnaryNot(expr) => {
+                expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+            }
+            Expr::BinaryOp(lhs, op, rhs) => {
+                for expr in [lhs, op, rhs] {
+                    expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::MatchBlock(match_patterns) => {
+                for (_, expr) in match_patterns.iter_mut() {
+                    expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::List(items) => {
+                for item in items.iter_mut() {
+                    match item {
+                        ListItem::Item(expr) | ListItem::Spread(_, expr) => {
+                            expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Table(table) => {
+                for col_expr in table.columns.iter_mut() {
+                    col_expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+                for row in table.rows.iter_mut() {
+                    for row_expr in row.iter_mut() {
+                        row_expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Record(items) => {
+                for item in items.iter_mut() {
+                    match item {
+                        RecordItem::Pair(key, val) => {
+                            key.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                            val.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                        }
+                        RecordItem::Spread(_, expr) => {
+                            expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Keyword(kw) => kw.expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id),
+            Expr::ValueWithUnit(value_with_unit) => value_with_unit
+                .expr
+                .replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id),
+            Expr::DateTime(_) => {}
+            Expr::Filepath(_, _) => {}
+            Expr::Directory(_, _) => {}
+            Expr::GlobPattern(_, _) => {}
+            Expr::String(_) => {}
+            Expr::RawString(_) => {}
+            Expr::CellPath(_) => {}
+            Expr::FullCellPath(full_cell_path) => {
+                full_cell_path
+                    .head
+                    .replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+            }
+            Expr::ImportPattern(_) => {}
+            Expr::Overlay(_) => {}
+            Expr::Signature(_) => {}
+            Expr::StringInterpolation(exprs) | Expr::GlobInterpolation(exprs, _) => {
+                for expr in exprs.iter_mut() {
+                    expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Nothing => {}
+            Expr::Garbage => {}
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn new(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, expr: Expr, span: Span, ty: Type) -> Expression {
         let span_id = working_set.add_span(span);
         Expression {
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/import_pattern.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/import_pattern.rs
index 893dd9897b..ad08bfb2d1 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/import_pattern.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/import_pattern.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use crate::{ModuleId, Span, VarId};
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
+/// possible patterns after the first module level in an [`ImportPattern`].
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ImportPatternMember {
+    /// Wildcard import of items
     Glob { span: Span },
+    /// single specific module or item
     Name { name: Vec<u8>, span: Span },
+    /// list of items
     List { names: Vec<(Vec<u8>, Span)> },
 }
 
@@ -31,6 +35,7 @@ impl ImportPatternMember {
     }
 }
 
+/// The first item of a `use` statement needs to specify an explicit module
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ImportPatternHead {
     pub name: Vec<u8>,
@@ -38,6 +43,7 @@ pub struct ImportPatternHead {
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
+/// The pattern specifying modules in a `use` statement
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ImportPattern {
     pub head: ImportPatternHead,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/match_pattern.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/match_pattern.rs
index b8f87c3f63..ca639270aa 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/match_pattern.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/match_pattern.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ use super::Expression;
 use crate::{Span, VarId};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
+/// AST Node for match arm with optional match guard
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct MatchPattern {
     pub pattern: Pattern,
-    pub guard: Option<Expression>,
+    pub guard: Option<Box<Expression>>,
     pub span: Span,
 }
 
@@ -15,16 +16,28 @@ impl MatchPattern {
     }
 }
 
+/// AST Node for pattern matching rules
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Pattern {
+    /// Destructuring of records
     Record(Vec<(String, MatchPattern)>),
+    /// List destructuring
     List(Vec<MatchPattern>),
-    Value(Expression),
+    /// Matching against a literal
+    // TODO: it would be nice if this didn't depend on AST
+    // maybe const evaluation can get us to a Value instead?
+    Value(Box<Expression>),
+    /// binding to a variable
     Variable(VarId),
+    /// the `pattern1 \ pattern2` or-pattern
     Or(Vec<MatchPattern>),
-    Rest(VarId), // the ..$foo pattern
-    IgnoreRest,  // the .. pattern
-    IgnoreValue, // the _ pattern
+    /// the `..$foo` pattern
+    Rest(VarId),
+    /// the `..` pattern
+    IgnoreRest,
+    /// the `_` pattern
+    IgnoreValue,
+    /// Failed parsing of a pattern
     Garbage,
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/mod.rs
index 7c627997fe..cb09168805 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Types representing parsed Nushell code (the Abstract Syntax Tree)
 mod block;
 mod call;
 mod cell_path;
@@ -9,7 +10,7 @@ mod match_pattern;
 mod operator;
 mod pipeline;
 mod range;
-pub mod table;
+mod table;
 mod unit;
 mod value_with_unit;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/operator.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/operator.rs
index 46484761bc..713c6c0060 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/operator.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/operator.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,40 @@ pub enum Operator {
     Assignment(Assignment),
 }
 
+impl Operator {
+    pub fn precedence(&self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Math(Math::Pow) => 100,
+            Self::Math(Math::Multiply)
+            | Self::Math(Math::Divide)
+            | Self::Math(Math::Modulo)
+            | Self::Math(Math::FloorDivision) => 95,
+            Self::Math(Math::Plus) | Self::Math(Math::Minus) => 90,
+            Self::Bits(Bits::ShiftLeft) | Self::Bits(Bits::ShiftRight) => 85,
+            Self::Comparison(Comparison::NotRegexMatch)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::RegexMatch)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::StartsWith)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::EndsWith)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::LessThan)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::LessThanOrEqual)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThan)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::GreaterThanOrEqual)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::Equal)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::NotEqual)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::In)
+            | Self::Comparison(Comparison::NotIn)
+            | Self::Math(Math::Append) => 80,
+            Self::Bits(Bits::BitAnd) => 75,
+            Self::Bits(Bits::BitXor) => 70,
+            Self::Bits(Bits::BitOr) => 60,
+            Self::Boolean(Boolean::And) => 50,
+            Self::Boolean(Boolean::Xor) => 45,
+            Self::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => 40,
+            Self::Assignment(_) => 10,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Display for Operator {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
@@ -95,10 +129,10 @@ impl Display for Operator {
             Operator::Math(Math::Multiply) => write!(f, "*"),
             Operator::Math(Math::Divide) => write!(f, "/"),
             Operator::Math(Math::Modulo) => write!(f, "mod"),
-            Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivision) => write!(f, "fdiv"),
+            Operator::Math(Math::FloorDivision) => write!(f, "//"),
             Operator::Math(Math::Pow) => write!(f, "**"),
-            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And) => write!(f, "&&"),
-            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => write!(f, "||"),
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::And) => write!(f, "and"),
+            Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Or) => write!(f, "or"),
             Operator::Boolean(Boolean::Xor) => write!(f, "xor"),
             Operator::Bits(Bits::BitOr) => write!(f, "bit-or"),
             Operator::Bits(Bits::BitXor) => write!(f, "bit-xor"),
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/pipeline.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/pipeline.rs
index f03c016daf..0ed02c700b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ast/pipeline.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{
-    ast::Expression,
-    engine::{EngineState, StateWorkingSet},
-    OutDest, Span,
-};
+use crate::{ast::Expression, engine::StateWorkingSet, OutDest, Span, VarId};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt::Display;
 
@@ -66,6 +62,19 @@ impl RedirectionTarget {
             RedirectionTarget::Pipe { .. } => {}
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn replace_in_variable(
+        &mut self,
+        working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet<'_>,
+        new_var_id: VarId,
+    ) {
+        match self {
+            RedirectionTarget::File { expr, .. } => {
+                expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+            }
+            RedirectionTarget::Pipe { .. } => {}
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
@@ -79,6 +88,23 @@ pub enum PipelineRedirection {
         err: RedirectionTarget,
     },
 }
+impl PipelineRedirection {
+    pub fn replace_in_variable(
+        &mut self,
+        working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet<'_>,
+        new_var_id: VarId,
+    ) {
+        match self {
+            PipelineRedirection::Single { source: _, target } => {
+                target.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id)
+            }
+            PipelineRedirection::Separate { out, err } => {
+                out.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+                err.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PipelineElement {
@@ -120,9 +146,20 @@ impl PipelineElement {
 
     pub fn pipe_redirection(
         &self,
-        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     ) -> (Option<OutDest>, Option<OutDest>) {
-        self.expr.expr.pipe_redirection(engine_state)
+        self.expr.expr.pipe_redirection(working_set)
+    }
+
+    pub fn replace_in_variable(
+        &mut self,
+        working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet<'_>,
+        new_var_id: VarId,
+    ) {
+        self.expr.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+        if let Some(redirection) = &mut self.redirection {
+            redirection.replace_in_variable(working_set, new_var_id);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -166,10 +203,10 @@ impl Pipeline {
 
     pub fn pipe_redirection(
         &self,
-        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
     ) -> (Option<OutDest>, Option<OutDest>) {
         if let Some(first) = self.elements.first() {
-            first.pipe_redirection(engine_state)
+            first.pipe_redirection(working_set)
         } else {
             (None, None)
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/config/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/config/mod.rs
index a626f96aff..59cc70fb79 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/config/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/config/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Module containing the internal representation of user configuration
 use self::completer::*;
 use self::helper::*;
 use self::hooks::*;
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/debugger_trait.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/debugger_trait.rs
index 69d395fb98..88cc753548 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/debugger_trait.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/debugger_trait.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use crate::{
     ast::{Block, PipelineElement},
     engine::EngineState,
+    ir::IrBlock,
     PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value,
 };
 use std::{fmt::Debug, ops::DerefMut};
@@ -35,11 +36,11 @@ pub trait DebugContext: Clone + Copy + Debug {
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn leave_block(engine_state: &EngineState, block: &Block) {}
 
-    /// Called when the evaluator enters a pipeline element
+    /// Called when the AST evaluator enters a pipeline element
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn enter_element(engine_state: &EngineState, element: &PipelineElement) {}
 
-    /// Called when the evaluator leaves a pipeline element
+    /// Called when the AST evaluator leaves a pipeline element
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn leave_element(
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -47,6 +48,27 @@ pub trait DebugContext: Clone + Copy + Debug {
         result: &Result<PipelineData, ShellError>,
     ) {
     }
+
+    /// Called before the IR evaluator runs an instruction
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn enter_instruction(
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    /// Called after the IR evaluator runs an instruction
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn leave_instruction(
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+        error: Option<&ShellError>,
+    ) {
+    }
 }
 
 /// Marker struct signalizing that evaluation should use a Debugger
@@ -85,6 +107,40 @@ impl DebugContext for WithDebug {
                 .leave_element(engine_state, element, result);
         }
     }
+
+    fn enter_instruction(
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+    ) {
+        if let Ok(mut debugger) = engine_state.debugger.lock() {
+            debugger.deref_mut().enter_instruction(
+                engine_state,
+                ir_block,
+                instruction_index,
+                registers,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn leave_instruction(
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+        error: Option<&ShellError>,
+    ) {
+        if let Ok(mut debugger) = engine_state.debugger.lock() {
+            debugger.deref_mut().leave_instruction(
+                engine_state,
+                ir_block,
+                instruction_index,
+                registers,
+                error,
+            )
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// Marker struct signalizing that evaluation should NOT use a Debugger
@@ -118,11 +174,11 @@ pub trait Debugger: Send + Debug {
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn leave_block(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, block: &Block) {}
 
-    /// Called when the evaluator enters a pipeline element
+    /// Called when the AST evaluator enters a pipeline element
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn enter_element(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, pipeline_element: &PipelineElement) {}
 
-    /// Called when the evaluator leaves a pipeline element
+    /// Called when the AST evaluator leaves a pipeline element
     #[allow(unused_variables)]
     fn leave_element(
         &mut self,
@@ -132,6 +188,29 @@ pub trait Debugger: Send + Debug {
     ) {
     }
 
+    /// Called before the IR evaluator runs an instruction
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn enter_instruction(
+        &mut self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    /// Called after the IR evaluator runs an instruction
+    #[allow(unused_variables)]
+    fn leave_instruction(
+        &mut self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+        error: Option<&ShellError>,
+    ) {
+    }
+
     /// Create a final report as a Value
     ///
     /// Intended to be called after deactivate()
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/mod.rs
index 03208fb3c7..86768a0a34 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Module containing the trait to instrument the engine for debugging and profiling
 pub mod debugger_trait;
 pub mod profiler;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/profiler.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/profiler.rs
index c3066c0a14..ea81a1b814 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/profiler.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/debugger/profiler.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ use crate::{
     ast::{Block, Expr, PipelineElement},
     debugger::Debugger,
     engine::EngineState,
+    ir::IrBlock,
     record, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value,
 };
-use std::io::BufRead;
 use std::time::Instant;
+use std::{borrow::Borrow, io::BufRead};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct ElementId(usize);
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ struct ElementInfo {
     element_span: Span,
     element_output: Option<Value>,
     expr: Option<String>,
+    instruction: Option<(usize, String)>,
     children: Vec<ElementId>,
 }
 
@@ -36,57 +38,53 @@ impl ElementInfo {
             element_span,
             element_output: None,
             expr: None,
+            instruction: None,
             children: vec![],
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// Options for [`Profiler`]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ProfilerOptions {
+    pub max_depth: i64,
+    pub collect_spans: bool,
+    pub collect_source: bool,
+    pub collect_expanded_source: bool,
+    pub collect_values: bool,
+    pub collect_exprs: bool,
+    pub collect_instructions: bool,
+    pub collect_lines: bool,
+}
+
 /// Basic profiler, used in `debug profile`
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Profiler {
     depth: i64,
-    max_depth: i64,
-    collect_spans: bool,
-    collect_source: bool,
-    collect_expanded_source: bool,
-    collect_values: bool,
-    collect_exprs: bool,
-    collect_lines: bool,
+    opts: ProfilerOptions,
     elements: Vec<ElementInfo>,
     element_stack: Vec<ElementId>,
 }
 
 impl Profiler {
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    pub fn new(
-        max_depth: i64,
-        collect_spans: bool,
-        collect_source: bool,
-        collect_expanded_source: bool,
-        collect_values: bool,
-        collect_exprs: bool,
-        collect_lines: bool,
-        span: Span,
-    ) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(opts: ProfilerOptions, span: Span) -> Self {
         let first = ElementInfo {
             start: Instant::now(),
             duration_sec: 0.0,
             depth: 0,
             element_span: span,
-            element_output: collect_values.then(|| Value::nothing(span)),
-            expr: collect_exprs.then(|| "call".to_string()),
+            element_output: opts.collect_values.then(|| Value::nothing(span)),
+            expr: opts.collect_exprs.then(|| "call".to_string()),
+            instruction: opts
+                .collect_instructions
+                .then(|| (0, "<start>".to_string())),
             children: vec![],
         };
 
         Profiler {
             depth: 0,
-            max_depth,
-            collect_spans,
-            collect_source,
-            collect_expanded_source,
-            collect_values,
-            collect_exprs,
-            collect_lines,
+            opts,
             elements: vec![first],
             element_stack: vec![ElementId(0)],
         }
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@ impl Debugger for Profiler {
     }
 
     fn enter_element(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, element: &PipelineElement) {
-        if self.depth > self.max_depth {
+        if self.depth > self.opts.max_depth {
             return;
         }
 
@@ -140,6 +138,7 @@ impl Debugger for Profiler {
         };
 
         let expr_opt = self
+            .opts
             .collect_exprs
             .then(|| expr_to_string(engine_state, &element.expr.expr));
 
@@ -165,13 +164,13 @@ impl Debugger for Profiler {
         element: &PipelineElement,
         result: &Result<PipelineData, ShellError>,
     ) {
-        if self.depth > self.max_depth {
+        if self.depth > self.opts.max_depth {
             return;
         }
 
         let element_span = element.expr.span;
 
-        let out_opt = self.collect_values.then(|| match result {
+        let out_opt = self.opts.collect_values.then(|| match result {
             Ok(pipeline_data) => match pipeline_data {
                 PipelineData::Value(val, ..) => val.clone(),
                 PipelineData::ListStream(..) => Value::string("list stream", element_span),
@@ -192,6 +191,91 @@ impl Debugger for Profiler {
         self.element_stack.pop();
     }
 
+    fn enter_instruction(
+        &mut self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        _registers: &[PipelineData],
+    ) {
+        if self.depth > self.opts.max_depth {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let Some(parent_id) = self.last_element_id() else {
+            eprintln!("Profiler Error: Missing parent element ID.");
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let instruction = &ir_block.instructions[instruction_index];
+        let span = ir_block.spans[instruction_index];
+
+        let instruction_opt = self.opts.collect_instructions.then(|| {
+            (
+                instruction_index,
+                instruction
+                    .display(engine_state, &ir_block.data)
+                    .to_string(),
+            )
+        });
+
+        let new_id = ElementId(self.elements.len());
+
+        let mut new_element = ElementInfo::new(self.depth, span);
+        new_element.instruction = instruction_opt;
+
+        self.elements.push(new_element);
+
+        let Some(parent) = self.elements.get_mut(parent_id.0) else {
+            eprintln!("Profiler Error: Missing parent element.");
+            return;
+        };
+
+        parent.children.push(new_id);
+        self.element_stack.push(new_id);
+    }
+
+    fn leave_instruction(
+        &mut self,
+        _engine_state: &EngineState,
+        ir_block: &IrBlock,
+        instruction_index: usize,
+        registers: &[PipelineData],
+        error: Option<&ShellError>,
+    ) {
+        if self.depth > self.opts.max_depth {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let instruction = &ir_block.instructions[instruction_index];
+        let span = ir_block.spans[instruction_index];
+
+        let out_opt = self
+            .opts
+            .collect_values
+            .then(|| {
+                error
+                    .map(Err)
+                    .or_else(|| {
+                        instruction
+                            .output_register()
+                            .map(|register| Ok(&registers[register.0 as usize]))
+                    })
+                    .map(|result| format_result(&result, span))
+            })
+            .flatten();
+
+        let Some(last_element) = self.last_element_mut() else {
+            eprintln!("Profiler Error: Missing last element.");
+            return;
+        };
+
+        last_element.duration_sec = last_element.start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+        last_element.element_output = out_opt;
+
+        self.element_stack.pop();
+    }
+
     fn report(&self, engine_state: &EngineState, profiler_span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
         Ok(Value::list(
             collect_data(
@@ -259,6 +343,7 @@ fn expr_to_string(engine_state: &EngineState, expr: &Expr) -> String {
         Expr::String(_) | Expr::RawString(_) => "string".to_string(),
         Expr::StringInterpolation(_) => "string interpolation".to_string(),
         Expr::GlobInterpolation(_, _) => "glob interpolation".to_string(),
+        Expr::Collect(_, _) => "collect".to_string(),
         Expr::Subexpression(_) => "subexpression".to_string(),
         Expr::Table(_) => "table".to_string(),
         Expr::UnaryNot(_) => "unary not".to_string(),
@@ -268,6 +353,21 @@ fn expr_to_string(engine_state: &EngineState, expr: &Expr) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+fn format_result(
+    result: &Result<impl Borrow<PipelineData>, impl Borrow<ShellError>>,
+    element_span: Span,
+) -> Value {
+    match result {
+        Ok(pipeline_data) => match pipeline_data.borrow() {
+            PipelineData::Value(val, ..) => val.clone(),
+            PipelineData::ListStream(..) => Value::string("list stream", element_span),
+            PipelineData::ByteStream(..) => Value::string("byte stream", element_span),
+            _ => Value::nothing(element_span),
+        },
+        Err(e) => Value::error(e.borrow().clone(), element_span),
+    }
+}
+
 // Find a file name and a line number (indexed from 1) of a span
 fn find_file_of_span(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Option<(&str, usize)> {
     for file in engine_state.files() {
@@ -308,7 +408,7 @@ fn collect_data(
         "parent_id" => Value::int(parent_id.0 as i64, profiler_span),
     };
 
-    if profiler.collect_lines {
+    if profiler.opts.collect_lines {
         if let Some((fname, line_num)) = find_file_of_span(engine_state, element.element_span) {
             row.push("file", Value::string(fname, profiler_span));
             row.push("line", Value::int(line_num as i64, profiler_span));
@@ -318,7 +418,7 @@ fn collect_data(
         }
     }
 
-    if profiler.collect_spans {
+    if profiler.opts.collect_spans {
         let span_start = i64::try_from(element.element_span.start)
             .map_err(|_| profiler_error("error converting span start to i64", profiler_span))?;
         let span_end = i64::try_from(element.element_span.end)
@@ -336,12 +436,12 @@ fn collect_data(
         );
     }
 
-    if profiler.collect_source {
+    if profiler.opts.collect_source {
         let val = String::from_utf8_lossy(engine_state.get_span_contents(element.element_span));
         let val = val.trim();
         let nlines = val.lines().count();
 
-        let fragment = if profiler.collect_expanded_source {
+        let fragment = if profiler.opts.collect_expanded_source {
             val.to_string()
         } else {
             let mut first_line = val.lines().next().unwrap_or("").to_string();
@@ -360,6 +460,17 @@ fn collect_data(
         row.push("expr", Value::string(expr_string.clone(), profiler_span));
     }
 
+    if let Some((instruction_index, instruction)) = &element.instruction {
+        row.push(
+            "pc",
+            (*instruction_index)
+                .try_into()
+                .map(|index| Value::int(index, profiler_span))
+                .unwrap_or(Value::nothing(profiler_span)),
+        );
+        row.push("instruction", Value::string(instruction, profiler_span));
+    }
+
     if let Some(val) = &element.element_output {
         row.push("output", val.clone());
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/argument.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/argument.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..178e5fd22d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/argument.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::{ast::Expression, ir::DataSlice, Span, Value};
+
+/// Represents a fully evaluated argument to a call.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Argument {
+    /// A positional argument
+    Positional {
+        span: Span,
+        val: Value,
+        ast: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    },
+    /// A spread argument, e.g. `...$args`
+    Spread {
+        span: Span,
+        vals: Value,
+        ast: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    },
+    /// A named argument with no value, e.g. `--flag`
+    Flag {
+        data: Arc<[u8]>,
+        name: DataSlice,
+        short: DataSlice,
+        span: Span,
+    },
+    /// A named argument with a value, e.g. `--flag value` or `--flag=`
+    Named {
+        data: Arc<[u8]>,
+        name: DataSlice,
+        short: DataSlice,
+        span: Span,
+        val: Value,
+        ast: Option<Arc<Expression>>,
+    },
+    /// Information generated by the parser for use by certain keyword commands
+    ParserInfo {
+        data: Arc<[u8]>,
+        name: DataSlice,
+        // TODO: rather than `Expression`, this would probably be best served by a specific enum
+        // type for this purpose.
+        info: Box<Expression>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl Argument {
+    /// The span encompassing the argument's usage within the call, distinct from the span of the
+    /// actual value of the argument.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Option<Span> {
+        match self {
+            Argument::Positional { span, .. } => Some(*span),
+            Argument::Spread { span, .. } => Some(*span),
+            Argument::Flag { span, .. } => Some(*span),
+            Argument::Named { span, .. } => Some(*span),
+            // Because `ParserInfo` is generated, its span shouldn't be used
+            Argument::ParserInfo { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The original AST [`Expression`] for the argument's value. This is not usually available;
+    /// declarations have to opt-in if they require this.
+    pub fn ast_expression(&self) -> Option<&Arc<Expression>> {
+        match self {
+            Argument::Positional { ast, .. } => ast.as_ref(),
+            Argument::Spread { ast, .. } => ast.as_ref(),
+            Argument::Flag { .. } => None,
+            Argument::Named { ast, .. } => ast.as_ref(),
+            Argument::ParserInfo { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Stores the argument context for calls in IR evaluation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct ArgumentStack {
+    arguments: Vec<Argument>,
+}
+
+impl ArgumentStack {
+    /// Create a new, empty argument stack.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        ArgumentStack { arguments: vec![] }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the index of the end of the argument stack. Call and save this before adding
+    /// arguments.
+    pub fn get_base(&self) -> usize {
+        self.arguments.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Calculates the number of arguments past the given [previously retrieved](.get_base) base
+    /// pointer.
+    pub fn get_len(&self, base: usize) -> usize {
+        self.arguments.len().checked_sub(base).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            panic!(
+                "base ({}) is beyond the end of the arguments stack ({})",
+                base,
+                self.arguments.len()
+            );
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Push an argument onto the end of the argument stack.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, argument: Argument) {
+        self.arguments.push(argument);
+    }
+
+    /// Clear all of the arguments after the given base index, to prepare for the next frame.
+    pub fn leave_frame(&mut self, base: usize) {
+        self.arguments.truncate(base);
+    }
+
+    /// Get arguments for the frame based on the given [`base`](`.get_base()`) and
+    /// [`len`](`.get_len()`) parameters.
+    pub fn get_args(&self, base: usize, len: usize) -> &[Argument] {
+        &self.arguments[base..(base + len)]
+    }
+
+    /// Move arguments for the frame based on the given [`base`](`.get_base()`) and
+    /// [`len`](`.get_len()`) parameters.
+    pub fn drain_args(&mut self, base: usize, len: usize) -> impl Iterator<Item = Argument> + '_ {
+        self.arguments.drain(base..(base + len))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/call.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/call.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..741e2bd87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/call.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+use crate::{
+    ast::{self, Expression},
+    ir, DeclId, FromValue, ShellError, Span, Value,
+};
+
+use super::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet};
+
+/// This is a HACK to help [`Command`](super::Command) support both the old AST evaluator and the
+/// new IR evaluator at the same time. It should be removed once we are satisfied with the new
+/// evaluator.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Call<'a> {
+    pub head: Span,
+    pub decl_id: DeclId,
+    pub inner: CallImpl<'a>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum CallImpl<'a> {
+    AstRef(&'a ast::Call),
+    AstBox(Box<ast::Call>),
+    IrRef(&'a ir::Call),
+    IrBox(Box<ir::Call>),
+}
+
+impl Call<'_> {
+    /// Returns a new AST call with the given span. This is often used by commands that need an
+    /// empty call to pass to a command. It's not easily possible to add anything to this.
+    pub fn new(span: Span) -> Self {
+        // this is using the boxed variant, which isn't so efficient... but this is only temporary
+        // anyway.
+        Call {
+            head: span,
+            decl_id: 0,
+            inner: CallImpl::AstBox(Box::new(ast::Call::new(span))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the `Call` from any lifetime into `'static`, by cloning the data within onto the
+    /// heap.
+    pub fn to_owned(&self) -> Call<'static> {
+        Call {
+            head: self.head,
+            decl_id: self.decl_id,
+            inner: self.inner.to_owned(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Assert that the call is `ast::Call`, and fail with an error if it isn't.
+    ///
+    /// Provided as a stop-gap for commands that can't work with `ir::Call`, or just haven't been
+    /// implemented yet. Eventually these issues should be resolved and then this can be removed.
+    pub fn assert_ast_call(&self) -> Result<&ast::Call, ShellError> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => Ok(call),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => Ok(call),
+            _ => Err(ShellError::NushellFailedSpanned {
+                msg: "Can't be used in IR context".into(),
+                label: "this command is not yet supported by IR evaluation".into(),
+                span: self.head,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// FIXME: implementation asserts `ast::Call` and proxies to that
+    pub fn has_flag_const(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        flag_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<bool, ShellError> {
+        self.assert_ast_call()?
+            .has_flag_const(working_set, flag_name)
+    }
+
+    /// FIXME: implementation asserts `ast::Call` and proxies to that
+    pub fn get_flag_const<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Option<T>, ShellError> {
+        self.assert_ast_call()?.get_flag_const(working_set, name)
+    }
+
+    /// FIXME: implementation asserts `ast::Call` and proxies to that
+    pub fn req_const<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<T, ShellError> {
+        self.assert_ast_call()?.req_const(working_set, pos)
+    }
+
+    /// FIXME: implementation asserts `ast::Call` and proxies to that
+    pub fn rest_const<T: FromValue>(
+        &self,
+        working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+        starting_pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<T>, ShellError> {
+        self.assert_ast_call()?
+            .rest_const(working_set, starting_pos)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span covering the call's arguments.
+    pub fn arguments_span(&self) -> Span {
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => call.arguments_span(),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => call.arguments_span(),
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => call.arguments_span(),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => call.arguments_span(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span covering the whole call.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => call.span(),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => call.span(),
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => call.span(),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => call.span(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a parser info argument by name.
+    pub fn get_parser_info<'a>(&'a self, stack: &'a Stack, name: &str) -> Option<&'a Expression> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => call.get_parser_info(name),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => call.get_parser_info(name),
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => call.get_parser_info(stack, name),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => call.get_parser_info(stack, name),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluator-agnostic implementation of `rest_iter_flattened()`. Evaluates or gets all of the
+    /// positional and spread arguments, flattens spreads, and then returns one list of values.
+    pub fn rest_iter_flattened(
+        &self,
+        engine_state: &EngineState,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        eval_expression: fn(
+            &EngineState,
+            &mut Stack,
+            &ast::Expression,
+        ) -> Result<Value, ShellError>,
+        starting_pos: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
+        fn by_ast(
+            call: &ast::Call,
+            engine_state: &EngineState,
+            stack: &mut Stack,
+            eval_expression: fn(
+                &EngineState,
+                &mut Stack,
+                &ast::Expression,
+            ) -> Result<Value, ShellError>,
+            starting_pos: usize,
+        ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
+            call.rest_iter_flattened(starting_pos, |expr| {
+                eval_expression(engine_state, stack, expr)
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn by_ir(
+            call: &ir::Call,
+            stack: &Stack,
+            starting_pos: usize,
+        ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
+            call.rest_iter_flattened(stack, starting_pos)
+        }
+
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => {
+                by_ast(call, engine_state, stack, eval_expression, starting_pos)
+            }
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => {
+                by_ast(call, engine_state, stack, eval_expression, starting_pos)
+            }
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => by_ir(call, stack, starting_pos),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => by_ir(call, stack, starting_pos),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the original AST expression for a positional argument. Does not usually work for IR
+    /// unless the decl specified `requires_ast_for_arguments()`
+    pub fn positional_nth<'a>(&'a self, stack: &'a Stack, index: usize) -> Option<&'a Expression> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => call.positional_nth(index),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => call.positional_nth(index),
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => call.positional_ast(stack, index).map(|arc| arc.as_ref()),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => call.positional_ast(stack, index).map(|arc| arc.as_ref()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CallImpl<'_> {
+    pub fn to_owned(&self) -> CallImpl<'static> {
+        match self {
+            CallImpl::AstRef(call) => CallImpl::AstBox(Box::new((*call).clone())),
+            CallImpl::AstBox(call) => CallImpl::AstBox(call.clone()),
+            CallImpl::IrRef(call) => CallImpl::IrBox(Box::new((*call).clone())),
+            CallImpl::IrBox(call) => CallImpl::IrBox(call.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a ast::Call> for Call<'a> {
+    fn from(call: &'a ast::Call) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            head: call.head,
+            decl_id: call.decl_id,
+            inner: CallImpl::AstRef(call),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a ir::Call> for Call<'a> {
+    fn from(call: &'a ir::Call) -> Self {
+        Call {
+            head: call.head,
+            decl_id: call.decl_id,
+            inner: CallImpl::IrRef(call),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/command.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/command.rs
index 043d2a66c7..48cdc4440d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/command.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/command.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::{EngineState, Stack, StateWorkingSet};
-use crate::{ast::Call, Alias, BlockId, Example, OutDest, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature};
+use crate::{engine::Call, Alias, BlockId, Example, OutDest, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature};
 use std::fmt::Display;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -124,6 +124,12 @@ pub trait Command: Send + Sync + CommandClone {
     fn pipe_redirection(&self) -> (Option<OutDest>, Option<OutDest>) {
         (None, None)
     }
+
+    /// Return true if the AST nodes for the arguments are required for IR evaluation. This is
+    /// currently inefficient so is not generally done.
+    fn requires_ast_for_arguments(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait CommandClone {
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/ctrlc.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/ctrlc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11121f7c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/ctrlc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use crate::{engine::Sequence, ShellError};
+
+/// Handler is a closure that can be sent across threads and shared.
+pub type Handler = Box<dyn Fn() + Send + Sync>;
+
+/// Manages a collection of handlers.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Handlers {
+    /// List of handler tuples containing an ID and the handler itself.
+    handlers: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(usize, Handler)>>>,
+    /// Sequence generator for unique IDs.
+    next_id: Arc<Sequence>,
+}
+
+impl Debug for Handlers {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Handlers")
+            .field("next_id", &self.next_id)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Guard that unregisters a handler when dropped.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Guard {
+    /// Unique ID of the handler.
+    id: usize,
+    /// Reference to the handlers list.
+    handlers: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(usize, Handler)>>>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for Guard {
+    /// Drops the `Guard`, removing the associated handler from the list.
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Ok(mut handlers) = self.handlers.lock() {
+            handlers.retain(|(id, _)| *id != self.id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Guard {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Guard").field("id", &self.id).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Handlers {
+    pub fn new() -> Handlers {
+        let handlers = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![]));
+        let next_id = Arc::new(Sequence::default());
+        Handlers { handlers, next_id }
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a new handler and returns an RAII guard which will unregister the handler when
+    /// dropped.
+    pub fn register(&self, handler: Handler) -> Result<Guard, ShellError> {
+        let id = self.next_id.next()?;
+        if let Ok(mut handlers) = self.handlers.lock() {
+            handlers.push((id, handler));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Guard {
+            id,
+            handlers: Arc::clone(&self.handlers),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Runs all registered handlers.
+    pub fn run(&self) {
+        if let Ok(handlers) = self.handlers.lock() {
+            for (_, handler) in handlers.iter() {
+                handler();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Handlers {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+
+    #[test]
+    /// Tests registering and running multiple handlers.
+    fn test_multiple_handlers() {
+        let handlers = Handlers::new();
+        let called1 = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let called2 = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+
+        let called1_clone = Arc::clone(&called1);
+        let called2_clone = Arc::clone(&called2);
+
+        let _guard1 = handlers.register(Box::new(move || {
+            called1_clone.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }));
+        let _guard2 = handlers.register(Box::new(move || {
+            called2_clone.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }));
+
+        handlers.run();
+
+        assert!(called1.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+        assert!(called2.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    /// Tests the dropping of a guard and ensuring the handler is unregistered.
+    fn test_guard_drop() {
+        let handlers = Handlers::new();
+        let called = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+        let called_clone = Arc::clone(&called);
+
+        let guard = handlers.register(Box::new(move || {
+            called_clone.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }));
+
+        // Ensure the handler is registered
+        assert_eq!(handlers.handlers.lock().unwrap().len(), 1);
+
+        drop(guard);
+
+        // Ensure the handler is removed after dropping the guard
+        assert_eq!(handlers.handlers.lock().unwrap().len(), 0);
+
+        handlers.run();
+
+        // Ensure the handler is not called after being dropped
+        assert!(!called.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/engine_state.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/engine_state.rs
index c436621627..bd049bbb2d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/engine_state.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/engine_state.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ use crate::{
     ast::Block,
     debugger::{Debugger, NoopDebugger},
     engine::{
+        ctrlc,
         usage::{build_usage, Usage},
         CachedFile, Command, CommandType, EnvVars, OverlayFrame, ScopeFrame, Stack, StateDelta,
         Variable, Visibility, DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME,
     },
     eval_const::create_nu_constant,
     BlockId, Category, Config, DeclId, FileId, GetSpan, HistoryConfig, Module, ModuleId, OverlayId,
-    ShellError, Signature, Span, SpanId, Type, Value, VarId, VirtualPathId,
+    ShellError, Signals, Signature, Span, SpanId, Type, Value, VarId, VirtualPathId,
 };
 use fancy_regex::Regex;
 use lru::LruCache;
+use nu_path::AbsolutePathBuf;
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     num::NonZeroUsize,
@@ -84,7 +86,8 @@ pub struct EngineState {
     pub spans: Vec<Span>,
     usage: Usage,
     pub scope: ScopeFrame,
-    pub ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    pub ctrlc_handlers: Option<ctrlc::Handlers>,
+    signals: Signals,
     pub env_vars: Arc<EnvVars>,
     pub previous_env_vars: Arc<HashMap<String, Value>>,
     pub config: Arc<Config>,
@@ -144,7 +147,8 @@ impl EngineState {
                 0,
                 false,
             ),
-            ctrlc: None,
+            ctrlc_handlers: None,
+            signals: Signals::empty(),
             env_vars: Arc::new(
                 [(DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME.to_string(), HashMap::new())]
                     .into_iter()
@@ -177,6 +181,18 @@ impl EngineState {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn signals(&self) -> &Signals {
+        &self.signals
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset_signals(&mut self) {
+        self.signals.reset()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_signals(&mut self, signals: Signals) {
+        self.signals = signals;
+    }
+
     /// Merges a `StateDelta` onto the current state. These deltas come from a system, like the parser, that
     /// creates a new set of definitions and visible symbols in the current scope. We make this transactional
     /// as there are times when we want to run the parser and immediately throw away the results (namely:
@@ -255,8 +271,13 @@ impl EngineState {
 
         #[cfg(feature = "plugin")]
         if !delta.plugins.is_empty() {
-            // Replace plugins that overlap in identity.
             for plugin in std::mem::take(&mut delta.plugins) {
+                // Connect plugins to the ctrlc handlers
+                if let Some(handlers) = &self.ctrlc_handlers {
+                    plugin.clone().configure_ctrlc_handler(handlers)?;
+                }
+
+                // Replace plugins that overlap in identity.
                 if let Some(existing) = self
                     .plugins
                     .iter_mut()
@@ -288,28 +309,11 @@ impl EngineState {
         stack: &mut Stack,
         cwd: impl AsRef<Path>,
     ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
-        let mut config_updated = false;
-
         for mut scope in stack.env_vars.drain(..) {
-            for (overlay_name, mut env) in scope.drain() {
+            for (overlay_name, mut env) in Arc::make_mut(&mut scope).drain() {
                 if let Some(env_vars) = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_vars).get_mut(&overlay_name) {
                     // Updating existing overlay
-                    for (k, v) in env.drain() {
-                        if k == "config" {
-                            // Don't insert the record as the "config" env var as-is.
-                            // Instead, mutate a clone of it with into_config(), and put THAT in env_vars.
-                            let mut new_record = v.clone();
-                            let (config, error) = new_record.parse_as_config(&self.config);
-                            self.config = Arc::new(config);
-                            config_updated = true;
-                            env_vars.insert(k, new_record);
-                            if let Some(e) = error {
-                                return Err(e);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            env_vars.insert(k, v);
-                        }
-                    }
+                    env_vars.extend(env.drain());
                 } else {
                     // Pushing a new overlay
                     Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_vars).insert(overlay_name, env);
@@ -320,7 +324,10 @@ impl EngineState {
         // TODO: better error
         std::env::set_current_dir(cwd)?;
 
-        if config_updated {
+        if let Some(config) = stack.config.take() {
+            // If config was updated in the stack, replace it.
+            self.config = config;
+
             // Make plugin GC config changes take effect immediately.
             #[cfg(feature = "plugin")]
             self.update_plugin_gc_configs(&self.config.plugin_gc);
@@ -421,13 +428,13 @@ impl EngineState {
             .1
     }
 
-    pub fn render_env_vars(&self) -> HashMap<&String, &Value> {
-        let mut result = HashMap::new();
+    pub fn render_env_vars(&self) -> HashMap<&str, &Value> {
+        let mut result: HashMap<&str, &Value> = HashMap::new();
 
         for overlay_name in self.active_overlay_names(&[]) {
             let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(overlay_name);
             if let Some(env_vars) = self.env_vars.get(name.as_ref()) {
-                result.extend(env_vars);
+                result.extend(env_vars.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.as_str(), v)));
             }
         }
 
@@ -725,18 +732,24 @@ impl EngineState {
         &[0u8; 0]
     }
 
-    pub fn get_config(&self) -> &Config {
+    /// Get the global config from the engine state.
+    ///
+    /// Use [`Stack::get_config()`] instead whenever the `Stack` is available, as it takes into
+    /// account local changes to `$env.config`.
+    pub fn get_config(&self) -> &Arc<Config> {
         &self.config
     }
 
-    pub fn set_config(&mut self, conf: Config) {
+    pub fn set_config(&mut self, conf: impl Into<Arc<Config>>) {
+        let conf = conf.into();
+
         #[cfg(feature = "plugin")]
         if conf.plugin_gc != self.config.plugin_gc {
             // Make plugin GC config changes take effect immediately.
             self.update_plugin_gc_configs(&conf.plugin_gc);
         }
 
-        self.config = Arc::new(conf);
+        self.config = conf;
     }
 
     /// Fetch the configuration for a plugin
@@ -827,9 +840,9 @@ impl EngineState {
 
     /// Optionally get a block by id, if it exists
     ///
-    /// Prefer to use [`.get_block()`] in most cases - `BlockId`s that don't exist are normally a
-    /// compiler error. This only exists to stop plugins from crashing the engine if they send us
-    /// something invalid.
+    /// Prefer to use [`.get_block()`](Self::get_block) in most cases - `BlockId`s that don't exist
+    /// are normally a compiler error. This only exists to stop plugins from crashing the engine if
+    /// they send us something invalid.
     pub fn try_get_block(&self, block_id: BlockId) -> Option<&Arc<Block>> {
         self.blocks.get(block_id)
     }
@@ -910,58 +923,44 @@ impl EngineState {
     ///
     /// If `stack` is supplied, also considers modifications to the working
     /// directory on the stack that have yet to be merged into the engine state.
-    pub fn cwd(&self, stack: Option<&Stack>) -> Result<PathBuf, ShellError> {
+    pub fn cwd(&self, stack: Option<&Stack>) -> Result<AbsolutePathBuf, ShellError> {
         // Helper function to create a simple generic error.
-        fn error(msg: &str, cwd: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<PathBuf, ShellError> {
-            Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+        fn error(msg: &str, cwd: impl AsRef<nu_path::Path>) -> ShellError {
+            ShellError::GenericError {
                 error: msg.into(),
                 msg: format!("$env.PWD = {}", cwd.as_ref().display()),
                 span: None,
                 help: Some("Use `cd` to reset $env.PWD into a good state".into()),
                 inner: vec![],
-            })
-        }
-
-        // Helper function to check if a path is a root path.
-        fn is_root(path: &Path) -> bool {
-            path.parent().is_none()
-        }
-
-        // Helper function to check if a path has trailing slashes.
-        fn has_trailing_slash(path: &Path) -> bool {
-            nu_path::components(path).last()
-                == Some(std::path::Component::Normal(std::ffi::OsStr::new("")))
+            }
         }
 
         // Retrieve $env.PWD from the stack or the engine state.
         let pwd = if let Some(stack) = stack {
             stack.get_env_var(self, "PWD")
         } else {
-            self.get_env_var("PWD").map(ToOwned::to_owned)
+            self.get_env_var("PWD").cloned()
         };
 
-        if let Some(pwd) = pwd {
-            if let Value::String { val, .. } = pwd {
-                let path = PathBuf::from(val);
+        let pwd = pwd.ok_or_else(|| error("$env.PWD not found", ""))?;
 
-                // Technically, a root path counts as "having trailing slashes", but
-                // for the purpose of PWD, a root path is acceptable.
-                if !is_root(&path) && has_trailing_slash(&path) {
-                    error("$env.PWD contains trailing slashes", path)
-                } else if !path.is_absolute() {
-                    error("$env.PWD is not an absolute path", path)
-                } else if !path.exists() {
-                    error("$env.PWD points to a non-existent directory", path)
-                } else if !path.is_dir() {
-                    error("$env.PWD points to a non-directory", path)
-                } else {
-                    Ok(path)
-                }
+        if let Value::String { val, .. } = pwd {
+            let path = AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(val)
+                .map_err(|path| error("$env.PWD is not an absolute path", path))?;
+
+            // Technically, a root path counts as "having trailing slashes", but
+            // for the purpose of PWD, a root path is acceptable.
+            if path.parent().is_some() && nu_path::has_trailing_slash(path.as_ref()) {
+                Err(error("$env.PWD contains trailing slashes", &path))
+            } else if !path.exists() {
+                Err(error("$env.PWD points to a non-existent directory", &path))
+            } else if !path.is_dir() {
+                Err(error("$env.PWD points to a non-directory", &path))
             } else {
-                error("$env.PWD is not a string", format!("{pwd:?}"))
+                Ok(path)
             }
         } else {
-            error("$env.PWD not found", "")
+            Err(error("$env.PWD is not a string", format!("{pwd:?}")))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1138,7 +1137,7 @@ mod engine_state_tests {
         let mut plugins = HashMap::new();
         plugins.insert("example".into(), Value::string("value", Span::test_data()));
 
-        let mut config = engine_state.get_config().clone();
+        let mut config = Config::clone(engine_state.get_config());
         config.plugins = plugins;
 
         engine_state.set_config(config);
@@ -1170,20 +1169,25 @@ mod test_cwd {
         engine::{EngineState, Stack},
         Span, Value,
     };
-    use nu_path::assert_path_eq;
-    use std::path::Path;
+    use nu_path::{assert_path_eq, AbsolutePath, Path};
     use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempDir};
 
     /// Creates a symlink. Works on both Unix and Windows.
     #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
-    fn symlink(original: impl AsRef<Path>, link: impl AsRef<Path>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    fn symlink(
+        original: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>,
+        link: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>,
+    ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        let original = original.as_ref();
+        let link = link.as_ref();
+
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
             std::os::unix::fs::symlink(original, link)
         }
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
-            if original.as_ref().is_dir() {
+            if original.is_dir() {
                 std::os::windows::fs::symlink_dir(original, link)
             } else {
                 std::os::windows::fs::symlink_file(original, link)
@@ -1196,10 +1200,7 @@ mod test_cwd {
         let mut engine_state = EngineState::new();
         engine_state.add_env_var(
             "PWD".into(),
-            Value::String {
-                val: path.as_ref().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                internal_span: Span::unknown(),
-            },
+            Value::test_string(path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()),
         );
         engine_state
     }
@@ -1209,10 +1210,7 @@ mod test_cwd {
         let mut stack = Stack::new();
         stack.add_env_var(
             "PWD".into(),
-            Value::String {
-                val: path.as_ref().to_string_lossy().to_string(),
-                internal_span: Span::unknown(),
-            },
+            Value::test_string(path.as_ref().to_str().unwrap()),
         );
         stack
     }
@@ -1290,9 +1288,12 @@ mod test_cwd {
     #[test]
     fn pwd_points_to_symlink_to_file() {
         let file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let temp_file = AbsolutePath::try_new(file.path()).unwrap();
         let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let link = dir.path().join("link");
-        symlink(file.path(), &link).unwrap();
+        let temp = AbsolutePath::try_new(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let link = temp.join("link");
+        symlink(temp_file, &link).unwrap();
         let engine_state = engine_state_with_pwd(&link);
 
         engine_state.cwd(None).unwrap_err();
@@ -1301,8 +1302,10 @@ mod test_cwd {
     #[test]
     fn pwd_points_to_symlink_to_directory() {
         let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let link = dir.path().join("link");
-        symlink(dir.path(), &link).unwrap();
+        let temp = AbsolutePath::try_new(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let link = temp.join("link");
+        symlink(temp, &link).unwrap();
         let engine_state = engine_state_with_pwd(&link);
 
         let cwd = engine_state.cwd(None).unwrap();
@@ -1312,10 +1315,15 @@ mod test_cwd {
     #[test]
     fn pwd_points_to_broken_symlink() {
         let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let link = dir.path().join("link");
-        symlink(TempDir::new().unwrap().path(), &link).unwrap();
+        let temp = AbsolutePath::try_new(dir.path()).unwrap();
+        let other_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+        let other_temp = AbsolutePath::try_new(other_dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        let link = temp.join("link");
+        symlink(other_temp, &link).unwrap();
         let engine_state = engine_state_with_pwd(&link);
 
+        drop(other_dir);
         engine_state.cwd(None).unwrap_err();
     }
 
@@ -1358,12 +1366,14 @@ mod test_cwd {
 
     #[test]
     fn stack_pwd_points_to_normal_directory_with_symlink_components() {
-        // `/tmp/dir/link` points to `/tmp/dir`, then we set PWD to `/tmp/dir/link/foo`
         let dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
-        let link = dir.path().join("link");
-        symlink(dir.path(), &link).unwrap();
+        let temp = AbsolutePath::try_new(dir.path()).unwrap();
+
+        // `/tmp/dir/link` points to `/tmp/dir`, then we set PWD to `/tmp/dir/link/foo`
+        let link = temp.join("link");
+        symlink(temp, &link).unwrap();
         let foo = link.join("foo");
-        std::fs::create_dir(dir.path().join("foo")).unwrap();
+        std::fs::create_dir(temp.join("foo")).unwrap();
         let engine_state = EngineState::new();
         let stack = stack_with_pwd(&foo);
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/error_handler.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/error_handler.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fb82c7d69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/error_handler.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use crate::RegId;
+
+/// Describes an error handler stored during IR evaluation.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ErrorHandler {
+    /// Instruction index within the block that will handle the error
+    pub handler_index: usize,
+    /// Register to put the error information into, when an error occurs
+    pub error_register: Option<RegId>,
+}
+
+/// Keeps track of error handlers pushed during evaluation of an IR block.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct ErrorHandlerStack {
+    handlers: Vec<ErrorHandler>,
+}
+
+impl ErrorHandlerStack {
+    pub const fn new() -> ErrorHandlerStack {
+        ErrorHandlerStack { handlers: vec![] }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current base of the stack, which establishes a frame.
+    pub fn get_base(&self) -> usize {
+        self.handlers.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Push a new error handler onto the stack.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, handler: ErrorHandler) {
+        self.handlers.push(handler);
+    }
+
+    /// Try to pop an error handler from the stack. Won't go below `base`, to avoid retrieving a
+    /// handler belonging to a parent frame.
+    pub fn pop(&mut self, base: usize) -> Option<ErrorHandler> {
+        if self.handlers.len() > base {
+            self.handlers.pop()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the stack to the state it was in at the beginning of the frame, in preparation to
+    /// return control to the parent frame.
+    pub fn leave_frame(&mut self, base: usize) {
+        if self.handlers.len() >= base {
+            self.handlers.truncate(base);
+        } else {
+            panic!(
+                "ErrorHandlerStack bug: tried to leave frame at {base}, but current base is {}",
+                self.get_base()
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/mod.rs
index c6e71afb37..24e4b15094 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
+//! Representation of the engine state and many of the details that implement the scoping
+mod argument;
 mod cached_file;
+mod call;
 mod call_info;
 mod capture_block;
 mod command;
 mod engine_state;
+mod error_handler;
 mod overlay;
 mod pattern_match;
+mod sequence;
 mod stack;
 mod stack_out_dest;
 mod state_delta;
@@ -14,14 +19,20 @@ mod variable;
 
 pub use cached_file::CachedFile;
 
+pub use argument::*;
+pub use call::*;
 pub use call_info::*;
 pub use capture_block::*;
 pub use command::*;
 pub use engine_state::*;
+pub use error_handler::*;
 pub use overlay::*;
 pub use pattern_match::*;
+pub use sequence::*;
 pub use stack::*;
 pub use stack_out_dest::*;
 pub use state_delta::*;
 pub use state_working_set::*;
 pub use variable::*;
+
+pub mod ctrlc;
diff --git a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/sequence.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/sequence.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/sequence.rs
rename to crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/sequence.rs
index 4f5c288c8f..34af8fc574 100644
--- a/crates/nu-plugin-core/src/util/sequence.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/sequence.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use nu_protocol::ShellError;
+use crate::ShellError;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering::Relaxed};
 
 /// Implements an atomically incrementing sequential series of numbers
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/stack.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/stack.rs
index 19726db9c0..7ba8268985 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/stack.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/stack.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
     engine::{
-        EngineState, Redirection, StackCallArgGuard, StackCaptureGuard, StackIoGuard, StackOutDest,
-        DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME,
+        ArgumentStack, EngineState, ErrorHandlerStack, Redirection, StackCallArgGuard,
+        StackCaptureGuard, StackIoGuard, StackOutDest, DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME,
     },
-    OutDest, ShellError, Span, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID, NU_VARIABLE_ID,
+    Config, OutDest, ShellError, Span, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID, NU_VARIABLE_ID,
 };
 use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
@@ -36,15 +36,23 @@ pub struct Stack {
     /// Variables
     pub vars: Vec<(VarId, Value)>,
     /// Environment variables arranged as a stack to be able to recover values from parent scopes
-    pub env_vars: Vec<EnvVars>,
+    pub env_vars: Vec<Arc<EnvVars>>,
     /// Tells which environment variables from engine state are hidden, per overlay.
-    pub env_hidden: HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
+    pub env_hidden: Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>>,
     /// List of active overlays
     pub active_overlays: Vec<String>,
+    /// Argument stack for IR evaluation
+    pub arguments: ArgumentStack,
+    /// Error handler stack for IR evaluation
+    pub error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack,
+    /// Set true to always use IR mode
+    pub use_ir: bool,
     pub recursion_count: u64,
     pub parent_stack: Option<Arc<Stack>>,
     /// Variables that have been deleted (this is used to hide values from parent stack lookups)
     pub parent_deletions: Vec<VarId>,
+    /// Locally updated config. Use [`.get_config()`](Self::get_config) to access correctly.
+    pub config: Option<Arc<Config>>,
     pub(crate) out_dest: StackOutDest,
 }
 
@@ -66,11 +74,15 @@ impl Stack {
         Self {
             vars: Vec::new(),
             env_vars: Vec::new(),
-            env_hidden: HashMap::new(),
+            env_hidden: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
             active_overlays: vec![DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME.to_string()],
+            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
+            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
+            use_ir: false,
             recursion_count: 0,
             parent_stack: None,
             parent_deletions: vec![],
+            config: None,
             out_dest: StackOutDest::new(),
         }
     }
@@ -85,9 +97,13 @@ impl Stack {
             env_vars: parent.env_vars.clone(),
             env_hidden: parent.env_hidden.clone(),
             active_overlays: parent.active_overlays.clone(),
+            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
+            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
+            use_ir: parent.use_ir,
             recursion_count: parent.recursion_count,
             vars: vec![],
             parent_deletions: vec![],
+            config: parent.config.clone(),
             out_dest: parent.out_dest.clone(),
             parent_stack: Some(parent),
         }
@@ -114,13 +130,14 @@ impl Stack {
         unique_stack.env_vars = child.env_vars;
         unique_stack.env_hidden = child.env_hidden;
         unique_stack.active_overlays = child.active_overlays;
+        unique_stack.config = child.config;
         unique_stack
     }
 
     pub fn with_env(
         &mut self,
-        env_vars: &[EnvVars],
-        env_hidden: &HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
+        env_vars: &[Arc<EnvVars>],
+        env_hidden: &Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<String>>>,
     ) {
         // Do not clone the environment if it hasn't changed
         if self.env_vars.iter().any(|scope| !scope.is_empty()) {
@@ -180,6 +197,36 @@ impl Stack {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Get the local config if set, otherwise the config from the engine state.
+    ///
+    /// This is the canonical way to get [`Config`] when [`Stack`] is available.
+    pub fn get_config(&self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> Arc<Config> {
+        self.config
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| engine_state.config.clone())
+    }
+
+    /// Update the local config with the config stored in the `config` environment variable. Run
+    /// this after assigning to `$env.config`.
+    ///
+    /// The config will be updated with successfully parsed values even if an error occurs.
+    pub fn update_config(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        if let Some(mut config) = self.get_env_var(engine_state, "config") {
+            let existing_config = self.get_config(engine_state);
+            let (new_config, error) = config.parse_as_config(&existing_config);
+            self.config = Some(new_config.into());
+            // The config value is modified by the update, so we should add it again
+            self.add_env_var("config".into(), config);
+            match error {
+                None => Ok(()),
+                Some(err) => Err(err),
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.config = None;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn add_var(&mut self, var_id: VarId, value: Value) {
         //self.vars.insert(var_id, value);
         for (id, val) in &mut self.vars {
@@ -207,23 +254,24 @@ impl Stack {
 
     pub fn add_env_var(&mut self, var: String, value: Value) {
         if let Some(last_overlay) = self.active_overlays.last() {
-            if let Some(env_hidden) = self.env_hidden.get_mut(last_overlay) {
+            if let Some(env_hidden) = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hidden).get_mut(last_overlay) {
                 // if the env var was hidden, let's activate it again
                 env_hidden.remove(&var);
             }
 
             if let Some(scope) = self.env_vars.last_mut() {
+                let scope = Arc::make_mut(scope);
                 if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get_mut(last_overlay) {
                     env_vars.insert(var, value);
                 } else {
                     scope.insert(last_overlay.into(), [(var, value)].into_iter().collect());
                 }
             } else {
-                self.env_vars.push(
+                self.env_vars.push(Arc::new(
                     [(last_overlay.into(), [(var, value)].into_iter().collect())]
                         .into_iter()
                         .collect(),
-                );
+                ));
             }
         } else {
             // TODO: Remove panic
@@ -245,24 +293,27 @@ impl Stack {
     }
 
     pub fn captures_to_stack_preserve_out_dest(&self, captures: Vec<(VarId, Value)>) -> Stack {
-        // FIXME: this is probably slow
         let mut env_vars = self.env_vars.clone();
-        env_vars.push(HashMap::new());
+        env_vars.push(Arc::new(HashMap::new()));
 
         Stack {
             vars: captures,
             env_vars,
             env_hidden: self.env_hidden.clone(),
             active_overlays: self.active_overlays.clone(),
+            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
+            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
+            use_ir: self.use_ir,
             recursion_count: self.recursion_count,
             parent_stack: None,
             parent_deletions: vec![],
+            config: self.config.clone(),
             out_dest: self.out_dest.clone(),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn gather_captures(&self, engine_state: &EngineState, captures: &[VarId]) -> Stack {
-        let mut vars = vec![];
+        let mut vars = Vec::with_capacity(captures.len());
 
         let fake_span = Span::new(0, 0);
 
@@ -277,16 +328,20 @@ impl Stack {
         }
 
         let mut env_vars = self.env_vars.clone();
-        env_vars.push(HashMap::new());
+        env_vars.push(Arc::new(HashMap::new()));
 
         Stack {
             vars,
             env_vars,
             env_hidden: self.env_hidden.clone(),
             active_overlays: self.active_overlays.clone(),
+            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
+            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
+            use_ir: self.use_ir,
             recursion_count: self.recursion_count,
             parent_stack: None,
             parent_deletions: vec![],
+            config: self.config.clone(),
             out_dest: self.out_dest.clone(),
         }
     }
@@ -444,6 +499,7 @@ impl Stack {
 
     pub fn remove_env_var(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, name: &str) -> bool {
         for scope in self.env_vars.iter_mut().rev() {
+            let scope = Arc::make_mut(scope);
             for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
                 if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get_mut(active_overlay) {
                     if env_vars.remove(name).is_some() {
@@ -456,10 +512,11 @@ impl Stack {
         for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
             if let Some(env_vars) = engine_state.env_vars.get(active_overlay) {
                 if env_vars.get(name).is_some() {
-                    if let Some(env_hidden) = self.env_hidden.get_mut(active_overlay) {
-                        env_hidden.insert(name.into());
+                    let env_hidden = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hidden);
+                    if let Some(env_hidden_in_overlay) = env_hidden.get_mut(active_overlay) {
+                        env_hidden_in_overlay.insert(name.into());
                     } else {
-                        self.env_hidden
+                        env_hidden
                             .insert(active_overlay.into(), [name.into()].into_iter().collect());
                     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/state_working_set.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/state_working_set.rs
index af950b8321..822bf35e3a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/state_working_set.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/state_working_set.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use crate::{
         usage::build_usage, CachedFile, Command, CommandType, EngineState, OverlayFrame,
         StateDelta, Variable, VirtualPath, Visibility,
     },
-    BlockId, Category, Config, DeclId, FileId, GetSpan, Module, ModuleId, ParseError, ParseWarning,
-    Span, SpanId, Type, Value, VarId, VirtualPathId,
+    BlockId, Category, CompileError, Config, DeclId, FileId, GetSpan, Module, ModuleId, ParseError,
+    ParseWarning, Span, SpanId, Type, Value, VarId, VirtualPathId,
 };
 use core::panic;
 use std::{
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ use crate::{PluginIdentity, PluginRegistryItem, RegisteredPlugin};
 pub struct StateWorkingSet<'a> {
     pub permanent_state: &'a EngineState,
     pub delta: StateDelta,
-    pub external_commands: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
     pub files: FileStack,
     /// Whether or not predeclarations are searched when looking up a command (used with aliases)
     pub search_predecls: bool,
     pub parse_errors: Vec<ParseError>,
     pub parse_warnings: Vec<ParseWarning>,
+    pub compile_errors: Vec<CompileError>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> StateWorkingSet<'a> {
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ impl<'a> StateWorkingSet<'a> {
         Self {
             delta: StateDelta::new(permanent_state),
             permanent_state,
-            external_commands: vec![],
             files,
             search_predecls: true,
             parse_errors: vec![],
             parse_warnings: vec![],
+            compile_errors: vec![],
         }
     }
 
@@ -260,6 +260,12 @@ impl<'a> StateWorkingSet<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn add_block(&mut self, block: Arc<Block>) -> BlockId {
+        log::trace!(
+            "block id={} added, has IR = {:?}",
+            self.num_blocks(),
+            block.ir_block.is_some()
+        );
+
         self.delta.blocks.push(block);
 
         self.num_blocks() - 1
@@ -619,9 +625,9 @@ impl<'a> StateWorkingSet<'a> {
 
     /// Returns a reference to the config stored at permanent state
     ///
-    /// At runtime, you most likely want to call nu_engine::env::get_config because this method
-    /// does not capture environment updates during runtime.
-    pub fn get_config(&self) -> &Config {
+    /// At runtime, you most likely want to call [`Stack::get_config()`][super::Stack::get_config()]
+    /// because this method does not capture environment updates during runtime.
+    pub fn get_config(&self) -> &Arc<Config> {
         &self.permanent_state.config
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/cli_error.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/cli_error.rs
index 003564f933..9ce6829b7b 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/cli_error.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/cli_error.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+//! This module manages the step of turning error types into printed error messages
+//!
+//! Relies on the `miette` crate for pretty layout
 use crate::{
     engine::{EngineState, StateWorkingSet},
     ErrorStyle,
@@ -44,6 +47,26 @@ pub fn report_error_new(
     report_error(&working_set, error);
 }
 
+pub fn report_warning(
+    working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
+    error: &(dyn miette::Diagnostic + Send + Sync + 'static),
+) {
+    eprintln!("Warning: {:?}", CliError(error, working_set));
+    // reset vt processing, aka ansi because illbehaved externals can break it
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+        let _ = nu_utils::enable_vt_processing();
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn report_warning_new(
+    engine_state: &EngineState,
+    error: &(dyn miette::Diagnostic + Send + Sync + 'static),
+) {
+    let working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(engine_state);
+    report_error(&working_set, error);
+}
+
 impl std::fmt::Debug for CliError<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let config = self.1.get_config();
@@ -107,4 +130,8 @@ impl<'src> miette::Diagnostic for CliError<'src> {
     fn related<'a>(&'a self) -> Option<Box<dyn Iterator<Item = &'a dyn miette::Diagnostic> + 'a>> {
         self.0.related()
     }
+
+    fn diagnostic_source(&self) -> Option<&dyn miette::Diagnostic> {
+        self.0.diagnostic_source()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/compile_error.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/compile_error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc805a73ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/compile_error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+use crate::{RegId, Span};
+use miette::Diagnostic;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+/// An internal compiler error, generally means a Nushell bug rather than an issue with user error
+/// since parsing and typechecking has already passed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Error, Diagnostic, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum CompileError {
+    #[error("Register overflow.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::register_overflow))]
+    RegisterOverflow {
+        #[label("the code being compiled is probably too large")]
+        block_span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Register {reg_id} was uninitialized when used, possibly reused.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::register_uninitialized),
+        help("this is a compiler bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new\nfrom: {caller}"),
+    )]
+    RegisterUninitialized { reg_id: RegId, caller: String },
+
+    #[error("Register {reg_id} was uninitialized when used, possibly reused.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::register_uninitialized),
+        help("this is a compiler bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new\nfrom: {caller}"),
+    )]
+    RegisterUninitializedWhilePushingInstruction {
+        reg_id: RegId,
+        caller: String,
+        instruction: String,
+        #[label("while adding this instruction: {instruction}")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Block contains too much string data: maximum 4 GiB exceeded.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::data_overflow),
+        help("try loading the string data from a file instead")
+    )]
+    DataOverflow {
+        #[label("while compiling this block")]
+        block_span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Block contains too many files.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::register_overflow),
+        help("try using fewer file redirections")
+    )]
+    FileOverflow {
+        #[label("while compiling this block")]
+        block_span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Invalid redirect mode: File should not be specified by commands.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::invalid_redirect_mode),
+        help("this is a command bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new")
+    )]
+    InvalidRedirectMode {
+        #[label("while compiling this expression")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Encountered garbage, likely due to parse error.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::garbage))]
+    Garbage {
+        #[label("garbage found here")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Unsupported operator expression.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::unsupported_operator_expression))]
+    UnsupportedOperatorExpression {
+        #[label("this expression is in operator position but is not an operator")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Attempted access of $env by integer path.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::access_env_by_int))]
+    AccessEnvByInt {
+        #[label("$env keys should be strings")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Encountered invalid `{keyword}` keyword call.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::invalid_keyword_call))]
+    InvalidKeywordCall {
+        keyword: String,
+        #[label("this call is not properly formed")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Attempted to set branch target of non-branch instruction.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::set_branch_target_of_non_branch_instruction),
+        help("this is a compiler bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new"),
+    )]
+    SetBranchTargetOfNonBranchInstruction {
+        instruction: String,
+        #[label("tried to modify: {instruction}")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    /// You're trying to run an unsupported external command.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Make sure there's an appropriate `run-external` declaration for this external command.
+    #[error("External calls are not supported.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::run_external_not_found),
+        help("`run-external` was not found in scope")
+    )]
+    RunExternalNotFound {
+        #[label("can't be run in this context")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    /// Invalid assignment left-hand side
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Assignment requires that you assign to a variable or variable cell path.
+    #[error("Assignment operations require a variable.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::assignment_requires_variable),
+        help("try assigning to a variable or a cell path of a variable")
+    )]
+    AssignmentRequiresVar {
+        #[label("needs to be a variable")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    /// Invalid assignment left-hand side
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Assignment requires that you assign to a mutable variable or cell path.
+    #[error("Assignment to an immutable variable.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::assignment_requires_mutable_variable),
+        help("declare the variable with `mut`, or shadow it again with `let`")
+    )]
+    AssignmentRequiresMutableVar {
+        #[label("needs to be a mutable variable")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    /// This environment variable cannot be set manually.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// This environment variable is set automatically by Nushell and cannot not be set manually.
+    #[error("{envvar_name} cannot be set manually.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::automatic_env_var_set_manually),
+        help(
+            r#"The environment variable '{envvar_name}' is set automatically by Nushell and cannot be set manually."#
+        )
+    )]
+    AutomaticEnvVarSetManually {
+        envvar_name: String,
+        #[label("cannot set '{envvar_name}' manually")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    /// It is not possible to replace the entire environment at once
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Setting the entire environment is not allowed. Change environment variables individually
+    /// instead.
+    #[error("Cannot replace environment.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::cannot_replace_env),
+        help("Assigning a value to '$env' is not allowed.")
+    )]
+    CannotReplaceEnv {
+        #[label("setting '$env' not allowed")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Unexpected expression.")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::unexpected_expression))]
+    UnexpectedExpression {
+        expr_name: String,
+        #[label("{expr_name} is not allowed in this context")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Missing required declaration: `{decl_name}`")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::missing_required_declaration))]
+    MissingRequiredDeclaration {
+        decl_name: String,
+        #[label("`{decl_name}` must be in scope to compile this expression")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Invalid literal")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::invalid_literal))]
+    InvalidLiteral {
+        msg: String,
+        #[label("{msg}")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[error("{msg}")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::compile::not_in_a_loop))]
+    NotInALoop {
+        msg: String,
+        #[label("can't be used outside of a loop")]
+        span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Incoherent loop state: the loop that ended was not the one we were expecting.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::incoherent_loop_state),
+        help("this is a compiler bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new"),
+    )]
+    IncoherentLoopState {
+        #[label("while compiling this block")]
+        block_span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+
+    #[error("Undefined label `{label_id}`.")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::compile::undefined_label),
+        help("this is a compiler bug. Please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new"),
+    )]
+    UndefinedLabel {
+        label_id: usize,
+        #[label("label was used while compiling this code")]
+        span: Option<Span>,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/labeled_error.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/labeled_error.rs
index 20ac9cff71..c76a6c78dd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/labeled_error.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/labeled_error.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ pub struct LabeledError {
 impl LabeledError {
     /// Create a new plain [`LabeledError`] with the given message.
     ///
-    /// This is usually used builder-style with methods like [`.with_label()`] to build an error.
+    /// This is usually used builder-style with methods like [`.with_label()`](Self::with_label) to
+    /// build an error.
     ///
     /// # Example
     ///
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/mod.rs
index 23006ab684..59369cd54f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/mod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 pub mod cli_error;
+mod compile_error;
 mod labeled_error;
 mod parse_error;
 mod parse_warning;
 mod shell_error;
 
-pub use cli_error::{format_error, report_error, report_error_new};
+pub use cli_error::{
+    format_error, report_error, report_error_new, report_warning, report_warning_new,
+};
+pub use compile_error::CompileError;
 pub use labeled_error::{ErrorLabel, LabeledError};
 pub use parse_error::{DidYouMean, ParseError};
 pub use parse_warning::ParseWarning;
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_error.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_error.rs
index 4d59821f7d..0e20f0dcba 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_error.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_error.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,11 @@ pub enum ParseError {
 
     #[error("Command output doesn't match {0}.")]
     #[diagnostic(code(nu::parser::output_type_mismatch))]
-    OutputMismatch(Type, #[label("command doesn't output {0}")] Span),
+    OutputMismatch(
+        Type,
+        Type,
+        #[label("expected {0}, but command outputs {1}")] Span,
+    ),
 
     #[error("Type mismatch during operation.")]
     #[diagnostic(code(nu::parser::type_mismatch))]
@@ -554,7 +558,7 @@ impl ParseError {
             ParseError::TypeMismatch(_, _, s) => *s,
             ParseError::TypeMismatchHelp(_, _, s, _) => *s,
             ParseError::InputMismatch(_, s) => *s,
-            ParseError::OutputMismatch(_, s) => *s,
+            ParseError::OutputMismatch(_, _, s) => *s,
             ParseError::MissingRequiredFlag(_, s) => *s,
             ParseError::IncompleteMathExpression(s) => *s,
             ParseError::UnknownState(_, s) => *s,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_warning.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_warning.rs
index a30bc731d8..5f34deb20c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_warning.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/parse_warning.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Error, Diagnostic, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum ParseWarning {
     #[error("Deprecated: {old_command}")]
-    #[diagnostic(help("for more info: {url}"))]
+    #[diagnostic(help("for more info see {url}"))]
     DeprecatedWarning {
         old_command: String,
         new_suggestion: String,
-        #[label("`{old_command}` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please {new_suggestion} instead")]
+        #[label("`{old_command}` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please {new_suggestion} instead.")]
         span: Span,
         url: String,
     },
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/shell_error.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/shell_error.rs
index 30752d5c9e..ab01ccfa54 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/shell_error.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/shell_error.rs
@@ -1187,6 +1187,13 @@ pub enum ShellError {
         span: Option<Span>,
     },
 
+    /// Operation interrupted
+    #[error("Operation interrupted")]
+    Interrupted {
+        #[label("This operation was interrupted")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
     /// Operation interrupted by user
     #[error("Operation interrupted by user")]
     InterruptedByUser {
@@ -1369,6 +1376,23 @@ On Windows, this would be %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming"#
         help("Set XDG_CONFIG_HOME to an absolute path, or set it to an empty string to ignore it")
     )]
     InvalidXdgConfig { xdg: String, default: String },
+
+    /// An unexpected error occurred during IR evaluation.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// This is most likely a correctness issue with the IR compiler or evaluator. Please file a
+    /// bug with the minimum code needed to reproduce the issue, if possible.
+    #[error("IR evaluation error: {msg}")]
+    #[diagnostic(
+        code(nu::shell::ir_eval_error),
+        help("this is a bug, please report it at https://github.com/nushell/nushell/issues/new along with the code you were running if able")
+    )]
+    IrEvalError {
+        msg: String,
+        #[label = "while running this code"]
+        span: Option<Span>,
+    },
 }
 
 // TODO: Implement as From trait
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_base.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_base.rs
index 7e1e2b0a7c..933342f577 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_base.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_base.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Foundational [`Eval`] trait allowing dispatch between const-eval and regular evaluation
 use crate::{
     ast::{
         eval_operator, Assignment, Bits, Boolean, Call, Comparison, Expr, Expression,
@@ -6,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     debugger::DebugContext,
     Config, GetSpan, Range, Record, ShellError, Span, Value, VarId, ENV_VARIABLE_ID,
 };
-use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashMap};
+use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};
 
 /// To share implementations for regular eval and const eval
 pub trait Eval {
@@ -158,6 +159,9 @@ pub trait Eval {
             Expr::ExternalCall(head, args) => {
                 Self::eval_external_call(state, mut_state, head, args, expr_span)
             }
+            Expr::Collect(var_id, expr) => {
+                Self::eval_collect::<D>(state, mut_state, *var_id, expr)
+            }
             Expr::Subexpression(block_id) => {
                 Self::eval_subexpression::<D>(state, mut_state, *block_id, expr_span)
             }
@@ -315,7 +319,7 @@ pub trait Eval {
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_config<'a>(state: Self::State<'a>, mut_state: &mut Self::MutState) -> Cow<'a, Config>;
+    fn get_config(state: Self::State<'_>, mut_state: &mut Self::MutState) -> Arc<Config>;
 
     fn eval_filepath(
         state: Self::State<'_>,
@@ -355,6 +359,13 @@ pub trait Eval {
         span: Span,
     ) -> Result<Value, ShellError>;
 
+    fn eval_collect<D: DebugContext>(
+        state: Self::State<'_>,
+        mut_state: &mut Self::MutState,
+        var_id: VarId,
+        expr: &Expression,
+    ) -> Result<Value, ShellError>;
+
     fn eval_subexpression<D: DebugContext>(
         state: Self::State<'_>,
         mut_state: &mut Self::MutState,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_const.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_const.rs
index 87913e4ee3..1ee7802799 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_const.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_const.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+//! Implementation of const-evaluation
+//!
+//! This enables you to assign `const`-constants and execute parse-time code dependent on this.
+//! e.g. `source $my_const`
 use crate::{
     ast::{Assignment, Block, Call, Expr, Expression, ExternalArgument},
     debugger::{DebugContext, WithoutDebug},
@@ -7,8 +11,8 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use nu_system::os_info::{get_kernel_version, get_os_arch, get_os_family, get_os_name};
 use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
 
 /// Create a Value for `$nu`.
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
     let config_path = match nu_path::config_dir() {
         Some(mut path) => {
             path.push("nushell");
-            Ok(canonicalize_path(engine_state, &path))
+            Ok(canonicalize_path(engine_state, path.as_ref()))
         }
         None => Err(Value::error(
             ShellError::ConfigDirNotFound { span: Some(span) },
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
     record.push(
         "home-path",
         if let Some(path) = nu_path::home_dir() {
-            let canon_home_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, &path);
+            let canon_home_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, path.as_ref());
             Value::string(canon_home_path.to_string_lossy(), span)
         } else {
             Value::error(
@@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
     record.push(
         "data-dir",
         if let Some(path) = nu_path::data_dir() {
-            let mut canon_data_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, &path);
+            let mut canon_data_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, path.as_ref());
             canon_data_path.push("nushell");
             Value::string(canon_data_path.to_string_lossy(), span)
         } else {
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
     record.push(
         "cache-dir",
         if let Some(path) = nu_path::cache_dir() {
-            let mut canon_cache_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, &path);
+            let mut canon_cache_path = canonicalize_path(engine_state, path.as_ref());
             canon_cache_path.push("nushell");
             Value::string(canon_cache_path.to_string_lossy(), span)
         } else {
@@ -181,24 +185,15 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
         },
     );
 
-    // Create a system level directory for nushell scripts, modules, completions, etc
-    // that can be changed by setting the NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR env var on any platform
-    // before nushell is compiled OR if NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR is not set for non-windows
-    // systems, the PREFIX env var can be set before compile and used as PREFIX/nushell/vendor/autoload
     record.push(
-        "vendor-autoload-dir",
-        // pseudo code
-        // if env var NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR is set, in any platform, use it
-        // if not, if windows, use ALLUSERPROFILE\nushell\vendor\autoload
-        // if not, if non-windows, if env var PREFIX is set, use PREFIX/share/nushell/vendor/autoload
-        // if not, use the default /usr/share/nushell/vendor/autoload
-
-        // check to see if NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR env var is set, if not, use the default
-        if let Some(path) = get_vendor_autoload_dir(engine_state) {
-            Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), span)
-        } else {
-            Value::error(ShellError::ConfigDirNotFound { span: Some(span) }, span)
-        },
+        "vendor-autoload-dirs",
+        Value::list(
+            get_vendor_autoload_dirs(engine_state)
+                .iter()
+                .map(|path| Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), span))
+                .collect(),
+            span,
+        ),
     );
 
     record.push("temp-path", {
@@ -255,39 +250,95 @@ pub(crate) fn create_nu_constant(engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) -> Valu
     Value::record(record, span)
 }
 
-pub fn get_vendor_autoload_dir(engine_state: &EngineState) -> Option<PathBuf> {
-    // pseudo code
-    // if env var NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR is set, in any platform, use it
-    // if not, if windows, use ALLUSERPROFILE\nushell\vendor\autoload
-    // if not, if non-windows, if env var PREFIX is set, use PREFIX/share/nushell/vendor/autoload
-    // if not, use the default /usr/share/nushell/vendor/autoload
+pub fn get_vendor_autoload_dirs(_engine_state: &EngineState) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    // load order for autoload dirs
+    // /Library/Application Support/nushell/vendor/autoload on macOS
+    // <dir>/nushell/vendor/autoload for every dir in XDG_DATA_DIRS in reverse order on platforms other than windows. If XDG_DATA_DIRS is not set, it falls back to <PREFIX>/share if PREFIX ends in local, or <PREFIX>/local/share:<PREFIX>/share otherwise. If PREFIX is not set, fall back to /usr/local/share:/usr/share.
+    // %ProgramData%\nushell\vendor\autoload on windows
+    // NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR from compile time, if env var is set at compile time
+    // if on macOS, additionally check XDG_DATA_HOME, which `dirs` is only doing on Linux
+    // <data_dir>/nushell/vendor/autoload of the current user according to the `dirs` crate
+    // NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR at runtime, if env var is set
 
-    // check to see if NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR env var is set, if not, use the default
-    Some(
-        option_env!("NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR")
-            .map(String::from)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                if cfg!(windows) {
-                    let all_user_profile = match engine_state.get_env_var("ALLUSERPROFILE") {
-                        Some(v) => format!(
-                            "{}\\nushell\\vendor\\autoload",
-                            v.coerce_string().unwrap_or("C:\\ProgramData".into())
-                        ),
-                        None => "C:\\ProgramData\\nushell\\vendor\\autoload".into(),
-                    };
-                    all_user_profile
-                } else {
-                    // In non-Windows environments, if NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR is not set
-                    // check to see if PREFIX env var is set, and use it as PREFIX/nushell/vendor/autoload
-                    // otherwise default to /usr/share/nushell/vendor/autoload
-                    option_env!("PREFIX").map(String::from).map_or_else(
-                        || "/usr/local/share/nushell/vendor/autoload".into(),
-                        |prefix| format!("{}/share/nushell/vendor/autoload", prefix),
-                    )
-                }
+    let into_autoload_path_fn = |mut path: PathBuf| {
+        path.push("nushell");
+        path.push("vendor");
+        path.push("autoload");
+        path
+    };
+
+    let mut dirs = Vec::new();
+
+    let mut append_fn = |path: PathBuf| {
+        if !dirs.contains(&path) {
+            dirs.push(path)
+        }
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    std::iter::once("/Library/Application Support")
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .map(into_autoload_path_fn)
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+
+        std::env::var_os("XDG_DATA_DIRS")
+            .or_else(|| {
+                option_env!("PREFIX").map(|prefix| {
+                    if prefix.ends_with("local") {
+                        std::ffi::OsString::from(format!("{prefix}/share"))
+                    } else {
+                        std::ffi::OsString::from(format!("{prefix}/local/share:{prefix}/share"))
+                    }
+                })
             })
-            .into(),
-    )
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| std::ffi::OsString::from("/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/"))
+            .as_encoded_bytes()
+            .split(|b| *b == b':')
+            .map(|split| into_autoload_path_fn(PathBuf::from(std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(split))))
+            .rev()
+            .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    dirs_sys::known_folder(windows_sys::Win32::UI::Shell::FOLDERID_ProgramData)
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(into_autoload_path_fn)
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+
+    option_env!("NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR")
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    std::env::var("XDG_DATA_HOME")
+        .ok()
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .or_else(|| {
+            dirs::home_dir().map(|mut home| {
+                home.push(".local");
+                home.push("share");
+                home
+            })
+        })
+        .map(into_autoload_path_fn)
+        .into_iter()
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+
+    dirs::data_dir()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(into_autoload_path_fn)
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+
+    std::env::var_os("NU_VENDOR_AUTOLOAD_DIR")
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(PathBuf::from)
+        .for_each(&mut append_fn);
+
+    dirs
 }
 
 fn eval_const_call(
@@ -307,7 +358,7 @@ fn eval_const_call(
         return Err(ShellError::NotAConstHelp { span: call.head });
     }
 
-    decl.run_const(working_set, call, input)
+    decl.run_const(working_set, &call.into(), input)
 }
 
 pub fn eval_const_subexpression(
@@ -360,8 +411,8 @@ impl Eval for EvalConst {
 
     type MutState = ();
 
-    fn get_config<'a>(state: Self::State<'a>, _: &mut ()) -> Cow<'a, Config> {
-        Cow::Borrowed(state.get_config())
+    fn get_config(state: Self::State<'_>, _: &mut ()) -> Arc<Config> {
+        state.get_config().clone()
     }
 
     fn eval_filepath(
@@ -418,6 +469,15 @@ impl Eval for EvalConst {
         Err(ShellError::NotAConstant { span })
     }
 
+    fn eval_collect<D: DebugContext>(
+        _: &StateWorkingSet,
+        _: &mut (),
+        _var_id: VarId,
+        expr: &Expression,
+    ) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
+        Err(ShellError::NotAConstant { span: expr.span })
+    }
+
     fn eval_subexpression<D: DebugContext>(
         working_set: &StateWorkingSet,
         _: &mut (),
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/id.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/id.rs
index 73c4f52e70..829ee8f36d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/id.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/id.rs
@@ -7,5 +7,19 @@ pub type ModuleId = usize;
 pub type OverlayId = usize;
 pub type FileId = usize;
 pub type VirtualPathId = usize;
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SpanId(pub usize); // more robust ID style used in the new parser
+
+/// An ID for an [IR](crate::ir) register. `%n` is a common shorthand for `RegId(n)`.
+///
+/// Note: `%0` is allocated with the block input at the beginning of a compiled block.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct RegId(pub u32);
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for RegId {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "%{}", self.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/call.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/call.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b931373017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/call.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::{
+    ast::Expression,
+    engine::{self, Argument, Stack},
+    DeclId, ShellError, Span, Spanned, Value,
+};
+
+use super::DataSlice;
+
+/// Contains the information for a call being made to a declared command.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Call {
+    /// The declaration ID of the command to be invoked.
+    pub decl_id: DeclId,
+    /// The span encompassing the command name, before the arguments.
+    pub head: Span,
+    /// The span encompassing the command name and all arguments.
+    pub span: Span,
+    /// The base index of the arguments for this call within the
+    /// [argument stack](crate::engine::ArgumentStack).
+    pub args_base: usize,
+    /// The number of [`Argument`]s for the call. Note that this just counts the number of
+    /// `Argument` entries on the stack, and has nothing to do with the actual number of positional
+    /// or spread arguments.
+    pub args_len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Call {
+    /// Build a new call with arguments.
+    pub fn build(decl_id: DeclId, head: Span) -> CallBuilder {
+        CallBuilder {
+            inner: Call {
+                decl_id,
+                head,
+                span: head,
+                args_base: 0,
+                args_len: 0,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the arguments for this call from the arguments stack.
+    pub fn arguments<'a>(&self, stack: &'a Stack) -> &'a [Argument] {
+        stack.arguments.get_args(self.args_base, self.args_len)
+    }
+
+    /// The span encompassing the arguments
+    ///
+    /// If there are no arguments the span covers where the first argument would exist
+    ///
+    /// If there are one or more arguments the span encompasses the start of the first argument to
+    /// end of the last argument
+    pub fn arguments_span(&self) -> Span {
+        let past = self.head.past();
+        Span::new(past.start, self.span.end)
+    }
+
+    /// The number of named arguments, with or without values.
+    pub fn named_len(&self, stack: &Stack) -> usize {
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|arg| matches!(arg, Argument::Named { .. } | Argument::Flag { .. }))
+            .count()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through named arguments, with or without values.
+    pub fn named_iter<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        stack: &'a Stack,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Spanned<&'a str>, Option<&'a Value>)> + 'a {
+        self.arguments(stack).iter().filter_map(
+            |arg: &Argument| -> Option<(Spanned<&str>, Option<&Value>)> {
+                match arg {
+                    Argument::Flag {
+                        data, name, span, ..
+                    } => Some((
+                        Spanned {
+                            item: std::str::from_utf8(&data[*name]).expect("invalid arg name"),
+                            span: *span,
+                        },
+                        None,
+                    )),
+                    Argument::Named {
+                        data,
+                        name,
+                        span,
+                        val,
+                        ..
+                    } => Some((
+                        Spanned {
+                            item: std::str::from_utf8(&data[*name]).expect("invalid arg name"),
+                            span: *span,
+                        },
+                        Some(val),
+                    )),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Get a named argument's value by name. Returns [`None`] for named arguments with no value as
+    /// well.
+    pub fn get_named_arg<'a>(&self, stack: &'a Stack, flag_name: &str) -> Option<&'a Value> {
+        // Optimized to avoid str::from_utf8()
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|arg: &Argument| -> Option<Option<&Value>> {
+                match arg {
+                    Argument::Flag { data, name, .. } if &data[*name] == flag_name.as_bytes() => {
+                        Some(None)
+                    }
+                    Argument::Named {
+                        data, name, val, ..
+                    } if &data[*name] == flag_name.as_bytes() => Some(Some(val)),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// The number of positional arguments, excluding spread arguments.
+    pub fn positional_len(&self, stack: &Stack) -> usize {
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|arg| matches!(arg, Argument::Positional { .. }))
+            .count()
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate through positional arguments. Does not include spread arguments.
+    pub fn positional_iter<'a>(&self, stack: &'a Stack) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'a Value> {
+        self.arguments(stack).iter().filter_map(|arg| match arg {
+            Argument::Positional { val, .. } => Some(val),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get a positional argument by index. Does not include spread arguments.
+    pub fn positional_nth<'a>(&self, stack: &'a Stack, index: usize) -> Option<&'a Value> {
+        self.positional_iter(stack).nth(index)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the AST node for a positional argument by index. Not usually available unless the decl
+    /// required it.
+    pub fn positional_ast<'a>(
+        &self,
+        stack: &'a Stack,
+        index: usize,
+    ) -> Option<&'a Arc<Expression>> {
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|arg| match arg {
+                Argument::Positional { ast, .. } => Some(ast),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .nth(index)
+            .and_then(|option| option.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns every argument to the rest parameter, as well as whether each argument
+    /// is spread or a normal positional argument (true for spread, false for normal)
+    pub fn rest_iter<'a>(
+        &self,
+        stack: &'a Stack,
+        start: usize,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a Value, bool)> + 'a {
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|arg| match arg {
+                Argument::Positional { val, .. } => Some((val, false)),
+                Argument::Spread { vals, .. } => Some((vals, true)),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .skip(start)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns all of the positional arguments including and after `start`, with spread arguments
+    /// flattened into a single `Vec`.
+    pub fn rest_iter_flattened(
+        &self,
+        stack: &Stack,
+        start: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> {
+        let mut acc = vec![];
+        for (rest_val, spread) in self.rest_iter(stack, start) {
+            if spread {
+                match rest_val {
+                    Value::List { vals, .. } => acc.extend(vals.iter().cloned()),
+                    Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(ShellError::clone(error)),
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(ShellError::CannotSpreadAsList {
+                            span: rest_val.span(),
+                        })
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                acc.push(rest_val.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(acc)
+    }
+
+    /// Get a parser info argument by name.
+    pub fn get_parser_info<'a>(&self, stack: &'a Stack, name: &str) -> Option<&'a Expression> {
+        self.arguments(stack)
+            .iter()
+            .find_map(|argument| match argument {
+                Argument::ParserInfo {
+                    data,
+                    name: name_slice,
+                    info: expr,
+                } if &data[*name_slice] == name.as_bytes() => Some(expr.as_ref()),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span encompassing the entire call.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    /// Resets the [`Stack`] to its state before the call was made.
+    pub fn leave(&self, stack: &mut Stack) {
+        stack.arguments.leave_frame(self.args_base);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Utility struct for building a [`Call`] with arguments on the [`Stack`].
+pub struct CallBuilder {
+    inner: Call,
+}
+
+impl CallBuilder {
+    /// Add an argument to the [`Stack`] and reference it from the [`Call`].
+    pub fn add_argument(&mut self, stack: &mut Stack, argument: Argument) -> &mut Self {
+        if self.inner.args_len == 0 {
+            self.inner.args_base = stack.arguments.get_base();
+        }
+        self.inner.args_len += 1;
+        if let Some(span) = argument.span() {
+            self.inner.span = self.inner.span.merge(span);
+        }
+        stack.arguments.push(argument);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Add a positional argument to the [`Stack`] and reference it from the [`Call`].
+    pub fn add_positional(&mut self, stack: &mut Stack, span: Span, val: Value) -> &mut Self {
+        self.add_argument(
+            stack,
+            Argument::Positional {
+                span,
+                val,
+                ast: None,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add a spread argument to the [`Stack`] and reference it from the [`Call`].
+    pub fn add_spread(&mut self, stack: &mut Stack, span: Span, vals: Value) -> &mut Self {
+        self.add_argument(
+            stack,
+            Argument::Spread {
+                span,
+                vals,
+                ast: None,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add a flag (no-value named) argument to the [`Stack`] and reference it from the [`Call`].
+    pub fn add_flag(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: impl AsRef<str>,
+        short: impl AsRef<str>,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> &mut Self {
+        let (data, name, short) = data_from_name_and_short(name.as_ref(), short.as_ref());
+        self.add_argument(
+            stack,
+            Argument::Flag {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add a named argument to the [`Stack`] and reference it from the [`Call`].
+    pub fn add_named(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        name: impl AsRef<str>,
+        short: impl AsRef<str>,
+        span: Span,
+        val: Value,
+    ) -> &mut Self {
+        let (data, name, short) = data_from_name_and_short(name.as_ref(), short.as_ref());
+        self.add_argument(
+            stack,
+            Argument::Named {
+                data,
+                name,
+                short,
+                span,
+                val,
+                ast: None,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Produce the finished [`Call`] from the builder.
+    ///
+    /// The call should be entered / run before any other calls are constructed, because the
+    /// argument stack will be reset when they exit.
+    pub fn finish(&self) -> Call {
+        self.inner.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// Run a closure with the [`Call`] as an [`engine::Call`] reference, and then clean up the
+    /// arguments that were added to the [`Stack`] after.
+    ///
+    /// For convenience. Calls [`Call::leave`] after the closure ends.
+    pub fn with<T>(
+        self,
+        stack: &mut Stack,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Stack, &engine::Call<'_>) -> T,
+    ) -> T {
+        let call = engine::Call::from(&self.inner);
+        let result = f(stack, &call);
+        self.inner.leave(stack);
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+fn data_from_name_and_short(name: &str, short: &str) -> (Arc<[u8]>, DataSlice, DataSlice) {
+    let data: Vec<u8> = name.bytes().chain(short.bytes()).collect();
+    let data: Arc<[u8]> = data.into();
+    let name = DataSlice {
+        start: 0,
+        len: name.len().try_into().expect("flag name too big"),
+    };
+    let short = DataSlice {
+        start: name.start.checked_add(name.len).expect("flag name too big"),
+        len: short.len().try_into().expect("flag short name too big"),
+    };
+    (data, name, short)
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/display.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/display.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0026e15eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/display.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::{ast::Pattern, engine::EngineState, DeclId, VarId};
+
+use super::{DataSlice, Instruction, IrBlock, Literal, RedirectMode};
+
+pub struct FmtIrBlock<'a> {
+    pub(super) engine_state: &'a EngineState,
+    pub(super) ir_block: &'a IrBlock,
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtIrBlock<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let plural = |count| if count == 1 { "" } else { "s" };
+        writeln!(
+            f,
+            "# {} register{}, {} instruction{}, {} byte{} of data",
+            self.ir_block.register_count,
+            plural(self.ir_block.register_count as usize),
+            self.ir_block.instructions.len(),
+            plural(self.ir_block.instructions.len()),
+            self.ir_block.data.len(),
+            plural(self.ir_block.data.len()),
+        )?;
+        if self.ir_block.file_count > 0 {
+            writeln!(
+                f,
+                "# {} file{} used for redirection",
+                self.ir_block.file_count,
+                plural(self.ir_block.file_count as usize)
+            )?;
+        }
+        for (index, instruction) in self.ir_block.instructions.iter().enumerate() {
+            let formatted = format!(
+                "{:-4}: {}",
+                index,
+                FmtInstruction {
+                    engine_state: self.engine_state,
+                    instruction,
+                    data: &self.ir_block.data,
+                }
+            );
+            let comment = &self.ir_block.comments[index];
+            if comment.is_empty() {
+                writeln!(f, "{formatted}")?;
+            } else {
+                writeln!(f, "{formatted:40} # {comment}")?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct FmtInstruction<'a> {
+    pub(super) engine_state: &'a EngineState,
+    pub(super) instruction: &'a Instruction,
+    pub(super) data: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtInstruction<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        const WIDTH: usize = 22;
+
+        match self.instruction {
+            Instruction::Unreachable => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$}", "unreachable")
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadLiteral { dst, lit } => {
+                let lit = FmtLiteral {
+                    literal: lit,
+                    data: self.data,
+                };
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {lit}", "load-literal")
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadValue { dst, val } => {
+                let val = val.to_debug_string();
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {val}", "load-value")
+            }
+            Instruction::Move { dst, src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {src}", "move")
+            }
+            Instruction::Clone { dst, src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {src}", "clone")
+            }
+            Instruction::Collect { src_dst } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}", "collect")
+            }
+            Instruction::Span { src_dst } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}", "span")
+            }
+            Instruction::Drop { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "drop")
+            }
+            Instruction::Drain { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "drain")
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadVariable { dst, var_id } => {
+                let var = FmtVar::new(self.engine_state, *var_id);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {var}", "load-variable")
+            }
+            Instruction::StoreVariable { var_id, src } => {
+                let var = FmtVar::new(self.engine_state, *var_id);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {var}, {src}", "store-variable")
+            }
+            Instruction::DropVariable { var_id } => {
+                let var = FmtVar::new(self.engine_state, *var_id);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {var}", "drop-variable")
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadEnv { dst, key } => {
+                let key = FmtData(self.data, *key);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {key}", "load-env")
+            }
+            Instruction::LoadEnvOpt { dst, key } => {
+                let key = FmtData(self.data, *key);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {key}", "load-env-opt")
+            }
+            Instruction::StoreEnv { key, src } => {
+                let key = FmtData(self.data, *key);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {key}, {src}", "store-env")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushPositional { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "push-positional")
+            }
+            Instruction::AppendRest { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "append-rest")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushFlag { name } => {
+                let name = FmtData(self.data, *name);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {name}", "push-flag")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushShortFlag { short } => {
+                let short = FmtData(self.data, *short);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {short}", "push-short-flag")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushNamed { name, src } => {
+                let name = FmtData(self.data, *name);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {name}, {src}", "push-named")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushShortNamed { short, src } => {
+                let short = FmtData(self.data, *short);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {short}, {src}", "push-short-named")
+            }
+            Instruction::PushParserInfo { name, info } => {
+                let name = FmtData(self.data, *name);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {name}, {info:?}", "push-parser-info")
+            }
+            Instruction::RedirectOut { mode } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {mode}", "redirect-out")
+            }
+            Instruction::RedirectErr { mode } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {mode}", "redirect-err")
+            }
+            Instruction::CheckErrRedirected { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "check-err-redirected")
+            }
+            Instruction::OpenFile {
+                file_num,
+                path,
+                append,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{:WIDTH$} file({file_num}), {path}, append = {append:?}",
+                    "open-file"
+                )
+            }
+            Instruction::WriteFile { file_num, src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} file({file_num}), {src}", "write-file")
+            }
+            Instruction::CloseFile { file_num } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} file({file_num})", "close-file")
+            }
+            Instruction::Call { decl_id, src_dst } => {
+                let decl = FmtDecl::new(self.engine_state, *decl_id);
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {decl}, {src_dst}", "call")
+            }
+            Instruction::StringAppend { src_dst, val } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {val}", "string-append")
+            }
+            Instruction::GlobFrom { src_dst, no_expand } => {
+                let no_expand = if *no_expand { "no-expand" } else { "expand" };
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {no_expand}", "glob-from",)
+            }
+            Instruction::ListPush { src_dst, item } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {item}", "list-push")
+            }
+            Instruction::ListSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {items}", "list-spread")
+            }
+            Instruction::RecordInsert { src_dst, key, val } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {key}, {val}", "record-insert")
+            }
+            Instruction::RecordSpread { src_dst, items } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {items}", "record-spread")
+            }
+            Instruction::Not { src_dst } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}", "not")
+            }
+            Instruction::BinaryOp { lhs_dst, op, rhs } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {lhs_dst}, {op:?}, {rhs}", "binary-op")
+            }
+            Instruction::FollowCellPath { src_dst, path } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {path}", "follow-cell-path")
+            }
+            Instruction::CloneCellPath { dst, src, path } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {src}, {path}", "clone-cell-path")
+            }
+            Instruction::UpsertCellPath {
+                src_dst,
+                path,
+                new_value,
+            } => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "{:WIDTH$} {src_dst}, {path}, {new_value}",
+                    "upsert-cell-path"
+                )
+            }
+            Instruction::Jump { index } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {index}", "jump")
+            }
+            Instruction::BranchIf { cond, index } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {cond}, {index}", "branch-if")
+            }
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { src, index } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}, {index}", "branch-if-empty")
+            }
+            Instruction::Match {
+                pattern,
+                src,
+                index,
+            } => {
+                let pattern = FmtPattern {
+                    engine_state: self.engine_state,
+                    pattern,
+                };
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} ({pattern}), {src}, {index}", "match")
+            }
+            Instruction::CheckMatchGuard { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "check-match-guard")
+            }
+            Instruction::Iterate {
+                dst,
+                stream,
+                end_index,
+            } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {stream}, end {end_index}", "iterate")
+            }
+            Instruction::OnError { index } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {index}", "on-error")
+            }
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto { index, dst } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {index}, {dst}", "on-error-into")
+            }
+            Instruction::PopErrorHandler => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$}", "pop-error-handler")
+            }
+            Instruction::CheckExternalFailed { dst, src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {dst}, {src}", "check-external-failed")
+            }
+            Instruction::ReturnEarly { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "return-early")
+            }
+            Instruction::Return { src } => {
+                write!(f, "{:WIDTH$} {src}", "return")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FmtDecl<'a>(DeclId, &'a str);
+
+impl<'a> FmtDecl<'a> {
+    fn new(engine_state: &'a EngineState, decl_id: DeclId) -> Self {
+        FmtDecl(decl_id, engine_state.get_decl(decl_id).name())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for FmtDecl<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "decl {} {:?}", self.0, self.1)
+    }
+}
+
+struct FmtVar<'a>(DeclId, Option<&'a str>);
+
+impl<'a> FmtVar<'a> {
+    fn new(engine_state: &'a EngineState, var_id: VarId) -> Self {
+        // Search for the name of the variable
+        let name: Option<&str> = engine_state
+            .active_overlays(&[])
+            .flat_map(|overlay| overlay.vars.iter())
+            .find(|(_, v)| **v == var_id)
+            .map(|(k, _)| std::str::from_utf8(k).unwrap_or("<utf-8 error>"));
+        FmtVar(var_id, name)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for FmtVar<'_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if let Some(name) = self.1 {
+            write!(f, "var {} {:?}", self.0, name)
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "var {}", self.0)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for RedirectMode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            RedirectMode::Pipe => write!(f, "pipe"),
+            RedirectMode::Capture => write!(f, "capture"),
+            RedirectMode::Null => write!(f, "null"),
+            RedirectMode::Inherit => write!(f, "inherit"),
+            RedirectMode::File { file_num } => write!(f, "file({file_num})"),
+            RedirectMode::Caller => write!(f, "caller"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FmtData<'a>(&'a [u8], DataSlice);
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtData<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if let Ok(s) = std::str::from_utf8(&self.0[self.1]) {
+            // Write as string
+            write!(f, "{s:?}")
+        } else {
+            // Write as byte array
+            write!(f, "0x{:x?}", self.0)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FmtLiteral<'a> {
+    literal: &'a Literal,
+    data: &'a [u8],
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtLiteral<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self.literal {
+            Literal::Bool(b) => write!(f, "bool({b:?})"),
+            Literal::Int(i) => write!(f, "int({i:?})"),
+            Literal::Float(fl) => write!(f, "float({fl:?})"),
+            Literal::Filesize(q) => write!(f, "filesize({q}b)"),
+            Literal::Duration(q) => write!(f, "duration({q}ns)"),
+            Literal::Binary(b) => write!(f, "binary({})", FmtData(self.data, *b)),
+            Literal::Block(id) => write!(f, "block({id})"),
+            Literal::Closure(id) => write!(f, "closure({id})"),
+            Literal::RowCondition(id) => write!(f, "row_condition({id})"),
+            Literal::Range {
+                start,
+                step,
+                end,
+                inclusion,
+            } => write!(f, "range({start}, {step}, {end}, {inclusion:?})"),
+            Literal::List { capacity } => write!(f, "list(capacity = {capacity})"),
+            Literal::Record { capacity } => write!(f, "record(capacity = {capacity})"),
+            Literal::Filepath { val, no_expand } => write!(
+                f,
+                "filepath({}, no_expand = {no_expand:?})",
+                FmtData(self.data, *val)
+            ),
+            Literal::Directory { val, no_expand } => write!(
+                f,
+                "directory({}, no_expand = {no_expand:?})",
+                FmtData(self.data, *val)
+            ),
+            Literal::GlobPattern { val, no_expand } => write!(
+                f,
+                "glob-pattern({}, no_expand = {no_expand:?})",
+                FmtData(self.data, *val)
+            ),
+            Literal::String(s) => write!(f, "string({})", FmtData(self.data, *s)),
+            Literal::RawString(rs) => write!(f, "raw-string({})", FmtData(self.data, *rs)),
+            Literal::CellPath(p) => write!(f, "cell-path({p})"),
+            Literal::Date(dt) => write!(f, "date({dt})"),
+            Literal::Nothing => write!(f, "nothing"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct FmtPattern<'a> {
+    engine_state: &'a EngineState,
+    pattern: &'a Pattern,
+}
+
+impl<'a> fmt::Display for FmtPattern<'a> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self.pattern {
+            Pattern::Record(bindings) => {
+                f.write_str("{")?;
+                for (name, pattern) in bindings {
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "{}: {}",
+                        name,
+                        FmtPattern {
+                            engine_state: self.engine_state,
+                            pattern: &pattern.pattern,
+                        }
+                    )?;
+                }
+                f.write_str("}")
+            }
+            Pattern::List(bindings) => {
+                f.write_str("[")?;
+                for pattern in bindings {
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "{}",
+                        FmtPattern {
+                            engine_state: self.engine_state,
+                            pattern: &pattern.pattern
+                        }
+                    )?;
+                }
+                f.write_str("]")
+            }
+            Pattern::Value(expr) => {
+                let string =
+                    String::from_utf8_lossy(self.engine_state.get_span_contents(expr.span));
+                f.write_str(&string)
+            }
+            Pattern::Variable(var_id) => {
+                let variable = FmtVar::new(self.engine_state, *var_id);
+                write!(f, "{}", variable)
+            }
+            Pattern::Or(patterns) => {
+                for (index, pattern) in patterns.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if index > 0 {
+                        f.write_str(" | ")?;
+                    }
+                    write!(
+                        f,
+                        "{}",
+                        FmtPattern {
+                            engine_state: self.engine_state,
+                            pattern: &pattern.pattern
+                        }
+                    )?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Pattern::Rest(var_id) => {
+                let variable = FmtVar::new(self.engine_state, *var_id);
+                write!(f, "..{}", variable)
+            }
+            Pattern::IgnoreRest => f.write_str(".."),
+            Pattern::IgnoreValue => f.write_str("_"),
+            Pattern::Garbage => f.write_str("<garbage>"),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdded28c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ir/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+use std::{fmt, sync::Arc};
+
+use crate::{
+    ast::{CellPath, Expression, Operator, Pattern, RangeInclusion},
+    engine::EngineState,
+    BlockId, DeclId, RegId, Span, Value, VarId,
+};
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+mod call;
+mod display;
+
+pub use call::*;
+pub use display::{FmtInstruction, FmtIrBlock};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct IrBlock {
+    pub instructions: Vec<Instruction>,
+    pub spans: Vec<Span>,
+    #[serde(with = "serde_arc_u8_array")]
+    pub data: Arc<[u8]>,
+    pub ast: Vec<Option<IrAstRef>>,
+    /// Additional information that can be added to help with debugging
+    pub comments: Vec<Box<str>>,
+    pub register_count: u32,
+    pub file_count: u32,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for IrBlock {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // the ast field is too verbose and doesn't add much
+        f.debug_struct("IrBlock")
+            .field("instructions", &self.instructions)
+            .field("spans", &self.spans)
+            .field("data", &self.data)
+            .field("comments", &self.comments)
+            .field("register_count", &self.register_count)
+            .field("file_count", &self.file_count)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl IrBlock {
+    /// Returns a value that can be formatted with [`Display`](std::fmt::Display) to show a detailed
+    /// listing of the instructions contained within this [`IrBlock`].
+    pub fn display<'a>(&'a self, engine_state: &'a EngineState) -> FmtIrBlock<'a> {
+        FmtIrBlock {
+            engine_state,
+            ir_block: self,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A slice into the `data` array of a block. This is a compact and cache-friendly way to store
+/// string data that a block uses.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct DataSlice {
+    pub start: u32,
+    pub len: u32,
+}
+
+impl DataSlice {
+    /// A data slice that contains no data. This slice is always valid.
+    pub const fn empty() -> DataSlice {
+        DataSlice { start: 0, len: 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::ops::Index<DataSlice> for [u8] {
+    type Output = [u8];
+
+    fn index(&self, index: DataSlice) -> &Self::Output {
+        &self[index.start as usize..(index.start as usize + index.len as usize)]
+    }
+}
+
+/// A possible reference into the abstract syntax tree for an instruction. This is not present for
+/// most instructions and is just added when needed.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IrAstRef(pub Arc<Expression>);
+
+impl Serialize for IrAstRef {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        self.0.as_ref().serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for IrAstRef {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        Expression::deserialize(deserializer).map(|expr| IrAstRef(Arc::new(expr)))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum Instruction {
+    /// Unreachable code path (error)
+    Unreachable,
+    /// Load a literal value into the `dst` register
+    LoadLiteral { dst: RegId, lit: Literal },
+    /// Load a clone of a boxed value into the `dst` register (e.g. from const evaluation)
+    LoadValue { dst: RegId, val: Box<Value> },
+    /// Move a register. Value is taken from `src` (used by this instruction).
+    Move { dst: RegId, src: RegId },
+    /// Copy a register (must be a collected value). Value is still in `src` after this instruction.
+    Clone { dst: RegId, src: RegId },
+    /// Collect a stream in a register to a value
+    Collect { src_dst: RegId },
+    /// Change the span of the contents of a register to the span of this instruction.
+    Span { src_dst: RegId },
+    /// Drop the value/stream in a register, without draining
+    Drop { src: RegId },
+    /// Drain the value/stream in a register and discard (e.g. semicolon).
+    ///
+    /// If passed a stream from an external command, sets $env.LAST_EXIT_CODE to the resulting exit
+    /// code, and invokes any available error handler with Empty, or if not available, returns an
+    /// exit-code-only stream, leaving the block.
+    Drain { src: RegId },
+    /// Load the value of a variable into the `dst` register
+    LoadVariable { dst: RegId, var_id: VarId },
+    /// Store the value of a variable from the `src` register
+    StoreVariable { var_id: VarId, src: RegId },
+    /// Remove a variable from the stack, freeing up whatever resources were associated with it
+    DropVariable { var_id: VarId },
+    /// Load the value of an environment variable into the `dst` register
+    LoadEnv { dst: RegId, key: DataSlice },
+    /// Load the value of an environment variable into the `dst` register, or `Nothing` if it
+    /// doesn't exist
+    LoadEnvOpt { dst: RegId, key: DataSlice },
+    /// Store the value of an environment variable from the `src` register
+    StoreEnv { key: DataSlice, src: RegId },
+    /// Add a positional arg to the next (internal) call.
+    PushPositional { src: RegId },
+    /// Add a list of args to the next (internal) call (spread/rest).
+    AppendRest { src: RegId },
+    /// Add a named arg with no value to the next (internal) call.
+    PushFlag { name: DataSlice },
+    /// Add a short named arg with no value to the next (internal) call.
+    PushShortFlag { short: DataSlice },
+    /// Add a named arg with a value to the next (internal) call.
+    PushNamed { name: DataSlice, src: RegId },
+    /// Add a short named arg with a value to the next (internal) call.
+    PushShortNamed { short: DataSlice, src: RegId },
+    /// Add parser info to the next (internal) call.
+    PushParserInfo {
+        name: DataSlice,
+        info: Box<Expression>,
+    },
+    /// Set the redirection for stdout for the next call (only).
+    ///
+    /// The register for a file redirection is not consumed.
+    RedirectOut { mode: RedirectMode },
+    /// Set the redirection for stderr for the next call (only).
+    ///
+    /// The register for a file redirection is not consumed.
+    RedirectErr { mode: RedirectMode },
+    /// Throw an error if stderr wasn't redirected in the given stream. `src` is preserved.
+    CheckErrRedirected { src: RegId },
+    /// Open a file for redirection, pushing it onto the file stack.
+    OpenFile {
+        file_num: u32,
+        path: RegId,
+        append: bool,
+    },
+    /// Write data from the register to a file. This is done to finish a file redirection, in case
+    /// an internal command or expression was evaluated rather than an external one.
+    WriteFile { file_num: u32, src: RegId },
+    /// Pop a file used for redirection from the file stack.
+    CloseFile { file_num: u32 },
+    /// Make a call. The input is taken from `src_dst`, and the output is placed in `src_dst`,
+    /// overwriting it. The argument stack is used implicitly and cleared when the call ends.
+    Call { decl_id: DeclId, src_dst: RegId },
+    /// Append a value onto the end of a string. Uses `to_expanded_string(", ", ...)` on the value.
+    /// Used for string interpolation literals. Not the same thing as the `++` operator.
+    StringAppend { src_dst: RegId, val: RegId },
+    /// Convert a string into a glob. Used for glob interpolation and setting glob variables. If the
+    /// value is already a glob, it won't be modified (`no_expand` will have no effect).
+    GlobFrom { src_dst: RegId, no_expand: bool },
+    /// Push a value onto the end of a list. Used to construct list literals.
+    ListPush { src_dst: RegId, item: RegId },
+    /// Spread a value onto the end of a list. Used to construct list literals.
+    ListSpread { src_dst: RegId, items: RegId },
+    /// Insert a key-value pair into a record. Used to construct record literals. Raises an error if
+    /// the key already existed in the record.
+    RecordInsert {
+        src_dst: RegId,
+        key: RegId,
+        val: RegId,
+    },
+    /// Spread a record onto a record. Used to construct record literals. Any existing value for the
+    /// key is overwritten.
+    RecordSpread { src_dst: RegId, items: RegId },
+    /// Negate a boolean.
+    Not { src_dst: RegId },
+    /// Do a binary operation on `lhs_dst` (left) and `rhs` (right) and write the result to
+    /// `lhs_dst`.
+    BinaryOp {
+        lhs_dst: RegId,
+        op: Operator,
+        rhs: RegId,
+    },
+    /// Follow a cell path on the value in `src_dst`, storing the result back to `src_dst`
+    FollowCellPath { src_dst: RegId, path: RegId },
+    /// Clone the value at a cell path in `src`, storing the result to `dst`. The original value
+    /// remains in `src`. Must be a collected value.
+    CloneCellPath { dst: RegId, src: RegId, path: RegId },
+    /// Update/insert a cell path to `new_value` on the value in `src_dst`, storing the modified
+    /// value back to `src_dst`
+    UpsertCellPath {
+        src_dst: RegId,
+        path: RegId,
+        new_value: RegId,
+    },
+    /// Jump to an offset in this block
+    Jump { index: usize },
+    /// Branch to an offset in this block if the value of the `cond` register is a true boolean,
+    /// otherwise continue execution
+    BranchIf { cond: RegId, index: usize },
+    /// Branch to an offset in this block if the value of the `src` register is Empty or Nothing,
+    /// otherwise continue execution. The original value in `src` is preserved.
+    BranchIfEmpty { src: RegId, index: usize },
+    /// Match a pattern on `src`. If the pattern matches, branch to `index` after having set any
+    /// variables captured by the pattern. If the pattern doesn't match, continue execution. The
+    /// original value is preserved in `src` through this instruction.
+    Match {
+        pattern: Box<Pattern>,
+        src: RegId,
+        index: usize,
+    },
+    /// Check that a match guard is a boolean, throwing
+    /// [`MatchGuardNotBool`](crate::ShellError::MatchGuardNotBool) if it isn't. Preserves `src`.
+    CheckMatchGuard { src: RegId },
+    /// Iterate on register `stream`, putting the next value in `dst` if present, or jumping to
+    /// `end_index` if the iterator is finished
+    Iterate {
+        dst: RegId,
+        stream: RegId,
+        end_index: usize,
+    },
+    /// Push an error handler, without capturing the error value
+    OnError { index: usize },
+    /// Push an error handler, capturing the error value into `dst`. If the error handler is not
+    /// called, the register should be freed manually.
+    OnErrorInto { index: usize, dst: RegId },
+    /// Pop an error handler. This is not necessary when control flow is directed to the error
+    /// handler due to an error.
+    PopErrorHandler,
+    /// Check if an external command failed. Boolean value into `dst`. `src` is preserved, but it
+    /// does require waiting for the command to exit.
+    CheckExternalFailed { dst: RegId, src: RegId },
+    /// Return early from the block, raising a `ShellError::Return` instead.
+    ///
+    /// Collecting the value is unavoidable.
+    ReturnEarly { src: RegId },
+    /// Return from the block with the value in the register
+    Return { src: RegId },
+}
+
+impl Instruction {
+    /// Returns a value that can be formatted with [`Display`](std::fmt::Display) to show a detailed
+    /// listing of the instruction.
+    pub fn display<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        engine_state: &'a EngineState,
+        data: &'a [u8],
+    ) -> FmtInstruction<'a> {
+        FmtInstruction {
+            engine_state,
+            instruction: self,
+            data,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the output register, for instructions that produce some kind of immediate result.
+    pub fn output_register(&self) -> Option<RegId> {
+        match *self {
+            Instruction::Unreachable => None,
+            Instruction::LoadLiteral { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::LoadValue { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::Move { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::Clone { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::Collect { src_dst } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::Span { src_dst } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::Drop { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::Drain { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::LoadVariable { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::StoreVariable { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::DropVariable { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::LoadEnv { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::LoadEnvOpt { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::StoreEnv { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushPositional { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::AppendRest { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushFlag { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushShortFlag { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushNamed { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushShortNamed { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PushParserInfo { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::RedirectOut { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::RedirectErr { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::CheckErrRedirected { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::OpenFile { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::WriteFile { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::CloseFile { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::Call { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::StringAppend { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::GlobFrom { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::ListPush { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::ListSpread { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::RecordInsert { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::RecordSpread { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::Not { src_dst } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::BinaryOp { lhs_dst, .. } => Some(lhs_dst),
+            Instruction::FollowCellPath { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::CloneCellPath { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::UpsertCellPath { src_dst, .. } => Some(src_dst),
+            Instruction::Jump { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::BranchIf { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::Match { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::CheckMatchGuard { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::Iterate { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::OnError { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::PopErrorHandler => None,
+            Instruction::CheckExternalFailed { dst, .. } => Some(dst),
+            Instruction::ReturnEarly { .. } => None,
+            Instruction::Return { .. } => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the branch target index of the instruction if this is a branching instruction.
+    pub fn branch_target(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        match self {
+            Instruction::Jump { index } => Some(*index),
+            Instruction::BranchIf { cond: _, index } => Some(*index),
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { src: _, index } => Some(*index),
+            Instruction::Match {
+                pattern: _,
+                src: _,
+                index,
+            } => Some(*index),
+
+            Instruction::Iterate {
+                dst: _,
+                stream: _,
+                end_index,
+            } => Some(*end_index),
+            Instruction::OnError { index } => Some(*index),
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto { index, dst: _ } => Some(*index),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the branch target of the instruction if this is a branching instruction.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err(target_index)` if it isn't a branching instruction.
+    pub fn set_branch_target(&mut self, target_index: usize) -> Result<(), usize> {
+        match self {
+            Instruction::Jump { index } => *index = target_index,
+            Instruction::BranchIf { cond: _, index } => *index = target_index,
+            Instruction::BranchIfEmpty { src: _, index } => *index = target_index,
+            Instruction::Match {
+                pattern: _,
+                src: _,
+                index,
+            } => *index = target_index,
+
+            Instruction::Iterate {
+                dst: _,
+                stream: _,
+                end_index,
+            } => *end_index = target_index,
+            Instruction::OnError { index } => *index = target_index,
+            Instruction::OnErrorInto { index, dst: _ } => *index = target_index,
+            _ => return Err(target_index),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+// This is to document/enforce the size of `Instruction` in bytes.
+// We should try to avoid increasing the size of `Instruction`,
+// and PRs that do so will have to change the number below so that it's noted in review.
+const _: () = assert!(std::mem::size_of::<Instruction>() <= 24);
+
+/// A literal value that can be embedded in an instruction.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum Literal {
+    Bool(bool),
+    Int(i64),
+    Float(f64),
+    Filesize(i64),
+    Duration(i64),
+    Binary(DataSlice),
+    Block(BlockId),
+    Closure(BlockId),
+    RowCondition(BlockId),
+    Range {
+        start: RegId,
+        step: RegId,
+        end: RegId,
+        inclusion: RangeInclusion,
+    },
+    List {
+        capacity: usize,
+    },
+    Record {
+        capacity: usize,
+    },
+    Filepath {
+        val: DataSlice,
+        no_expand: bool,
+    },
+    Directory {
+        val: DataSlice,
+        no_expand: bool,
+    },
+    GlobPattern {
+        val: DataSlice,
+        no_expand: bool,
+    },
+    String(DataSlice),
+    RawString(DataSlice),
+    CellPath(Box<CellPath>),
+    Date(Box<DateTime<FixedOffset>>),
+    Nothing,
+}
+
+/// A redirection mode for the next call. See [`OutDest`](crate::OutDest).
+///
+/// This is generated by:
+///
+/// 1. Explicit redirection in a [`PipelineElement`](crate::ast::PipelineElement), or
+/// 2. The [`pipe_redirection()`](crate::engine::Command::pipe_redirection) of the command being
+///    piped into.
+///
+/// Not setting it uses the default, determined by [`Stack`](crate::engine::Stack).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum RedirectMode {
+    Pipe,
+    Capture,
+    Null,
+    Inherit,
+    /// Use the given numbered file.
+    File {
+        file_num: u32,
+    },
+    /// Use the redirection mode requested by the caller, for a pre-return call.
+    Caller,
+}
+
+/// Just a hack to allow `Arc<[u8]>` to be serialized and deserialized
+mod serde_arc_u8_array {
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    pub fn serialize<S>(data: &Arc<[u8]>, ser: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        data.as_ref().serialize(ser)
+    }
+
+    pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(de: D) -> Result<Arc<[u8]>, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let data: Vec<u8> = Deserialize::deserialize(de)?;
+        Ok(data.into())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/lib.rs
index 9c176953d5..e143a19819 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod alias;
 pub mod ast;
 pub mod config;
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ pub mod eval_base;
 pub mod eval_const;
 mod example;
 mod id;
+pub mod ir;
 mod lev_distance;
 mod module;
 pub mod parser_path;
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/byte_stream.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/byte_stream.rs
index babd195a9e..bd384e88c2 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/byte_stream.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/byte_stream.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
+//! Module managing the streaming of raw bytes between pipeline elements
 use crate::{
     process::{ChildPipe, ChildProcess, ExitStatus},
-    ErrSpan, IntoSpanned, OutDest, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Type, Value,
+    ErrSpan, IntoSpanned, OutDest, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Type, Value,
 };
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use std::os::fd::OwnedFd;
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -13,10 +13,6 @@ use std::{
     fs::File,
     io::{self, BufRead, BufReader, Cursor, ErrorKind, Read, Write},
     process::Stdio,
-    sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-        Arc,
-    },
     thread,
 };
 
@@ -163,14 +159,14 @@ impl From<ByteStreamType> for Type {
 ///   Try not to use this method if possible. Rather, please use [`reader`](ByteStream::reader)
 ///   (or [`lines`](ByteStream::lines) if it matches the situation).
 ///
-/// Additionally, there are few methods to collect a [`Bytestream`] into memory:
+/// Additionally, there are few methods to collect a [`ByteStream`] into memory:
 /// - [`into_bytes`](ByteStream::into_bytes): collects all bytes into a [`Vec<u8>`].
 /// - [`into_string`](ByteStream::into_string): collects all bytes into a [`String`], erroring if utf-8 decoding failed.
 /// - [`into_value`](ByteStream::into_value): collects all bytes into a value typed appropriately
 ///   for the [type](.type_()) of this stream. If the type is [`Unknown`](ByteStreamType::Unknown),
 ///   it will produce a string value if the data is valid UTF-8, or a binary value otherwise.
 ///
-/// There are also a few other methods to consume all the data of a [`Bytestream`]:
+/// There are also a few other methods to consume all the data of a [`ByteStream`]:
 /// - [`drain`](ByteStream::drain): consumes all bytes and outputs nothing.
 /// - [`write_to`](ByteStream::write_to): writes all bytes to the given [`Write`] destination.
 /// - [`print`](ByteStream::print): a convenience wrapper around [`write_to`](ByteStream::write_to).
@@ -182,7 +178,7 @@ impl From<ByteStreamType> for Type {
 pub struct ByteStream {
     stream: ByteStreamSource,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
     type_: ByteStreamType,
     known_size: Option<u64>,
 }
@@ -192,13 +188,13 @@ impl ByteStream {
     pub fn new(
         stream: ByteStreamSource,
         span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         type_: ByteStreamType,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             stream,
             span,
-            ctrlc: interrupt,
+            signals,
             type_,
             known_size: None,
         }
@@ -208,33 +204,33 @@ impl ByteStream {
     pub fn read(
         reader: impl Read + Send + 'static,
         span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         type_: ByteStreamType,
     ) -> Self {
         Self::new(
             ByteStreamSource::Read(Box::new(reader)),
             span,
-            interrupt,
+            signals,
             type_,
         )
     }
 
     /// Create a [`ByteStream`] from a string. The type of the stream is always `String`.
-    pub fn read_string(string: String, span: Span, interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn read_string(string: String, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> Self {
         let len = string.len();
         ByteStream::read(
             Cursor::new(string.into_bytes()),
             span,
-            interrupt,
+            signals,
             ByteStreamType::String,
         )
         .with_known_size(Some(len as u64))
     }
 
     /// Create a [`ByteStream`] from a byte vector. The type of the stream is always `Binary`.
-    pub fn read_binary(bytes: Vec<u8>, span: Span, interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn read_binary(bytes: Vec<u8>, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> Self {
         let len = bytes.len();
-        ByteStream::read(Cursor::new(bytes), span, interrupt, ByteStreamType::Binary)
+        ByteStream::read(Cursor::new(bytes), span, signals, ByteStreamType::Binary)
             .with_known_size(Some(len as u64))
     }
 
@@ -242,11 +238,11 @@ impl ByteStream {
     ///
     /// The type is implicitly `Unknown`, as it's not typically known whether files will
     /// return text or binary.
-    pub fn file(file: File, span: Span, interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn file(file: File, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> Self {
         Self::new(
             ByteStreamSource::File(file),
             span,
-            interrupt,
+            signals,
             ByteStreamType::Unknown,
         )
     }
@@ -259,7 +255,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
         Self::new(
             ByteStreamSource::Child(Box::new(child)),
             span,
-            None,
+            Signals::empty(),
             ByteStreamType::Unknown,
         )
     }
@@ -271,14 +267,19 @@ impl ByteStream {
     pub fn stdin(span: Span) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         let stdin = os_pipe::dup_stdin().err_span(span)?;
         let source = ByteStreamSource::File(convert_file(stdin));
-        Ok(Self::new(source, span, None, ByteStreamType::Unknown))
+        Ok(Self::new(
+            source,
+            span,
+            Signals::empty(),
+            ByteStreamType::Unknown,
+        ))
     }
 
     /// Create a [`ByteStream`] from a generator function that writes data to the given buffer
     /// when called, and returns `Ok(false)` on end of stream.
     pub fn from_fn(
         span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         type_: ByteStreamType,
         generator: impl FnMut(&mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<bool, ShellError> + Send + 'static,
     ) -> Self {
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
                 generator,
             },
             span,
-            interrupt,
+            signals,
             type_,
         )
     }
@@ -301,12 +302,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     /// Create a new [`ByteStream`] from an [`Iterator`] of bytes slices.
     ///
     /// The returned [`ByteStream`] will have a [`ByteStreamSource`] of `Read`.
-    pub fn from_iter<I>(
-        iter: I,
-        span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-        type_: ByteStreamType,
-    ) -> Self
+    pub fn from_iter<I>(iter: I, span: Span, signals: Signals, type_: ByteStreamType) -> Self
     where
         I: IntoIterator,
         I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
@@ -314,7 +310,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     {
         let iter = iter.into_iter();
         let cursor = Some(Cursor::new(I::Item::default()));
-        Self::read(ReadIterator { iter, cursor }, span, interrupt, type_)
+        Self::read(ReadIterator { iter, cursor }, span, signals, type_)
     }
 
     /// Create a new [`ByteStream`] from an [`Iterator`] of [`Result`] bytes slices.
@@ -323,7 +319,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     pub fn from_result_iter<I, T>(
         iter: I,
         span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         type_: ByteStreamType,
     ) -> Self
     where
@@ -333,7 +329,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     {
         let iter = iter.into_iter();
         let cursor = Some(Cursor::new(T::default()));
-        Self::read(ReadResultIterator { iter, cursor }, span, interrupt, type_)
+        Self::read(ReadResultIterator { iter, cursor }, span, signals, type_)
     }
 
     /// Set the known size, in number of bytes, of the [`ByteStream`].
@@ -357,6 +353,12 @@ impl ByteStream {
         self.span
     }
 
+    /// Changes the [`Span`] associated with the [`ByteStream`].
+    pub fn with_span(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
+        self.span = span;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Returns the [`ByteStreamType`] associated with the [`ByteStream`].
     pub fn type_(&self) -> ByteStreamType {
         self.type_
@@ -378,7 +380,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
         Some(Reader {
             reader: BufReader::new(reader),
             span: self.span,
-            ctrlc: self.ctrlc,
+            signals: self.signals,
         })
     }
 
@@ -394,7 +396,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
         Some(Lines {
             reader: BufReader::new(reader),
             span: self.span,
-            ctrlc: self.ctrlc,
+            signals: self.signals,
         })
     }
 
@@ -415,7 +417,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     /// then the stream is considered empty and `None` will be returned.
     pub fn chunks(self) -> Option<Chunks> {
         let reader = self.stream.reader()?;
-        Some(Chunks::new(reader, self.span, self.ctrlc, self.type_))
+        Some(Chunks::new(reader, self.span, self.signals, self.type_))
     }
 
     /// Convert the [`ByteStream`] into its inner [`ByteStreamSource`].
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@ impl ByteStream {
     pub fn drain(self) -> Result<Option<ExitStatus>, ShellError> {
         match self.stream {
             ByteStreamSource::Read(read) => {
-                copy_with_interrupt(read, io::sink(), self.span, self.ctrlc.as_deref())?;
+                copy_with_signals(read, io::sink(), self.span, &self.signals)?;
                 Ok(None)
             }
             ByteStreamSource::File(_) => Ok(None),
@@ -578,14 +580,14 @@ impl ByteStream {
     /// then the [`ExitStatus`] of the [`ChildProcess`] is returned.
     pub fn write_to(self, dest: impl Write) -> Result<Option<ExitStatus>, ShellError> {
         let span = self.span;
-        let ctrlc = self.ctrlc.as_deref();
+        let signals = &self.signals;
         match self.stream {
             ByteStreamSource::Read(read) => {
-                copy_with_interrupt(read, dest, span, ctrlc)?;
+                copy_with_signals(read, dest, span, signals)?;
                 Ok(None)
             }
             ByteStreamSource::File(file) => {
-                copy_with_interrupt(file, dest, span, ctrlc)?;
+                copy_with_signals(file, dest, span, signals)?;
                 Ok(None)
             }
             ByteStreamSource::Child(mut child) => {
@@ -597,10 +599,10 @@ impl ByteStream {
                 if let Some(stdout) = child.stdout.take() {
                     match stdout {
                         ChildPipe::Pipe(pipe) => {
-                            copy_with_interrupt(pipe, dest, span, ctrlc)?;
+                            copy_with_signals(pipe, dest, span, signals)?;
                         }
                         ChildPipe::Tee(tee) => {
-                            copy_with_interrupt(tee, dest, span, ctrlc)?;
+                            copy_with_signals(tee, dest, span, signals)?;
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -615,21 +617,21 @@ impl ByteStream {
         stderr: &OutDest,
     ) -> Result<Option<ExitStatus>, ShellError> {
         let span = self.span;
-        let ctrlc = self.ctrlc.as_deref();
+        let signals = &self.signals;
 
         match self.stream {
             ByteStreamSource::Read(read) => {
-                write_to_out_dest(read, stdout, true, span, ctrlc)?;
+                write_to_out_dest(read, stdout, true, span, signals)?;
                 Ok(None)
             }
             ByteStreamSource::File(file) => {
                 match stdout {
                     OutDest::Pipe | OutDest::Capture | OutDest::Null => {}
                     OutDest::Inherit => {
-                        copy_with_interrupt(file, io::stdout(), span, ctrlc)?;
+                        copy_with_signals(file, io::stdout(), span, signals)?;
                     }
                     OutDest::File(f) => {
-                        copy_with_interrupt(file, f.as_ref(), span, ctrlc)?;
+                        copy_with_signals(file, f.as_ref(), span, signals)?;
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(None)
@@ -643,20 +645,20 @@ impl ByteStream {
                                 .name("stderr writer".into())
                                 .spawn_scoped(s, || match err {
                                     ChildPipe::Pipe(pipe) => {
-                                        write_to_out_dest(pipe, stderr, false, span, ctrlc)
+                                        write_to_out_dest(pipe, stderr, false, span, signals)
                                     }
                                     ChildPipe::Tee(tee) => {
-                                        write_to_out_dest(tee, stderr, false, span, ctrlc)
+                                        write_to_out_dest(tee, stderr, false, span, signals)
                                     }
                                 })
                                 .err_span(span);
 
                             match out {
                                 ChildPipe::Pipe(pipe) => {
-                                    write_to_out_dest(pipe, stdout, true, span, ctrlc)
+                                    write_to_out_dest(pipe, stdout, true, span, signals)
                                 }
                                 ChildPipe::Tee(tee) => {
-                                    write_to_out_dest(tee, stdout, true, span, ctrlc)
+                                    write_to_out_dest(tee, stdout, true, span, signals)
                                 }
                             }?;
 
@@ -672,11 +674,11 @@ impl ByteStream {
                     }
                     (Some(out), None) => {
                         // single output stream, we can consume directly
-                        write_to_out_dest(out, stdout, true, span, ctrlc)?;
+                        write_to_out_dest(out, stdout, true, span, signals)?;
                     }
                     (None, Some(err)) => {
                         // single output stream, we can consume directly
-                        write_to_out_dest(err, stderr, false, span, ctrlc)?;
+                        write_to_out_dest(err, stderr, false, span, signals)?;
                     }
                     (None, None) => {}
                 }
@@ -749,7 +751,7 @@ where
 pub struct Reader {
     reader: BufReader<SourceReader>,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 }
 
 impl Reader {
@@ -760,14 +762,8 @@ impl Reader {
 
 impl Read for Reader {
     fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
-            Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser {
-                span: Some(self.span),
-            }
-            .into())
-        } else {
-            self.reader.read(buf)
-        }
+        self.signals.check(self.span)?;
+        self.reader.read(buf)
     }
 }
 
@@ -784,7 +780,7 @@ impl BufRead for Reader {
 pub struct Lines {
     reader: BufReader<SourceReader>,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 }
 
 impl Lines {
@@ -797,7 +793,7 @@ impl Iterator for Lines {
     type Item = Result<String, ShellError>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
+        if self.signals.interrupted() {
             None
         } else {
             let mut buf = Vec::new();
@@ -826,23 +822,18 @@ pub struct Chunks {
     pos: u64,
     error: bool,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
     type_: ByteStreamType,
 }
 
 impl Chunks {
-    fn new(
-        reader: SourceReader,
-        span: Span,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-        type_: ByteStreamType,
-    ) -> Self {
+    fn new(reader: SourceReader, span: Span, signals: Signals, type_: ByteStreamType) -> Self {
         Self {
             reader: BufReader::new(reader),
             pos: 0,
             error: false,
             span,
-            ctrlc,
+            signals,
             type_,
         }
     }
@@ -922,7 +913,7 @@ impl Iterator for Chunks {
     type Item = Result<Value, ShellError>;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if self.error || nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
+        if self.error || self.signals.interrupted() {
             None
         } else {
             match self.type_ {
@@ -988,14 +979,14 @@ fn write_to_out_dest(
     stream: &OutDest,
     stdout: bool,
     span: Span,
-    ctrlc: Option<&AtomicBool>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
     match stream {
         OutDest::Pipe | OutDest::Capture => return Ok(()),
-        OutDest::Null => copy_with_interrupt(read, io::sink(), span, ctrlc),
-        OutDest::Inherit if stdout => copy_with_interrupt(read, io::stdout(), span, ctrlc),
-        OutDest::Inherit => copy_with_interrupt(read, io::stderr(), span, ctrlc),
-        OutDest::File(file) => copy_with_interrupt(read, file.as_ref(), span, ctrlc),
+        OutDest::Null => copy_with_signals(read, io::sink(), span, signals),
+        OutDest::Inherit if stdout => copy_with_signals(read, io::stdout(), span, signals),
+        OutDest::Inherit => copy_with_signals(read, io::stderr(), span, signals),
+        OutDest::File(file) => copy_with_signals(read, file.as_ref(), span, signals),
     }?;
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -1012,28 +1003,13 @@ pub(crate) fn convert_file<T: From<OwnedHandle>>(file: impl Into<OwnedHandle>) -
 
 const DEFAULT_BUF_SIZE: usize = 8192;
 
-pub fn copy_with_interrupt(
+pub fn copy_with_signals(
     mut reader: impl Read,
     mut writer: impl Write,
     span: Span,
-    interrupt: Option<&AtomicBool>,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<u64, ShellError> {
-    if let Some(interrupt) = interrupt {
-        // #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
-        // {
-        //     return crate::sys::kernel_copy::copy_spec(reader, writer);
-        // }
-        match generic_copy(&mut reader, &mut writer, span, interrupt) {
-            Ok(len) => {
-                writer.flush().err_span(span)?;
-                Ok(len)
-            }
-            Err(err) => {
-                let _ = writer.flush();
-                Err(err)
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
+    if signals.is_empty() {
         match io::copy(&mut reader, &mut writer) {
             Ok(n) => {
                 writer.flush().err_span(span)?;
@@ -1044,6 +1020,21 @@ pub fn copy_with_interrupt(
                 Err(err.into_spanned(span).into())
             }
         }
+    } else {
+        // #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+        // {
+        //     return crate::sys::kernel_copy::copy_spec(reader, writer);
+        // }
+        match generic_copy(&mut reader, &mut writer, span, signals) {
+            Ok(len) => {
+                writer.flush().err_span(span)?;
+                Ok(len)
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                let _ = writer.flush();
+                Err(err)
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -1052,14 +1043,12 @@ fn generic_copy(
     mut reader: impl Read,
     mut writer: impl Write,
     span: Span,
-    interrupt: &AtomicBool,
+    signals: &Signals,
 ) -> Result<u64, ShellError> {
     let buf = &mut [0; DEFAULT_BUF_SIZE];
     let mut len = 0;
     loop {
-        if interrupt.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-            return Err(ShellError::InterruptedByUser { span: Some(span) });
-        }
+        signals.check(span)?;
         let n = match reader.read(buf) {
             Ok(0) => break,
             Ok(n) => n,
@@ -1134,7 +1123,7 @@ mod tests {
         Chunks::new(
             SourceReader::Read(Box::new(reader)),
             Span::test_data(),
-            None,
+            Signals::empty(),
             type_,
         )
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/list_stream.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/list_stream.rs
index 117c264219..55ae4bfee0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/list_stream.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/list_stream.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-use crate::{Config, PipelineData, ShellError, Span, Value};
-use std::{
-    fmt::Debug,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+//! Module managing the streaming of individual [`Value`]s as a [`ListStream`] between pipeline
+//! elements
+//!
+//! For more general infos regarding our pipelining model refer to [`PipelineData`]
+use crate::{Config, PipelineData, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
+use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 pub type ValueIterator = Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Value> + Send + 'static>;
 
@@ -21,10 +22,10 @@ impl ListStream {
     pub fn new(
         iter: impl Iterator<Item = Value> + Send + 'static,
         span: Span,
-        interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            stream: Box::new(Interrupt::new(iter, interrupt)),
+            stream: Box::new(InterruptIter::new(iter, signals)),
             span,
         }
     }
@@ -34,11 +35,22 @@ impl ListStream {
         self.span
     }
 
+    /// Changes the [`Span`] associated with this [`ListStream`].
+    pub fn with_span(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
+        self.span = span;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Convert a [`ListStream`] into its inner [`Value`] `Iterator`.
     pub fn into_inner(self) -> ValueIterator {
         self.stream
     }
 
+    /// Take a single value from the inner `Iterator`, modifying the stream.
+    pub fn next_value(&mut self) -> Option<Value> {
+        self.stream.next()
+    }
+
     /// Converts each value in a [`ListStream`] into a string and then joins the strings together
     /// using the given separator.
     pub fn into_string(self, separator: &str, config: &Config) -> String {
@@ -69,10 +81,10 @@ impl ListStream {
     /// E.g., `take`, `filter`, `step_by`, and more.
     ///
     /// ```
-    /// use nu_protocol::{ListStream, Span, Value};
+    /// use nu_protocol::{ListStream, Signals, Span, Value};
     ///
     /// let span = Span::unknown();
-    /// let stream = ListStream::new(std::iter::repeat(Value::int(0, span)), span, None);
+    /// let stream = ListStream::new(std::iter::repeat(Value::int(0, span)), span, Signals::empty());
     /// let new_stream = stream.modify(|iter| iter.take(100));
     /// ```
     pub fn modify<I>(self, f: impl FnOnce(ValueIterator) -> I) -> Self
@@ -128,22 +140,22 @@ impl Iterator for IntoIter {
     }
 }
 
-struct Interrupt<I: Iterator> {
+struct InterruptIter<I: Iterator> {
     iter: I,
-    interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: Signals,
 }
 
-impl<I: Iterator> Interrupt<I> {
-    fn new(iter: I, interrupt: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Self {
-        Self { iter, interrupt }
+impl<I: Iterator> InterruptIter<I> {
+    fn new(iter: I, signals: Signals) -> Self {
+        Self { iter, signals }
     }
 }
 
-impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for Interrupt<I> {
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for InterruptIter<I> {
     type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.interrupt) {
+        if self.signals.interrupted() {
             None
         } else {
             self.iter.next()
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/metadata.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/metadata.rs
index 1ed9222f46..c1f00769b3 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/metadata.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/metadata.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
 /// Metadata that is valid for the whole [`PipelineData`](crate::PipelineData)
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub struct PipelineMetadata {
     pub data_source: DataSource,
     pub content_type: Option<String>,
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ impl PipelineMetadata {
 ///
 /// This can either be a particular family of commands (useful so downstream commands can adjust
 /// the presentation e.g. `Ls`) or the opened file to protect against overwrite-attempts properly.
-#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Serialize)]
 pub enum DataSource {
     Ls,
     HtmlThemes,
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/mod.rs
index a018a084ed..525806425d 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/mod.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ pub mod list_stream;
 mod metadata;
 mod out_dest;
 mod pipeline_data;
+mod signals;
 
 pub use byte_stream::*;
 pub use list_stream::*;
 pub use metadata::*;
 pub use out_dest::*;
 pub use pipeline_data::*;
+pub use signals::*;
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/pipeline_data.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/pipeline_data.rs
index c0c0bd1c33..91fd0e1315 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/pipeline_data.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/pipeline_data.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,10 @@ use crate::{
     engine::{EngineState, Stack},
     process::{ChildPipe, ChildProcess, ExitStatus},
     ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Config, ErrSpan, ListStream, OutDest, PipelineMetadata, Range,
-    ShellError, Span, Type, Value,
+    ShellError, Signals, Span, Type, Value,
 };
 use nu_utils::{stderr_write_all_and_flush, stdout_write_all_and_flush};
-use std::{
-    io::{Cursor, Read, Write},
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use std::io::{Cursor, Read, Write};
 
 const LINE_ENDING_PATTERN: &[char] = &['\r', '\n'];
 
@@ -22,12 +19,12 @@ const LINE_ENDING_PATTERN: &[char] = &['\r', '\n'];
 /// We've tried a few variations of this structure. Listing these below so we have a record.
 ///
 /// * We tried always assuming a stream in Nushell. This was a great 80% solution, but it had some rough edges.
-/// Namely, how do you know the difference between a single string and a list of one string. How do you know
-/// when to flatten the data given to you from a data source into the stream or to keep it as an unflattened
-/// list?
+///   Namely, how do you know the difference between a single string and a list of one string. How do you know
+///   when to flatten the data given to you from a data source into the stream or to keep it as an unflattened
+///   list?
 ///
 /// * We tried putting the stream into Value. This had some interesting properties as now commands "just worked
-/// on values", but lead to a few unfortunate issues.
+///   on values", but lead to a few unfortunate issues.
 ///
 /// The first is that you can't easily clone Values in a way that felt largely immutable. For example, if
 /// you cloned a Value which contained a stream, and in one variable drained some part of it, then the second
@@ -40,8 +37,8 @@ const LINE_ENDING_PATTERN: &[char] = &['\r', '\n'];
 /// concrete list values rather than streams, and be able to view them without non-local effects.
 ///
 /// * A balance of the two approaches is what we've landed on: Values are thread-safe to pass, and we can stream
-/// them into any sources. Streams are still available to model the infinite streams approach of original
-/// Nushell.
+///   them into any sources. Streams are still available to model the infinite streams approach of original
+///   Nushell.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum PipelineData {
     Empty,
@@ -99,10 +96,29 @@ impl PipelineData {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Change the span of the [`PipelineData`].
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Value(Nothing)` with the given span if it was [`PipelineData::Empty`].
+    pub fn with_span(self, span: Span) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            PipelineData::Empty => PipelineData::Value(Value::nothing(span), None),
+            PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => {
+                PipelineData::Value(value.with_span(span), metadata)
+            }
+            PipelineData::ListStream(stream, metadata) => {
+                PipelineData::ListStream(stream.with_span(span), metadata)
+            }
+            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, metadata) => {
+                PipelineData::ByteStream(stream.with_span(span), metadata)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get a type that is representative of the `PipelineData`.
     ///
     /// The type returned here makes no effort to collect a stream, so it may be a different type
-    /// than would be returned by [`Value::get_type()`] on the result of [`.into_value()`].
+    /// than would be returned by [`Value::get_type()`] on the result of
+    /// [`.into_value()`](Self::into_value).
     ///
     /// Specifically, a `ListStream` results in [`list stream`](Type::ListStream) rather than
     /// the fully complete [`list`](Type::List) type (which would require knowing the contents),
@@ -132,7 +148,8 @@ impl PipelineData {
     /// without consuming input and without writing anything.
     ///
     /// For the other [`OutDest`]s, the given `PipelineData` will be completely consumed
-    /// and `PipelineData::Empty` will be returned.
+    /// and `PipelineData::Empty` will be returned, unless the data is from an external stream,
+    /// in which case an external stream containing only that exit code will be returned.
     pub fn write_to_out_dests(
         self,
         engine_state: &EngineState,
@@ -140,7 +157,11 @@ impl PipelineData {
     ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
         match (self, stack.stdout()) {
             (PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..), stdout) => {
-                stream.write_to_out_dests(stdout, stack.stderr())?;
+                if let Some(exit_status) = stream.write_to_out_dests(stdout, stack.stderr())? {
+                    return Ok(PipelineData::new_external_stream_with_only_exit_code(
+                        exit_status.code(),
+                    ));
+                }
             }
             (data, OutDest::Pipe | OutDest::Capture) => return Ok(data),
             (PipelineData::Empty, ..) => {}
@@ -196,19 +217,23 @@ impl PipelineData {
                 let val_span = value.span();
                 match value {
                     Value::List { vals, .. } => PipelineIteratorInner::ListStream(
-                        ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), val_span, None).into_iter(),
+                        ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), val_span, Signals::empty()).into_iter(),
                     ),
                     Value::Binary { val, .. } => PipelineIteratorInner::ListStream(
                         ListStream::new(
                             val.into_iter().map(move |x| Value::int(x as i64, val_span)),
                             val_span,
-                            None,
+                            Signals::empty(),
                         )
                         .into_iter(),
                     ),
                     Value::Range { val, .. } => PipelineIteratorInner::ListStream(
-                        ListStream::new(val.into_range_iter(val_span, None), val_span, None)
-                            .into_iter(),
+                        ListStream::new(
+                            val.into_range_iter(val_span, Signals::empty()),
+                            val_span,
+                            Signals::empty(),
+                        )
+                        .into_iter(),
                     ),
                     // Propagate errors by explicitly matching them before the final case.
                     Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error),
@@ -301,11 +326,7 @@ impl PipelineData {
     }
 
     /// Simplified mapper to help with simple values also. For full iterator support use `.into_iter()` instead
-    pub fn map<F>(
-        self,
-        mut f: F,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
+    pub fn map<F>(self, mut f: F, signals: &Signals) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
     where
         Self: Sized,
         F: FnMut(Value) -> Value + 'static + Send,
@@ -314,13 +335,14 @@ impl PipelineData {
             PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => {
                 let span = value.span();
                 let pipeline = match value {
-                    Value::List { vals, .. } => {
-                        vals.into_iter().map(f).into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc)
-                    }
-                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
-                        .into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone())
+                    Value::List { vals, .. } => vals
+                        .into_iter()
                         .map(f)
-                        .into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc),
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
+                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
+                        .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
+                        .map(f)
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
                     value => match f(value) {
                         Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error),
                         v => v.into_pipeline_data(),
@@ -339,11 +361,7 @@ impl PipelineData {
     }
 
     /// Simplified flatmapper. For full iterator support use `.into_iter()` instead
-    pub fn flat_map<U, F>(
-        self,
-        mut f: F,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
+    pub fn flat_map<U, F>(self, mut f: F, signals: &Signals) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
     where
         Self: Sized,
         U: IntoIterator<Item = Value> + 'static,
@@ -355,14 +373,17 @@ impl PipelineData {
             PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => {
                 let span = value.span();
                 let pipeline = match value {
-                    Value::List { vals, .. } => {
-                        vals.into_iter().flat_map(f).into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc)
-                    }
-                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
-                        .into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone())
+                    Value::List { vals, .. } => vals
+                        .into_iter()
                         .flat_map(f)
-                        .into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc),
-                    value => f(value).into_iter().into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc),
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
+                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
+                        .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
+                        .flat_map(f)
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
+                    value => f(value)
+                        .into_iter()
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
                 };
                 Ok(pipeline.set_metadata(metadata))
             }
@@ -380,18 +401,16 @@ impl PipelineData {
                     }
                     Err(err) => f(Value::binary(err.into_bytes(), span)),
                 };
-                Ok(iter
-                    .into_iter()
-                    .into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(span, ctrlc, metadata))
+                Ok(iter.into_iter().into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
+                    span,
+                    signals.clone(),
+                    metadata,
+                ))
             }
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn filter<F>(
-        self,
-        mut f: F,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
-    ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
+    pub fn filter<F>(self, mut f: F, signals: &Signals) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError>
     where
         Self: Sized,
         F: FnMut(&Value) -> bool + 'static + Send,
@@ -401,13 +420,14 @@ impl PipelineData {
             PipelineData::Value(value, metadata) => {
                 let span = value.span();
                 let pipeline = match value {
-                    Value::List { vals, .. } => {
-                        vals.into_iter().filter(f).into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc)
-                    }
-                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
-                        .into_range_iter(span, ctrlc.clone())
+                    Value::List { vals, .. } => vals
+                        .into_iter()
                         .filter(f)
-                        .into_pipeline_data(span, ctrlc),
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
+                    Value::Range { val, .. } => val
+                        .into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty())
+                        .filter(f)
+                        .into_pipeline_data(span, signals.clone()),
                     value => {
                         if f(&value) {
                             value.into_pipeline_data()
@@ -538,7 +558,8 @@ impl PipelineData {
                                 }
                             }
                         }
-                        let range_values: Vec<Value> = val.into_range_iter(span, None).collect();
+                        let range_values: Vec<Value> =
+                            val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty()).collect();
                         Ok(PipelineData::Value(Value::list(range_values, span), None))
                     }
                     x => Ok(PipelineData::Value(x, metadata)),
@@ -573,7 +594,7 @@ impl PipelineData {
                         self.write_all_and_flush(engine_state, no_newline, to_stderr)
                     } else {
                         let call = Call::new(Span::new(0, 0));
-                        let table = command.run(engine_state, stack, &call, self)?;
+                        let table = command.run(engine_state, stack, &(&call).into(), self)?;
                         table.write_all_and_flush(engine_state, no_newline, to_stderr)
                     }
                 } else {
@@ -615,6 +636,34 @@ impl PipelineData {
             Ok(None)
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn unsupported_input_error(
+        self,
+        expected_type: impl Into<String>,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> ShellError {
+        match self {
+            PipelineData::Empty => ShellError::PipelineEmpty { dst_span: span },
+            PipelineData::Value(value, ..) => ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
+                exp_input_type: expected_type.into(),
+                wrong_type: value.get_type().get_non_specified_string(),
+                dst_span: span,
+                src_span: value.span(),
+            },
+            PipelineData::ListStream(stream, ..) => ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
+                exp_input_type: expected_type.into(),
+                wrong_type: "list (stream)".into(),
+                dst_span: span,
+                src_span: stream.span(),
+            },
+            PipelineData::ByteStream(stream, ..) => ShellError::OnlySupportsThisInputType {
+                exp_input_type: expected_type.into(),
+                wrong_type: stream.type_().describe().into(),
+                dst_span: span,
+                src_span: stream.span(),
+            },
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 enum PipelineIteratorInner {
@@ -638,10 +687,15 @@ impl IntoIterator for PipelineData {
                 let span = value.span();
                 match value {
                     Value::List { vals, .. } => PipelineIteratorInner::ListStream(
-                        ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), span, None).into_iter(),
+                        ListStream::new(vals.into_iter(), span, Signals::empty()).into_iter(),
                     ),
                     Value::Range { val, .. } => PipelineIteratorInner::ListStream(
-                        ListStream::new(val.into_range_iter(span, None), span, None).into_iter(),
+                        ListStream::new(
+                            val.into_range_iter(span, Signals::empty()),
+                            span,
+                            Signals::empty(),
+                        )
+                        .into_iter(),
                     ),
                     x => PipelineIteratorInner::Value(x),
                 }
@@ -703,11 +757,11 @@ where
 }
 
 pub trait IntoInterruptiblePipelineData {
-    fn into_pipeline_data(self, span: Span, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> PipelineData;
+    fn into_pipeline_data(self, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> PipelineData;
     fn into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
         self,
         span: Span,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         metadata: impl Into<Option<PipelineMetadata>>,
     ) -> PipelineData;
 }
@@ -718,18 +772,18 @@ where
     I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
     <I::IntoIter as Iterator>::Item: Into<Value>,
 {
-    fn into_pipeline_data(self, span: Span, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> PipelineData {
-        ListStream::new(self.into_iter().map(Into::into), span, ctrlc).into()
+    fn into_pipeline_data(self, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> PipelineData {
+        ListStream::new(self.into_iter().map(Into::into), span, signals).into()
     }
 
     fn into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(
         self,
         span: Span,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
         metadata: impl Into<Option<PipelineMetadata>>,
     ) -> PipelineData {
         PipelineData::ListStream(
-            ListStream::new(self.into_iter().map(Into::into), span, ctrlc),
+            ListStream::new(self.into_iter().map(Into::into), span, signals),
             metadata.into(),
         )
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/signals.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/signals.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2057e27fe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/pipeline/signals.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use crate::{ShellError, Span};
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
+};
+
+/// Used to check for signals to suspend or terminate the execution of Nushell code.
+///
+/// For now, this struct only supports interruption (ctrl+c or SIGINT).
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Signals {
+    signals: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+}
+
+impl Signals {
+    /// A [`Signals`] that is not hooked up to any event/signals source.
+    ///
+    /// So, this [`Signals`] will never be interrupted.
+    pub const EMPTY: Self = Signals { signals: None };
+
+    /// Create a new [`Signals`] with `ctrlc` as the interrupt source.
+    ///
+    /// Once `ctrlc` is set to `true`, [`check`](Self::check) will error
+    /// and [`interrupted`](Self::interrupted) will return `true`.
+    pub fn new(ctrlc: Arc<AtomicBool>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            signals: Some(ctrlc),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a [`Signals`] that is not hooked up to any event/signals source.
+    ///
+    /// So, the returned [`Signals`] will never be interrupted.
+    ///
+    /// This should only be used in test code, or if the stream/iterator being created
+    /// already has an underlying [`Signals`].
+    pub const fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self::EMPTY
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an `Err` if an interrupt has been triggered.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise, returns `Ok`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn check(&self, span: Span) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        #[inline]
+        #[cold]
+        fn interrupt_error(span: Span) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+            Err(ShellError::Interrupted { span })
+        }
+
+        if self.interrupted() {
+            interrupt_error(span)
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Triggers an interrupt.
+    pub fn trigger(&self) {
+        if let Some(signals) = &self.signals {
+            signals.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether an interrupt has been triggered.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn interrupted(&self) -> bool {
+        self.signals
+            .as_deref()
+            .is_some_and(|b| b.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.signals.is_none()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reset(&self) {
+        if let Some(signals) = &self.signals {
+            signals.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/plugin/registered.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/plugin/registered.rs
index 56d7f4079a..8749c24af9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/plugin/registered.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/plugin/registered.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::{any::Any, sync::Arc};
 
-use crate::{PluginGcConfig, PluginIdentity, PluginMetadata, ShellError};
+use crate::{engine::ctrlc, PluginGcConfig, PluginIdentity, PluginMetadata, ShellError};
 
 /// Trait for plugins registered in the [`EngineState`](crate::engine::EngineState).
 pub trait RegisteredPlugin: Send + Sync {
@@ -34,4 +34,12 @@ pub trait RegisteredPlugin: Send + Sync {
     /// This is necessary in order to allow `nu_plugin` to handle the implementation details of
     /// plugins.
     fn as_any(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>;
+
+    /// Give this plugin a chance to register for Ctrl-C signals.
+    fn configure_ctrlc_handler(
+        self: Arc<Self>,
+        _handler: &ctrlc::Handlers,
+    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/process/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/process/mod.rs
index 2fcf65f56e..6e10fdd620 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/process/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/process/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Handling of external subprocesses
 mod child;
 mod exit_status;
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/signature.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/signature.rs
index 70e94b35f1..c67e8a604e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/signature.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/signature.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
-    ast::Call,
-    engine::{Command, CommandType, EngineState, Stack},
+    engine::{Call, Command, CommandType, EngineState, Stack},
     BlockId, PipelineData, ShellError, SyntaxShape, Type, Value, VarId,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt::Write;
 
+/// The signature definition of a named flag that either accepts a value or acts as a toggle flag
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Flag {
     pub long: String,
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ pub struct Flag {
     pub default_value: Option<Value>,
 }
 
+/// The signature definition for a positional argument
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct PositionalArg {
     pub name: String,
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ pub struct PositionalArg {
     pub default_value: Option<Value>,
 }
 
+/// Command categories
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum Category {
     Bits,
@@ -103,6 +105,7 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for Category {
     }
 }
 
+/// Signature information of a [`Command`]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Signature {
     pub name: String,
@@ -464,13 +467,12 @@ impl Signature {
     /// Checks if short or long are already present
     /// Panics if one of them is found
     fn check_names(&self, name: impl Into<String>, short: Option<char>) -> (String, Option<char>) {
-        let s = short.map(|c| {
+        let s = short.inspect(|c| {
             assert!(
-                !self.get_shorts().contains(&c),
+                !self.get_shorts().contains(c),
                 "There may be duplicate short flags for '-{}'",
                 c
             );
-            c
         });
 
         let name = {
@@ -486,15 +488,14 @@ impl Signature {
         (name, s)
     }
 
-    pub fn get_positional(&self, position: usize) -> Option<PositionalArg> {
+    pub fn get_positional(&self, position: usize) -> Option<&PositionalArg> {
         if position < self.required_positional.len() {
-            self.required_positional.get(position).cloned()
+            self.required_positional.get(position)
         } else if position < (self.required_positional.len() + self.optional_positional.len()) {
             self.optional_positional
                 .get(position - self.required_positional.len())
-                .cloned()
         } else {
-            self.rest_positional.clone()
+            self.rest_positional.as_ref()
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/span.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/span.rs
index 0d280eaa9d..cb6d96421c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/span.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/span.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! [`Span`] to point to sections of source code and the [`Spanned`] wrapper type
 use crate::SpanId;
 use miette::SourceSpan;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -53,6 +54,22 @@ impl<T> Spanned<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T, E> Spanned<Result<T, E>> {
+    /// Move the `Result` to the outside, resulting in a spanned `Ok` or unspanned `Err`.
+    pub fn transpose(self) -> Result<Spanned<T>, E> {
+        match self {
+            Spanned {
+                item: Ok(item),
+                span,
+            } => Ok(Spanned { item, span }),
+            Spanned {
+                item: Err(err),
+                span: _,
+            } => Err(err),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Helper trait to create [`Spanned`] more ergonomically.
 pub trait IntoSpanned: Sized {
     /// Wrap items together with a span into [`Spanned`].
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/syntax_shape.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/syntax_shape.rs
index bece58d59a..66bd77ddca 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/syntax_shape.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/syntax_shape.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ pub enum SyntaxShape {
     /// A general expression, eg `1 + 2` or `foo --bar`
     Expression,
 
+    /// A (typically) string argument that follows external command argument parsing rules.
+    ///
+    /// Filepaths are expanded if unquoted, globs are allowed, and quotes embedded within unknown
+    /// args are unquoted.
+    ExternalArgument,
+
     /// A filepath is allowed
     Filepath,
 
@@ -145,6 +151,7 @@ impl SyntaxShape {
             SyntaxShape::DateTime => Type::Date,
             SyntaxShape::Duration => Type::Duration,
             SyntaxShape::Expression => Type::Any,
+            SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument => Type::Any,
             SyntaxShape::Filepath => Type::String,
             SyntaxShape::Directory => Type::String,
             SyntaxShape::Float => Type::Float,
@@ -238,6 +245,7 @@ impl Display for SyntaxShape {
             SyntaxShape::Signature => write!(f, "signature"),
             SyntaxShape::MatchBlock => write!(f, "match-block"),
             SyntaxShape::Expression => write!(f, "expression"),
+            SyntaxShape::ExternalArgument => write!(f, "external-argument"),
             SyntaxShape::Boolean => write!(f, "bool"),
             SyntaxShape::Error => write!(f, "error"),
             SyntaxShape::CompleterWrapper(x, _) => write!(f, "completable<{x}>"),
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ty.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ty.rs
index d5ea8c1554..7c004d81de 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/ty.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/ty.rs
@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ pub enum Type {
 }
 
 impl Type {
+    pub fn list(inner: Type) -> Self {
+        Self::List(Box::new(inner))
+    }
+
     pub fn record() -> Self {
         Self::Record([].into())
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/mod.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/mod.rs
index df030ad3e9..edd51d70a6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/mod.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use crate::{
     ast::{Bits, Boolean, CellPath, Comparison, Math, Operator, PathMember},
     did_you_mean,
     engine::{Closure, EngineState},
-    Config, ShellError, Span, Type,
+    Config, ShellError, Signals, Span, Type,
 };
 use chrono::{DateTime, Datelike, FixedOffset, Locale, TimeZone};
 use chrono_humanize::HumanTime;
@@ -1017,8 +1017,9 @@ impl Value {
                             }
                         }
                         Value::Range { ref val, .. } => {
-                            if let Some(item) =
-                                val.into_range_iter(current.span(), None).nth(*count)
+                            if let Some(item) = val
+                                .into_range_iter(current.span(), Signals::empty())
+                                .nth(*count)
                             {
                                 current = item;
                             } else if *optional {
@@ -1222,7 +1223,8 @@ impl Value {
                         for val in vals.iter_mut() {
                             match val {
                                 Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
-                                    if let Some(val) = record.to_mut().get_mut(col_name) {
+                                    let record = record.to_mut();
+                                    if let Some(val) = record.get_mut(col_name) {
                                         val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val.clone())?;
                                     } else {
                                         let new_col = if path.is_empty() {
@@ -1234,7 +1236,7 @@ impl Value {
                                                 .upsert_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val.clone())?;
                                             new_col
                                         };
-                                        record.to_mut().push(col_name, new_col);
+                                        record.push(col_name, new_col);
                                     }
                                 }
                                 Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
@@ -1249,7 +1251,8 @@ impl Value {
                         }
                     }
                     Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(val) = record.to_mut().get_mut(col_name) {
+                        let record = record.to_mut();
+                        if let Some(val) = record.get_mut(col_name) {
                             val.upsert_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val)?;
                         } else {
                             let new_col = if path.is_empty() {
@@ -1259,7 +1262,7 @@ impl Value {
                                 new_col.upsert_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val)?;
                                 new_col
                             };
-                            record.to_mut().push(col_name, new_col);
+                            record.push(col_name, new_col);
                         }
                     }
                     Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
@@ -1590,7 +1593,8 @@ impl Value {
                             let v_span = val.span();
                             match val {
                                 Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
-                                    if let Some(val) = record.to_mut().get_mut(col_name) {
+                                    let record = record.to_mut();
+                                    if let Some(val) = record.get_mut(col_name) {
                                         if path.is_empty() {
                                             return Err(ShellError::ColumnAlreadyExists {
                                                 col_name: col_name.clone(),
@@ -1617,7 +1621,7 @@ impl Value {
                                             )?;
                                             new_col
                                         };
-                                        record.to_mut().push(col_name, new_col);
+                                        record.push(col_name, new_col);
                                     }
                                 }
                                 Value::Error { error, .. } => return Err(*error.clone()),
@@ -1633,7 +1637,8 @@ impl Value {
                         }
                     }
                     Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
-                        if let Some(val) = record.to_mut().get_mut(col_name) {
+                        let record = record.to_mut();
+                        if let Some(val) = record.get_mut(col_name) {
                             if path.is_empty() {
                                 return Err(ShellError::ColumnAlreadyExists {
                                     col_name: col_name.clone(),
@@ -1651,7 +1656,7 @@ impl Value {
                                 new_col.insert_data_at_cell_path(path, new_val, head_span)?;
                                 new_col
                             };
-                            record.to_mut().push(col_name, new_col);
+                            record.push(col_name, new_col);
                         }
                     }
                     other => {
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/range.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/range.rs
index 5b1fa32ec7..6ec7ce16ad 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/range.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/range.rs
@@ -1,25 +1,13 @@
 //! A Range is an iterator over integers or floats.
 
+use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{
-    cmp::Ordering,
-    fmt::Display,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
-
-use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, ShellError, Span, Value};
+use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display};
 
 mod int_range {
-    use std::{
-        cmp::Ordering,
-        fmt::Display,
-        ops::Bound,
-        sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-    };
-
+    use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
     use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-    use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, ShellError, Span, Value};
+    use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display, ops::Bound};
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
     pub struct IntRange {
@@ -123,12 +111,12 @@ mod int_range {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn into_range_iter(self, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Iter {
+        pub fn into_range_iter(self, signals: Signals) -> Iter {
             Iter {
                 current: Some(self.start),
                 step: self.step,
                 end: self.end,
-                ctrlc,
+                signals,
             }
         }
     }
@@ -202,7 +190,7 @@ mod int_range {
         current: Option<i64>,
         step: i64,
         end: Bound<i64>,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
     }
 
     impl Iterator for Iter {
@@ -218,7 +206,7 @@ mod int_range {
                     (_, Bound::Unbounded) => true, // will stop once integer overflows
                 };
 
-                if not_end && !nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
+                if not_end && !self.signals.interrupted() {
                     self.current = current.checked_add(self.step);
                     Some(current)
                 } else {
@@ -233,16 +221,9 @@ mod int_range {
 }
 
 mod float_range {
-    use std::{
-        cmp::Ordering,
-        fmt::Display,
-        ops::Bound,
-        sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-    };
-
+    use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, IntRange, Range, ShellError, Signals, Span, Value};
     use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-
-    use crate::{ast::RangeInclusion, IntRange, Range, ShellError, Span, Value};
+    use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Display, ops::Bound};
 
     #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
     pub struct FloatRange {
@@ -365,13 +346,13 @@ mod float_range {
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn into_range_iter(self, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Iter {
+        pub fn into_range_iter(self, signals: Signals) -> Iter {
             Iter {
                 start: self.start,
                 step: self.step,
                 end: self.end,
                 iter: Some(0),
-                ctrlc,
+                signals,
             }
         }
     }
@@ -477,7 +458,7 @@ mod float_range {
         step: f64,
         end: Bound<f64>,
         iter: Option<u64>,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: Signals,
     }
 
     impl Iterator for Iter {
@@ -495,7 +476,7 @@ mod float_range {
                     (_, Bound::Unbounded) => current.is_finite(),
                 };
 
-                if not_end && !nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&self.ctrlc) {
+                if not_end && !self.signals.interrupted() {
                     self.iter = iter.checked_add(1);
                     Some(current)
                 } else {
@@ -549,10 +530,10 @@ impl Range {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_range_iter(self, span: Span, ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> Iter {
+    pub fn into_range_iter(self, span: Span, signals: Signals) -> Iter {
         match self {
-            Range::IntRange(range) => Iter::IntIter(range.into_range_iter(ctrlc), span),
-            Range::FloatRange(range) => Iter::FloatIter(range.into_range_iter(ctrlc), span),
+            Range::IntRange(range) => Iter::IntIter(range.into_range_iter(signals), span),
+            Range::FloatRange(range) => Iter::FloatIter(range.into_range_iter(signals), span),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/record.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/record.rs
index 8b61e61f7f..f4e963737f 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/record.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/src/value/record.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//! Our insertion ordered map-type [`Record`]
 use std::{iter::FusedIterator, ops::RangeBounds};
 
 use crate::{ShellError, Span, Value};
diff --git a/crates/nu-protocol/tests/test_signature.rs b/crates/nu-protocol/tests/test_signature.rs
index e22029bab9..8faf772c38 100644
--- a/crates/nu-protocol/tests/test_signature.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-protocol/tests/test_signature.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn test_signature_chained() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         signature.get_positional(0),
-        Some(PositionalArg {
+        Some(&PositionalArg {
             name: "required".to_string(),
             desc: "required description".to_string(),
             shape: SyntaxShape::String,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn test_signature_chained() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         signature.get_positional(1),
-        Some(PositionalArg {
+        Some(&PositionalArg {
             name: "optional".to_string(),
             desc: "optional description".to_string(),
             shape: SyntaxShape::String,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn test_signature_chained() {
     );
     assert_eq!(
         signature.get_positional(2),
-        Some(PositionalArg {
+        Some(&PositionalArg {
             name: "rest".to_string(),
             desc: "rest description".to_string(),
             shape: SyntaxShape::String,
diff --git a/crates/nu-std/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-std/Cargo.toml
index 9ee4113e96..f69cdc9180 100644
--- a/crates/nu-std/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-std/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-std"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-std"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-parser = { version = "0.95.1", path = "../nu-parser" }
-nu-protocol = { version = "0.95.1", path = "../nu-protocol" }
-nu-engine = { version = "0.95.1", path = "../nu-engine" }
+nu-parser = { version = "0.96.2", path = "../nu-parser" }
+nu-protocol = { version = "0.96.2", path = "../nu-protocol" }
+nu-engine = { version = "0.96.2", path = "../nu-engine" }
 miette = { workspace = true, features = ["fancy-no-backtrace"] }
 
 log = "0.4"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-std/README.md b/crates/nu-std/README.md
index d6e4d6e9f6..23bd684a50 100644
--- a/crates/nu-std/README.md
+++ b/crates/nu-std/README.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The standard library is a pure-`nushell` collection of custom commands which
 provide interactive utilities and building blocks for users writing casual scripts or complex applications.
 
 To see what's here:
-```
+```text
 > use std
 > scope commands | select name usage | where name =~ "std "
 #┬───────────name────────────┬──────────────────────usage──────────────────────
diff --git a/crates/nu-std/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-std/src/lib.rs
index a20e3fc5da..ff6910e4ba 100644
--- a/crates/nu-std/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-std/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 use log::trace;
 use nu_engine::eval_block;
 use nu_parser::parse;
diff --git a/crates/nu-std/std/log.nu b/crates/nu-std/std/log.nu
index 88df43309a..e53d95a15a 100644
--- a/crates/nu-std/std/log.nu
+++ b/crates/nu-std/std/log.nu
@@ -282,7 +282,10 @@ export def custom [
         $level_prefix
     }
 
-    let ansi = if ($ansi | is-empty) {
+    let use_color = ($env | get config? | get use_ansi_coloring? | $in != false)
+    let ansi = if not $use_color {
+        ""
+    } else if ($ansi | is-empty) {
         if ($log_level not-in $valid_levels_for_defaulting) {
             log-level-deduction-error "ansi" (metadata $log_level).span $log_level
         }
diff --git a/crates/nu-system/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-system/Cargo.toml
index 19ab1259fb..2059eb1c8c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-system/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-system/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ authors = ["The Nushell Project Developers", "procs creators"]
 description = "Nushell system querying"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-system"
 name = "nu-system"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-system/README.md b/crates/nu-system/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d847bf4e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-system/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Operating system specific bindings used by Nushell.
+
+Currently primarily wrappers around processes and ways to gather process info from the system
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-system/src/foreground.rs b/crates/nu-system/src/foreground.rs
index 2fe3c4fb29..93f7dd35c0 100644
--- a/crates/nu-system/src/foreground.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-system/src/foreground.rs
@@ -61,9 +61,8 @@ impl ForegroundChild {
                         pipeline_state: Some(pipeline_state.clone()),
                     }
                 })
-                .map_err(|e| {
+                .inspect_err(|_e| {
                     foreground_pgroup::reset();
-                    e
                 })
         } else {
             command.spawn().map(|child| Self {
@@ -105,10 +104,10 @@ impl Drop for ForegroundChild {
 ///
 /// If there is already a foreground external process running, spawned with [`ForegroundChild`],
 /// this expects the process ID to remain in the process group created by the [`ForegroundChild`]
-/// for the lifetime of the guard, and keeps the terminal controlling process group set to that. If
-/// there is no foreground external process running, this sets the foreground process group to the
-/// plugin's process ID. The process group that is expected can be retrieved with [`.pgrp()`] if
-/// different from the plugin process ID.
+/// for the lifetime of the guard, and keeps the terminal controlling process group set to that.
+/// If there is no foreground external process running, this sets the foreground process group to
+/// the plugin's process ID. The process group that is expected can be retrieved with
+/// [`.pgrp()`](Self::pgrp) if different from the plugin process ID.
 ///
 /// ## Other systems
 ///
diff --git a/crates/nu-system/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-system/src/lib.rs
index 2fc97d2e7e..3633d62990 100644
--- a/crates/nu-system/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-system/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod foreground;
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "freebsd")]
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-table/Cargo.toml
index 9f00c4d1fd..eafff13e81 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-table/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-table"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-table"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-color-config = { path = "../nu-color-config", version = "0.96.2" }
 nu-ansi-term = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 fancy-regex = { workspace = true }
 tabled = { workspace = true, features = ["color"], default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-# nu-test-support = { path="../nu-test-support", version = "0.95.1"  }
\ No newline at end of file
+# nu-test-support = { path="../nu-test-support", version = "0.96.2"  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/README.md b/crates/nu-table/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..945d515e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-table/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+The layout logic for Nushell's table viewer.
+
+See also the separate `table` command implementation
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-table/src/lib.rs
index 66cc2a3a82..182585f193 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-table/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod table;
 mod table_theme;
 mod types;
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/src/table.rs b/crates/nu-table/src/table.rs
index bdaf7fb6c3..bc23e48248 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/src/table.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-table/src/table.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,17 @@ use tabled::{
         config::{AlignmentHorizontal, ColoredConfig, Entity, EntityMap, Position},
         dimension::CompleteDimensionVecRecords,
         records::{
-            vec_records::{CellInfo, VecRecords},
+            vec_records::{Cell, CellInfo, VecRecords},
             ExactRecords, PeekableRecords, Records, Resizable,
         },
     },
     settings::{
-        formatting::AlignmentStrategy, object::Segment, peaker::Peaker, themes::ColumnNames, Color,
-        Modify, Padding, Settings, TableOption, Width,
+        formatting::AlignmentStrategy,
+        object::{Columns, Segment},
+        peaker::Peaker,
+        themes::ColumnNames,
+        width::Truncate,
+        Color, Modify, Padding, Settings, TableOption, Width,
     },
     Table,
 };
@@ -216,7 +220,7 @@ fn build_table(
     }
 
     let pad = indent.0 + indent.1;
-    let widths = maybe_truncate_columns(&mut data, &cfg.theme, termwidth, pad);
+    let widths = maybe_truncate_columns(&mut data, &cfg, termwidth, pad);
     if widths.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
@@ -251,7 +255,8 @@ fn draw_table(
     align_table(&mut table, alignments, with_index, with_header, with_footer);
     colorize_table(&mut table, styles, with_index, with_header, with_footer);
 
-    let width_ctrl = TableWidthCtrl::new(widths, cfg, termwidth);
+    let pad = indent.0 + indent.1;
+    let width_ctrl = TableWidthCtrl::new(widths, cfg, termwidth, pad);
 
     if with_header && border_header {
         set_border_head(&mut table, with_footer, width_ctrl);
@@ -269,20 +274,51 @@ fn set_indent(table: &mut Table, left: usize, right: usize) {
 fn set_border_head(table: &mut Table, with_footer: bool, wctrl: TableWidthCtrl) {
     if with_footer {
         let count_rows = table.count_rows();
+        let last_row_index = count_rows - 1;
+
+        // note: funnily last and row must be equal at this point but we do not rely on it just in case.
+
+        let mut first_row = GetRow(0, Vec::new());
+        let mut head_settings = GetRowSettings(0, AlignmentHorizontal::Left, None);
+        let mut last_row = GetRow(last_row_index, Vec::new());
+
+        table.with(&mut first_row);
+        table.with(&mut head_settings);
+        table.with(&mut last_row);
+
         table.with(
             Settings::default()
                 .with(wctrl)
                 .with(StripColorFromRow(0))
                 .with(StripColorFromRow(count_rows - 1))
-                .with(HeaderMove((0, 0), true))
-                .with(HeaderMove((count_rows - 1 - 1, count_rows - 1), false)),
+                .with(MoveRowNext::new(0, 0))
+                .with(MoveRowPrev::new(last_row_index - 1, last_row_index))
+                .with(SetLineHeaders::new(
+                    0,
+                    first_row.1,
+                    head_settings.1,
+                    head_settings.2.clone(),
+                ))
+                .with(SetLineHeaders::new(
+                    last_row_index - 1,
+                    last_row.1,
+                    head_settings.1,
+                    head_settings.2,
+                )),
         );
     } else {
+        let mut row = GetRow(0, Vec::new());
+        let mut row_opts = GetRowSettings(0, AlignmentHorizontal::Left, None);
+
+        table.with(&mut row);
+        table.with(&mut row_opts);
+
         table.with(
             Settings::default()
                 .with(wctrl)
                 .with(StripColorFromRow(0))
-                .with(HeaderMove((0, 0), true)),
+                .with(MoveRowNext::new(0, 0))
+                .with(SetLineHeaders::new(0, row.1, row_opts.1, row_opts.2)),
         );
     }
 }
@@ -301,12 +337,18 @@ fn table_to_string(table: Table, termwidth: usize) -> Option<String> {
 struct TableWidthCtrl {
     width: Vec<usize>,
     cfg: NuTableConfig,
-    max: usize,
+    width_max: usize,
+    pad: usize,
 }
 
 impl TableWidthCtrl {
-    fn new(width: Vec<usize>, cfg: NuTableConfig, max: usize) -> Self {
-        Self { width, cfg, max }
+    fn new(width: Vec<usize>, cfg: NuTableConfig, max: usize, pad: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width,
+            cfg,
+            width_max: max,
+            pad,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -319,24 +361,51 @@ impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for
     ) {
         let total_width = get_total_width2(&self.width, cfg);
 
-        if total_width > self.max {
-            TableTrim {
-                max: self.max,
-                strategy: self.cfg.trim,
-                width: self.width,
-            }
+        if total_width > self.width_max {
+            let has_header = self.cfg.with_header && rec.count_rows() > 1;
+            let trim_as_head = has_header && self.cfg.header_on_border;
+
+            TableTrim::new(
+                self.width,
+                self.width_max,
+                self.cfg.trim,
+                trim_as_head,
+                self.pad,
+            )
             .change(rec, cfg, dim);
-        } else if self.cfg.expand && self.max > total_width {
-            Settings::new(SetDimensions(self.width), Width::increase(self.max))
+        } else if self.cfg.expand && self.width_max > total_width {
+            Settings::new(SetDimensions(self.width), Width::increase(self.width_max))
                 .change(rec, cfg, dim)
+        } else {
+            SetDimensions(self.width).change(rec, cfg, dim);
         }
     }
 }
 
 struct TableTrim {
     width: Vec<usize>,
+    width_max: usize,
     strategy: TrimStrategy,
-    max: usize,
+    trim_as_head: bool,
+    pad: usize,
+}
+
+impl TableTrim {
+    fn new(
+        width: Vec<usize>,
+        width_max: usize,
+        strategy: TrimStrategy,
+        trim_as_head: bool,
+        pad: usize,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            width,
+            strategy,
+            pad,
+            width_max,
+            trim_as_head,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for TableTrim {
@@ -346,9 +415,16 @@ impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for
         cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
         dims: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
     ) {
+        // we already must have been estimated that it's safe to do.
+        // and all dims will be suffitient
+        if self.trim_as_head {
+            trim_as_header(recs, cfg, dims, self);
+            return;
+        }
+
         match self.strategy {
             TrimStrategy::Wrap { try_to_keep_words } => {
-                let mut wrap = Width::wrap(self.max).priority::<PriorityMax>();
+                let mut wrap = Width::wrap(self.width_max).priority::<PriorityMax>();
                 if try_to_keep_words {
                     wrap = wrap.keep_words();
                 }
@@ -356,7 +432,7 @@ impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for
                 Settings::new(SetDimensions(self.width), wrap).change(recs, cfg, dims);
             }
             TrimStrategy::Truncate { suffix } => {
-                let mut truncate = Width::truncate(self.max).priority::<PriorityMax>();
+                let mut truncate = Width::truncate(self.width_max).priority::<PriorityMax>();
                 if let Some(suffix) = suffix {
                     truncate = truncate.suffix(suffix).suffix_try_color(true);
                 }
@@ -367,6 +443,67 @@ impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for
     }
 }
 
+fn trim_as_header(
+    recs: &mut VecRecords<CellInfo<String>>,
+    cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
+    dims: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords,
+    trim: TableTrim,
+) {
+    if recs.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let headers = recs[0].to_owned();
+    let headers_widths = headers
+        .iter()
+        .map(CellInfo::width)
+        .map(|v| v + trim.pad)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let min_width_use = get_total_width2(&headers_widths, cfg);
+    let mut free_width = trim.width_max.saturating_sub(min_width_use);
+
+    // even though it's safe to trim columns by header there might be left unused space
+    // so we do use it if possible prioritizing left columns
+
+    for (i, head_width) in headers_widths.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let head_width = head_width - trim.pad;
+        let column_width = trim.width[i] - trim.pad; // safe to assume width is bigger then paddding
+
+        let mut use_width = head_width;
+        if free_width > 0 {
+            // it's safe to assume that column_width is always bigger or equal to head_width
+            debug_assert!(column_width >= head_width);
+
+            let additional_width = min(free_width, column_width - head_width);
+            free_width -= additional_width;
+            use_width += additional_width;
+        }
+
+        match &trim.strategy {
+            TrimStrategy::Wrap { try_to_keep_words } => {
+                let mut wrap = Width::wrap(use_width);
+                if *try_to_keep_words {
+                    wrap = wrap.keep_words();
+                }
+
+                Modify::new(Columns::single(i))
+                    .with(wrap)
+                    .change(recs, cfg, dims);
+            }
+            TrimStrategy::Truncate { suffix } => {
+                let mut truncate = Width::truncate(use_width);
+                if let Some(suffix) = suffix {
+                    truncate = truncate.suffix(suffix).suffix_try_color(true);
+                }
+
+                Modify::new(Columns::single(i))
+                    .with(truncate)
+                    .change(recs, cfg, dims);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 fn align_table(
     table: &mut Table,
     alignments: Alignments,
@@ -460,19 +597,25 @@ fn load_theme(
 
 fn maybe_truncate_columns(
     data: &mut NuRecords,
-    theme: &TableTheme,
+    cfg: &NuTableConfig,
     termwidth: usize,
     pad: usize,
 ) -> Vec<usize> {
     const TERMWIDTH_THRESHOLD: usize = 120;
 
-    let truncate = if termwidth > TERMWIDTH_THRESHOLD {
+    let preserve_content = termwidth > TERMWIDTH_THRESHOLD;
+    let has_header = cfg.with_header && data.count_rows() > 1;
+    let is_header_on_border = has_header && cfg.header_on_border;
+
+    let truncate = if is_header_on_border {
+        truncate_columns_by_head
+    } else if preserve_content {
         truncate_columns_by_columns
     } else {
         truncate_columns_by_content
     };
 
-    truncate(data, theme, pad, termwidth)
+    truncate(data, &cfg.theme, pad, termwidth)
 }
 
 // VERSION where we are showing AS LITTLE COLUMNS AS POSSIBLE but WITH AS MUCH CONTENT AS POSSIBLE.
@@ -627,6 +770,83 @@ fn truncate_columns_by_columns(
     widths
 }
 
+// VERSION where we are showing AS LITTLE COLUMNS AS POSSIBLE but WITH AS MUCH CONTENT AS POSSIBLE.
+fn truncate_columns_by_head(
+    data: &mut NuRecords,
+    theme: &TableTheme,
+    pad: usize,
+    termwidth: usize,
+) -> Vec<usize> {
+    const TRAILING_COLUMN_WIDTH: usize = 5;
+
+    let config = get_config(theme, false, None);
+    let mut widths = build_width(&*data, pad);
+    let total_width = get_total_width2(&widths, &config);
+    if total_width <= termwidth {
+        return widths;
+    }
+
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return widths;
+    }
+
+    let head = &data[0];
+
+    let borders = config.get_borders();
+    let has_vertical = borders.has_vertical();
+
+    let mut width = borders.has_left() as usize + borders.has_right() as usize;
+    let mut truncate_pos = 0;
+    for (i, column_header) in head.iter().enumerate() {
+        let column_header_width = Cell::width(column_header);
+        width += column_header_width + pad;
+
+        if i > 0 {
+            width += has_vertical as usize;
+        }
+
+        if width >= termwidth {
+            width -= column_header_width + (i > 0 && has_vertical) as usize + pad;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        truncate_pos += 1;
+    }
+
+    // we don't need any truncation then (is it possible?)
+    if truncate_pos == head.len() {
+        return widths;
+    }
+
+    if truncate_pos == 0 {
+        return vec![];
+    }
+
+    truncate_columns(data, truncate_pos);
+    widths.truncate(truncate_pos);
+
+    // Append columns with a trailing column
+
+    let min_width = width;
+
+    let diff = termwidth - min_width;
+    let can_trailing_column_be_pushed = diff > TRAILING_COLUMN_WIDTH + has_vertical as usize;
+
+    if !can_trailing_column_be_pushed {
+        if data.count_columns() == 1 {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
+        truncate_columns(data, data.count_columns() - 1);
+        widths.pop();
+    }
+
+    push_empty_column(data);
+    widths.push(3 + pad);
+
+    widths
+}
+
 /// The same as [`tabled::peaker::PriorityMax`] but prioritizes left columns first in case of equal width.
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
 pub struct PriorityMax;
@@ -714,9 +934,8 @@ impl<R> TableOption<R, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for SetDi
 }
 
 // it assumes no spans is used.
+// todo: Could be replaced by Dimension impl usage
 fn build_width(records: &NuRecords, pad: usize) -> Vec<usize> {
-    use tabled::grid::records::vec_records::Cell;
-
     let count_columns = records.count_columns();
     let mut widths = vec![0; count_columns];
     for columns in records.iter_rows() {
@@ -729,50 +948,156 @@ fn build_width(records: &NuRecords, pad: usize) -> Vec<usize> {
     widths
 }
 
-struct HeaderMove((usize, usize), bool);
+struct GetRow(usize, Vec<String>);
 
-impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for HeaderMove {
+impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for &mut GetRow {
+    fn change(
+        self,
+        recs: &mut NuRecords,
+        _: &mut ColoredConfig,
+        _: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
+    ) {
+        let row = self.0;
+        self.1 = recs[row].iter().map(|c| c.as_ref().to_owned()).collect();
+    }
+}
+
+struct GetRowSettings(usize, AlignmentHorizontal, Option<Color>);
+
+impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig>
+    for &mut GetRowSettings
+{
+    fn change(
+        self,
+        _: &mut NuRecords,
+        cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
+        _: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
+    ) {
+        let row = self.0;
+        self.1 = *cfg.get_alignment_horizontal(Entity::Row(row));
+        self.2 = cfg
+            .get_colors()
+            .get_color((row, 0))
+            .cloned()
+            .map(Color::from);
+    }
+}
+
+struct SetLineHeaders {
+    line: usize,
+    columns: Vec<String>,
+    alignment: AlignmentHorizontal,
+    color: Option<Color>,
+}
+
+impl SetLineHeaders {
+    fn new(
+        line: usize,
+        columns: Vec<String>,
+        alignment: AlignmentHorizontal,
+        color: Option<Color>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            line,
+            columns,
+            alignment,
+            color,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for SetLineHeaders {
     fn change(
         self,
         recs: &mut NuRecords,
         cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
         dims: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
     ) {
-        let (row, line) = self.0;
-        if self.1 {
-            move_header_on_next(recs, cfg, dims, row, line);
-        } else {
-            move_header_on_prev(recs, cfg, dims, row, line);
-        }
+        let mut columns = self.columns;
+        match dims.get_widths() {
+            Some(widths) => {
+                columns = columns
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .zip(widths.iter().map(|w| w.checked_sub(2).unwrap_or(*w))) // exclude padding; which is generally 2
+                    .map(|(s, width)| Truncate::truncate_text(&s, width).into_owned())
+                    .collect();
+            }
+            None => {
+                // we don't have widths cached; which means that NO width adjustments were done
+                // which means we are OK to leave columns as they are.
+                //
+                // but we actually always have to have widths at this point
+            }
+        };
+
+        set_column_names(
+            recs,
+            cfg,
+            dims,
+            columns,
+            self.line,
+            self.alignment,
+            self.color,
+        )
     }
 }
 
-fn move_header_on_next(
-    recs: &mut NuRecords,
-    cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
-    dims: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
+struct MoveRowNext {
     row: usize,
     line: usize,
-) {
+}
+
+impl MoveRowNext {
+    fn new(row: usize, line: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { row, line }
+    }
+}
+
+struct MoveRowPrev {
+    row: usize,
+    line: usize,
+}
+
+impl MoveRowPrev {
+    fn new(row: usize, line: usize) -> Self {
+        Self { row, line }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for MoveRowNext {
+    fn change(
+        self,
+        recs: &mut NuRecords,
+        cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
+        _: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
+    ) {
+        row_shift_next(recs, cfg, self.row, self.line);
+    }
+}
+
+impl TableOption<NuRecords, CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>, ColoredConfig> for MoveRowPrev {
+    fn change(
+        self,
+        recs: &mut NuRecords,
+        cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
+        _: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
+    ) {
+        row_shift_prev(recs, cfg, self.row, self.line);
+    }
+}
+
+fn row_shift_next(recs: &mut NuRecords, cfg: &mut ColoredConfig, row: usize, line: usize) {
     let count_rows = recs.count_rows();
     let count_columns = recs.count_columns();
     let has_line = cfg.has_horizontal(line, count_rows);
     let has_next_line = cfg.has_horizontal(line + 1, count_rows);
-    let align = *cfg.get_alignment_horizontal(Entity::Row(row));
-    let color = cfg
-        .get_colors()
-        .get_color((row, 0))
-        .cloned()
-        .map(Color::from);
-
     if !has_line && !has_next_line {
         return;
     }
 
     if !has_line {
-        let head = remove_row(recs, row);
+        let _ = remove_row(recs, row);
         let count_rows = recs.count_rows();
-        set_column_names(recs, cfg, dims, head, line, align, color);
         shift_alignments_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
         shift_colors_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
         shift_lines_up(cfg, count_rows, &[line + 1]);
@@ -780,47 +1105,31 @@ fn move_header_on_next(
         return;
     }
 
-    let head = remove_row(recs, row);
+    let _ = remove_row(recs, row);
     let count_rows = recs.count_rows();
-    set_column_names(recs, cfg, dims, head, line, align, color);
     shift_alignments_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
     shift_colors_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
     remove_lines(cfg, count_rows, &[line + 1]);
     shift_lines_up(cfg, count_rows, &[count_rows]);
 }
 
-fn move_header_on_prev(
-    recs: &mut NuRecords,
-    cfg: &mut ColoredConfig,
-    dims: &mut CompleteDimensionVecRecords<'_>,
-    row: usize,
-    line: usize,
-) {
+fn row_shift_prev(recs: &mut NuRecords, cfg: &mut ColoredConfig, row: usize, line: usize) {
     let count_rows = recs.count_rows();
     let count_columns = recs.count_columns();
     let has_line = cfg.has_horizontal(line, count_rows);
     let has_prev_line = cfg.has_horizontal(line - 1, count_rows);
-    let align = *cfg.get_alignment_horizontal(Entity::Row(row));
-    let color = cfg
-        .get_colors()
-        .get_color((row, 0))
-        .cloned()
-        .map(Color::from);
-
     if !has_line && !has_prev_line {
         return;
     }
 
     if !has_line {
-        let head = remove_row(recs, row);
+        let _ = remove_row(recs, row);
         // shift_lines_down(table, &[line - 1]);
-        set_column_names(recs, cfg, dims, head, line - 1, align, color);
         return;
     }
 
-    let head = remove_row(recs, row);
+    let _ = remove_row(recs, row);
     let count_rows = count_rows - 1;
-    set_column_names(recs, cfg, dims, head, line - 1, align, color);
     shift_alignments_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
     shift_colors_down(cfg, row, count_rows, count_columns);
     remove_lines(cfg, count_rows, &[line - 1]);
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/src/types/expanded.rs b/crates/nu-table/src/types/expanded.rs
index 9472cc2846..668e5ea25c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/src/types/expanded.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-table/src/types/expanded.rs
@@ -102,9 +102,7 @@ fn expanded_table_list(input: &[Value], cfg: Cfg<'_>) -> TableResult {
         }
 
         for (row, item) in input.iter().enumerate() {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&cfg.opts.ctrlc) {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
+            cfg.opts.signals.check(cfg.opts.span)?;
 
             if let Value::Error { error, .. } = item {
                 return Err(*error.clone());
@@ -143,9 +141,7 @@ fn expanded_table_list(input: &[Value], cfg: Cfg<'_>) -> TableResult {
         }
 
         for (row, item) in input.iter().enumerate() {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&cfg.opts.ctrlc) {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
+            cfg.opts.signals.check(cfg.opts.span)?;
 
             if let Value::Error { error, .. } = item {
                 return Err(*error.clone());
@@ -230,9 +226,7 @@ fn expanded_table_list(input: &[Value], cfg: Cfg<'_>) -> TableResult {
         }
 
         for (row, item) in input.iter().enumerate() {
-            if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&cfg.opts.ctrlc) {
-                return Ok(None);
-            }
+            cfg.opts.signals.check(cfg.opts.span)?;
 
             if let Value::Error { error, .. } = item {
                 return Err(*error.clone());
@@ -353,9 +347,7 @@ fn expanded_table_kv(record: &Record, cfg: Cfg<'_>) -> StringResult {
 
     let mut data = Vec::with_capacity(record.len());
     for (key, value) in record {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&cfg.opts.ctrlc) {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+        cfg.opts.signals.check(cfg.opts.span)?;
 
         let (value, is_expanded) = match expand_table_value(value, value_width, &cfg)? {
             Some(val) => val,
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/src/types/general.rs b/crates/nu-table/src/types/general.rs
index 4a6cd302e8..66048267d7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/src/types/general.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-table/src/types/general.rs
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ fn create_table(input: &[Value], opts: TableOpts<'_>) -> Result<Option<String>,
 fn kv_table(record: &Record, opts: TableOpts<'_>) -> StringResult {
     let mut data = vec![Vec::with_capacity(2); record.len()];
     for ((column, value), row) in record.iter().zip(data.iter_mut()) {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&opts.ctrlc) {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+        opts.signals.check(opts.span)?;
 
         let value = nu_value_to_string_colored(value, opts.config, opts.style_computer);
 
@@ -123,9 +121,7 @@ fn to_table_with_header(
     }
 
     for (row, item) in input.iter().enumerate() {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&opts.ctrlc) {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+        opts.signals.check(opts.span)?;
 
         if let Value::Error { error, .. } = item {
             return Err(*error.clone());
@@ -158,9 +154,7 @@ fn to_table_with_no_header(
     table.set_index_style(get_index_style(opts.style_computer));
 
     for (row, item) in input.iter().enumerate() {
-        if nu_utils::ctrl_c::was_pressed(&opts.ctrlc) {
-            return Ok(None);
-        }
+        opts.signals.check(opts.span)?;
 
         if let Value::Error { error, .. } = item {
             return Err(*error.clone());
diff --git a/crates/nu-table/src/types/mod.rs b/crates/nu-table/src/types/mod.rs
index 10289c3b81..163e4b0c81 100644
--- a/crates/nu-table/src/types/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-table/src/types/mod.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ pub use general::JustTable;
 
 use crate::{common::INDEX_COLUMN_NAME, NuTable};
 use nu_color_config::StyleComputer;
-use nu_protocol::{Config, Span, TableIndexMode, TableMode};
-use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use nu_protocol::{Config, Signals, Span, TableIndexMode, TableMode};
 
 pub struct TableOutput {
     pub table: NuTable,
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ impl TableOutput {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct TableOpts<'a> {
-    ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+    signals: &'a Signals,
     config: &'a Config,
     style_computer: &'a StyleComputer<'a>,
     span: Span,
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ impl<'a> TableOpts<'a> {
     pub fn new(
         config: &'a Config,
         style_computer: &'a StyleComputer<'a>,
-        ctrlc: Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>,
+        signals: &'a Signals,
         span: Span,
         width: usize,
         indent: (usize, usize),
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ impl<'a> TableOpts<'a> {
         index_remove: bool,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            ctrlc,
+            signals,
             config,
             style_computer,
             span,
diff --git a/crates/nu-term-grid/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-term-grid/Cargo.toml
index 0229f1f0f0..a07740905c 100644
--- a/crates/nu-term-grid/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-term-grid/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-term-grid"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-term-grid"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 unicode-width = { workspace = true }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu-term-grid/README.md b/crates/nu-term-grid/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5bdd32077d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-term-grid/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Implementation of the layout engine for the `grid` command.
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-term-grid/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-term-grid/src/lib.rs
index 79b146593f..ca8ccd4e23 100644
--- a/crates/nu-term-grid/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-term-grid/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 pub mod grid;
 
 pub use grid::Grid;
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-test-support/Cargo.toml
index 1b5f5df7ba..25328f7c25 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-test-suppor
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-test-support"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-glob = { path = "../nu-glob", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 num-format = { workspace = true }
 which = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/README.md b/crates/nu-test-support/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f384b15067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+This crate provides utilities for testing of Nushell
+
+Plugin authors should instead refer to `nu-plugin-test-support`
+
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/fs.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/fs.rs
index 00321e6590..d591a7de18 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/fs.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/fs.rs
@@ -1,137 +1,5 @@
-use std::fmt::Display;
+use nu_path::{AbsolutePath, AbsolutePathBuf, Path};
 use std::io::Read;
-use std::ops::Div;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-pub struct AbsoluteFile {
-    inner: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl AbsoluteFile {
-    pub fn new(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> AbsoluteFile {
-        let path = path.as_ref();
-
-        if !path.is_absolute() {
-            panic!(
-                "AbsoluteFile::new must take an absolute path :: {}",
-                path.display()
-            )
-        } else if path.is_dir() {
-            // At the moment, this is not an invariant, but rather a way to catch bugs
-            // in tests.
-            panic!(
-                "AbsoluteFile::new must not take a directory :: {}",
-                path.display()
-            )
-        } else {
-            AbsoluteFile {
-                inner: path.to_path_buf(),
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn dir(&self) -> AbsolutePath {
-        AbsolutePath::new(if let Some(parent) = self.inner.parent() {
-            parent
-        } else {
-            unreachable!("Internal error: could not get parent in dir")
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<AbsoluteFile> for PathBuf {
-    fn from(file: AbsoluteFile) -> Self {
-        file.inner
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct AbsolutePath {
-    pub inner: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl AbsolutePath {
-    pub fn new(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> AbsolutePath {
-        let path = path.as_ref();
-
-        if path.is_absolute() {
-            AbsolutePath {
-                inner: path.to_path_buf(),
-            }
-        } else {
-            panic!("AbsolutePath::new must take an absolute path")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Div<&str> for &AbsolutePath {
-    type Output = AbsolutePath;
-
-    fn div(self, rhs: &str) -> Self::Output {
-        let parts = rhs.split('/');
-        let mut result = self.inner.clone();
-
-        for part in parts {
-            result = result.join(part);
-        }
-
-        AbsolutePath::new(result)
-    }
-}
-
-impl AsRef<Path> for AbsolutePath {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.inner.as_path()
-    }
-}
-
-pub struct RelativePath {
-    inner: PathBuf,
-}
-
-impl RelativePath {
-    pub fn new(path: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> RelativePath {
-        let path = path.into();
-
-        if path.is_relative() {
-            RelativePath { inner: path }
-        } else {
-            panic!("RelativePath::new must take a relative path")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: AsRef<str>> Div<T> for &RelativePath {
-    type Output = RelativePath;
-
-    fn div(self, rhs: T) -> Self::Output {
-        let parts = rhs.as_ref().split('/');
-        let mut result = self.inner.clone();
-
-        for part in parts {
-            result = result.join(part);
-        }
-
-        RelativePath::new(result)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for AbsoluteFile {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.inner.display())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for AbsolutePath {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.inner.display())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Display for RelativePath {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        write!(f, "{}", self.inner.display())
-    }
-}
 
 pub enum Stub<'a> {
     FileWithContent(&'a str, &'a str),
@@ -140,7 +8,7 @@ pub enum Stub<'a> {
     FileWithPermission(&'a str, bool),
 }
 
-pub fn file_contents(full_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> String {
+pub fn file_contents(full_path: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>) -> String {
     let mut file = std::fs::File::open(full_path.as_ref()).expect("can not open file");
     let mut contents = String::new();
     file.read_to_string(&mut contents)
@@ -148,7 +16,7 @@ pub fn file_contents(full_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> String {
     contents
 }
 
-pub fn file_contents_binary(full_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Vec<u8> {
+pub fn file_contents_binary(full_path: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>) -> Vec<u8> {
     let mut file = std::fs::File::open(full_path.as_ref()).expect("can not open file");
     let mut contents = Vec::new();
     file.read_to_end(&mut contents).expect("can not read file");
@@ -167,56 +35,32 @@ pub fn line_ending() -> String {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn delete_file_at(full_path: impl AsRef<Path>) {
-    let full_path = full_path.as_ref();
-
-    if full_path.exists() {
-        std::fs::remove_file(full_path).expect("can not delete file");
-    }
+pub fn files_exist_at(files: &[impl AsRef<Path>], path: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>) -> bool {
+    let path = path.as_ref();
+    files.iter().all(|f| path.join(f.as_ref()).exists())
 }
 
-pub fn create_file_at(full_path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {
-    let full_path = full_path.as_ref();
-
-    if full_path.parent().is_some() {
-        panic!("path exists");
-    }
-
-    std::fs::write(full_path, b"fake data")
-}
-
-pub fn copy_file_to(source: &str, destination: &str) {
-    std::fs::copy(source, destination).expect("can not copy file");
-}
-
-pub fn files_exist_at(files: Vec<impl AsRef<Path>>, path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> bool {
-    files.iter().all(|f| {
-        let mut loc = PathBuf::from(path.as_ref());
-        loc.push(f);
-        loc.exists()
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn delete_directory_at(full_path: &str) {
-    std::fs::remove_dir_all(PathBuf::from(full_path)).expect("can not remove directory");
-}
-
-pub fn executable_path() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn executable_path() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     let mut path = binaries();
     path.push("nu");
     path
 }
 
-pub fn installed_nu_path() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn installed_nu_path() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     let path = std::env::var_os(crate::NATIVE_PATH_ENV_VAR);
-    which::which_in("nu", path, ".").unwrap_or_else(|_| executable_path())
+    if let Ok(path) = which::which_in("nu", path, ".") {
+        AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(path).expect("installed nushell path is absolute")
+    } else {
+        executable_path()
+    }
 }
 
-pub fn root() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn root() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     let manifest_dir = if let Ok(manifest_dir) = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR") {
-        PathBuf::from(manifest_dir)
+        AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(manifest_dir).expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR is not an absolute path")
     } else {
-        PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+        AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
+            .expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR is not an absolute path")
     };
 
     let test_path = manifest_dir.join("Cargo.lock");
@@ -228,11 +72,11 @@ pub fn root() -> PathBuf {
             .expect("Couldn't find the debug binaries directory")
             .parent()
             .expect("Couldn't find the debug binaries directory")
-            .to_path_buf()
+            .into()
     }
 }
 
-pub fn binaries() -> PathBuf {
+pub fn binaries() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
     let build_target = std::env::var("CARGO_BUILD_TARGET").unwrap_or_default();
 
     let profile = if let Ok(env_profile) = std::env::var("NUSHELL_CARGO_PROFILE") {
@@ -244,27 +88,27 @@ pub fn binaries() -> PathBuf {
     };
 
     std::env::var("CARGO_TARGET_DIR")
-        .map(PathBuf::from)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|_| root().join("target"))
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|p| AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(p).ok())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| root().join("target"))
         .join(build_target)
         .join(profile)
 }
 
-pub fn fixtures() -> PathBuf {
-    root().join("tests").join("fixtures")
+pub fn fixtures() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
+    let mut path = root();
+    path.push("tests");
+    path.push("fixtures");
+    path
 }
 
-pub fn assets() -> PathBuf {
-    root().join("tests/assets")
+pub fn assets() -> AbsolutePathBuf {
+    let mut path = root();
+    path.push("tests");
+    path.push("assets");
+    path
 }
 
-pub fn in_directory(str: impl AsRef<Path>) -> String {
-    let path = str.as_ref();
-    let path = if path.is_relative() {
-        root().join(path)
-    } else {
-        path.to_path_buf()
-    };
-
-    path.display().to_string()
+pub fn in_directory(path: impl AsRef<nu_path::Path>) -> AbsolutePathBuf {
+    root().join(path)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/lib.rs
index 5319830920..c6cadbcbd8 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 pub mod commands;
 pub mod fs;
 pub mod locale_override;
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/macros.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/macros.rs
index e83b4354da..6fd3a8c307 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/macros.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/macros.rs
@@ -234,35 +234,29 @@ macro_rules! nu_with_plugins {
 }
 
 use crate::{Outcome, NATIVE_PATH_ENV_VAR};
-use std::ffi::OsStr;
+use nu_path::{AbsolutePath, AbsolutePathBuf, Path};
 use std::{
-    path::Path,
+    ffi::OsStr,
     process::{Command, Stdio},
 };
 use tempfile::tempdir;
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct NuOpts {
-    pub cwd: Option<String>,
+    pub cwd: Option<AbsolutePathBuf>,
     pub locale: Option<String>,
     pub envs: Option<Vec<(String, String)>>,
     pub collapse_output: Option<bool>,
+    pub use_ir: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 pub fn nu_run_test(opts: NuOpts, commands: impl AsRef<str>, with_std: bool) -> Outcome {
-    let test_bins = crate::fs::binaries();
-
-    let cwd = std::env::current_dir().expect("Could not get current working directory.");
-    let test_bins = nu_path::canonicalize_with(&test_bins, cwd).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        panic!(
-            "Couldn't canonicalize dummy binaries path {}: {:?}",
-            test_bins.display(),
-            e
-        )
-    });
+    let test_bins = crate::fs::binaries()
+        .canonicalize()
+        .expect("Could not canonicalize dummy binaries path");
 
     let mut paths = crate::shell_os_paths();
-    paths.insert(0, test_bins);
+    paths.insert(0, test_bins.into());
 
     let commands = commands.as_ref().lines().collect::<Vec<_>>().join("; ");
 
@@ -271,7 +265,7 @@ pub fn nu_run_test(opts: NuOpts, commands: impl AsRef<str>, with_std: bool) -> O
         Err(_) => panic!("Couldn't join paths for PATH var."),
     };
 
-    let target_cwd = opts.cwd.unwrap_or(".".to_string());
+    let target_cwd = opts.cwd.unwrap_or_else(crate::fs::root);
     let locale = opts.locale.unwrap_or("en_US.UTF-8".to_string());
     let executable_path = crate::fs::executable_path();
 
@@ -296,6 +290,15 @@ pub fn nu_run_test(opts: NuOpts, commands: impl AsRef<str>, with_std: bool) -> O
         .stdout(Stdio::piped())
         .stderr(Stdio::piped());
 
+    // Explicitly set NU_USE_IR
+    if let Some(use_ir) = opts.use_ir {
+        if use_ir {
+            command.env("NU_USE_IR", "1");
+        } else {
+            command.env_remove("NU_USE_IR");
+        }
+    }
+
     // Uncomment to debug the command being run:
     // println!("=== command\n{command:?}\n");
 
@@ -373,6 +376,7 @@ where
     if !executable_path.exists() {
         executable_path = crate::fs::installed_nu_path();
     }
+
     let process = match setup_command(&executable_path, &target_cwd)
         .envs(envs)
         .arg("--commands")
@@ -439,7 +443,7 @@ fn collapse_output(out: &str) -> String {
     out.replace('\n', "")
 }
 
-fn setup_command(executable_path: &Path, target_cwd: &str) -> Command {
+fn setup_command(executable_path: &AbsolutePath, target_cwd: &AbsolutePath) -> Command {
     let mut command = Command::new(executable_path);
 
     command
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground.rs
index 375f192983..4d33dcebe5 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground.rs
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ mod play;
 mod tests;
 
 pub use director::Director;
-pub use nu_process::{Executable, NuProcess, NuResult, Outcome};
+pub use nu_process::{Executable, NuProcess, Outcome};
 pub use play::{Dirs, EnvironmentVariable, Playground};
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/director.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/director.rs
index 3d04155c25..a361342495 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/director.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/director.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl Director {
 }
 
 impl Executable for Director {
-    fn execute(&mut self) -> NuResult {
+    fn execute(&mut self) -> Result<Outcome, NuError> {
         use std::process::Stdio;
 
         match self.executable() {
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/nu_process.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/nu_process.rs
index 0031a173e8..2eeac703c6 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/nu_process.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/nu_process.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 use super::EnvironmentVariable;
 use crate::fs::{binaries as test_bins_path, executable_path};
-use std::ffi::{OsStr, OsString};
-use std::fmt;
-use std::path::Path;
-use std::process::{Command, ExitStatus};
+use std::{
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    fmt,
+    process::{Command, ExitStatus},
+};
 
 pub trait Executable {
-    fn execute(&mut self) -> NuResult;
+    fn execute(&mut self) -> Result<Outcome, NuError>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -24,8 +25,6 @@ impl Outcome {
     }
 }
 
-pub type NuResult = Result<Outcome, NuError>;
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct NuError {
     pub desc: String,
@@ -69,14 +68,10 @@ impl NuProcess {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn get_cwd(&self) -> Option<&Path> {
-        self.cwd.as_ref().map(Path::new)
-    }
-
     pub fn construct(&self) -> Command {
         let mut command = Command::new(executable_path());
 
-        if let Some(cwd) = self.get_cwd() {
+        if let Some(cwd) = &self.cwd {
             command.current_dir(cwd);
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/play.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/play.rs
index 902997200e..12295c2690 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/play.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/play.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use super::Director;
-use crate::fs;
-use crate::fs::Stub;
+use crate::fs::{self, Stub};
 use nu_glob::glob;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+use nu_path::Path;
+use nu_path::{AbsolutePath, AbsolutePathBuf};
 use std::str;
 use tempfile::{tempdir, TempDir};
 
@@ -22,46 +23,46 @@ impl EnvironmentVariable {
 }
 
 pub struct Playground<'a> {
-    root: TempDir,
+    _root: TempDir,
     tests: String,
-    cwd: PathBuf,
-    config: Option<PathBuf>,
+    cwd: AbsolutePathBuf,
+    config: Option<AbsolutePathBuf>,
     environment_vars: Vec<EnvironmentVariable>,
     dirs: &'a Dirs,
 }
 
-#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Dirs {
-    pub root: PathBuf,
-    pub test: PathBuf,
-    pub fixtures: PathBuf,
+    pub root: AbsolutePathBuf,
+    pub test: AbsolutePathBuf,
+    pub fixtures: AbsolutePathBuf,
 }
 
 impl Dirs {
-    pub fn formats(&self) -> PathBuf {
+    pub fn formats(&self) -> AbsolutePathBuf {
         self.fixtures.join("formats")
     }
 
-    pub fn root(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.root.as_path()
+    pub fn root(&self) -> &AbsolutePath {
+        &self.root
     }
 
-    pub fn test(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.test.as_path()
+    pub fn test(&self) -> &AbsolutePath {
+        &self.test
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Playground<'a> {
-    pub fn root(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.root.path()
+    pub fn root(&self) -> &AbsolutePath {
+        &self.dirs.root
     }
 
-    pub fn cwd(&self) -> &Path {
+    pub fn cwd(&self) -> &AbsolutePath {
         &self.cwd
     }
 
     pub fn back_to_playground(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
-        self.cwd = PathBuf::from(self.root()).join(self.tests.clone());
+        self.cwd = self.root().join(&self.tests);
         self
     }
 
@@ -70,68 +71,46 @@ impl<'a> Playground<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn setup(topic: &str, block: impl FnOnce(Dirs, &mut Playground)) {
-        let root = tempdir().expect("Couldn't create a tempdir");
-        let nuplay_dir = root.path().join(topic);
+        let temp = tempdir().expect("Could not create a tempdir");
 
-        if PathBuf::from(&nuplay_dir).exists() {
-            std::fs::remove_dir_all(PathBuf::from(&nuplay_dir)).expect("can not remove directory");
+        let root = AbsolutePathBuf::try_from(temp.path())
+            .expect("Tempdir is not an absolute path")
+            .canonicalize()
+            .expect("Could not canonicalize tempdir");
+
+        let test = root.join(topic);
+        if test.exists() {
+            std::fs::remove_dir_all(&test).expect("Could not remove directory");
         }
+        std::fs::create_dir(&test).expect("Could not create directory");
+        let test = test
+            .canonicalize()
+            .expect("Could not canonicalize test path");
 
-        std::fs::create_dir(PathBuf::from(&nuplay_dir)).expect("can not create directory");
-
-        let fixtures = fs::fixtures();
-        let cwd = std::env::current_dir().expect("Could not get current working directory.");
-        let fixtures = nu_path::canonicalize_with(fixtures.clone(), cwd).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            panic!(
-                "Couldn't canonicalize fixtures path {}: {:?}",
-                fixtures.display(),
-                e
-            )
-        });
-
-        let mut playground = Playground {
-            root,
-            tests: topic.to_string(),
-            cwd: nuplay_dir,
-            config: None,
-            environment_vars: Vec::default(),
-            dirs: &Dirs::default(),
-        };
-
-        let playground_root = playground.root.path();
-
-        let cwd = std::env::current_dir().expect("Could not get current working directory.");
-        let test =
-            nu_path::canonicalize_with(playground_root.join(topic), cwd).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-                panic!(
-                    "Couldn't canonicalize test path {}: {:?}",
-                    playground_root.join(topic).display(),
-                    e
-                )
-            });
-
-        let cwd = std::env::current_dir().expect("Could not get current working directory.");
-        let root = nu_path::canonicalize_with(playground_root, cwd).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-            panic!(
-                "Couldn't canonicalize tests root path {}: {:?}",
-                playground_root.display(),
-                e
-            )
-        });
+        let fixtures = fs::fixtures()
+            .canonicalize()
+            .expect("Could not canonicalize fixtures path");
 
         let dirs = Dirs {
-            root,
-            test,
-            fixtures,
+            root: root.into(),
+            test: test.as_path().into(),
+            fixtures: fixtures.into(),
         };
 
-        playground.dirs = &dirs;
+        let mut playground = Playground {
+            _root: temp,
+            tests: topic.to_string(),
+            cwd: test.into(),
+            config: None,
+            environment_vars: Vec::default(),
+            dirs: &dirs,
+        };
 
         block(dirs.clone(), &mut playground);
     }
 
-    pub fn with_config(&mut self, source_file: impl AsRef<Path>) -> &mut Self {
-        self.config = Some(source_file.as_ref().to_path_buf());
+    pub fn with_config(&mut self, source_file: AbsolutePathBuf) -> &mut Self {
+        self.config = Some(source_file);
         self
     }
 
@@ -205,7 +184,6 @@ impl<'a> Playground<'a> {
         files
             .iter()
             .map(|f| {
-                let mut path = PathBuf::from(&self.cwd);
                 let mut permission_set = false;
                 let mut write_able = true;
                 let (file_name, contents) = match *f {
@@ -227,7 +205,7 @@ impl<'a> Playground<'a> {
                     }
                 };
 
-                path.push(file_name);
+                let path = self.cwd.join(file_name);
 
                 std::fs::write(&path, contents.as_bytes()).expect("can not create file");
                 if permission_set {
@@ -252,7 +230,7 @@ impl<'a> Playground<'a> {
         self
     }
 
-    pub fn glob_vec(pattern: &str) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+    pub fn glob_vec(pattern: &str) -> Vec<std::path::PathBuf> {
         let glob = glob(pattern);
 
         glob.expect("invalid pattern")
diff --git a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/tests.rs b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/tests.rs
index cc4daa597b..7c2be0237e 100644
--- a/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-test-support/src/playground/tests.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
 use crate::playground::Playground;
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-
-fn path(p: &Path) -> PathBuf {
-    let cwd = std::env::current_dir().expect("Could not get current working directory.");
-    nu_path::canonicalize_with(p, cwd)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("Couldn't canonicalize path {}: {:?}", p.display(), e))
-}
 
 #[test]
 fn current_working_directory_in_sandbox_directory_created() {
@@ -13,7 +6,7 @@ fn current_working_directory_in_sandbox_directory_created() {
         let original_cwd = dirs.test();
         nu.within("some_directory_within");
 
-        assert_eq!(path(nu.cwd()), original_cwd.join("some_directory_within"));
+        assert_eq!(nu.cwd(), original_cwd.join("some_directory_within"));
     })
 }
 
@@ -25,6 +18,6 @@ fn current_working_directory_back_to_root_from_anywhere() {
         nu.within("some_directory_within");
         nu.back_to_playground();
 
-        assert_eq!(path(nu.cwd()), *original_cwd);
+        assert_eq!(nu.cwd(), original_cwd);
     })
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu-utils/Cargo.toml
index 60b4cb21aa..72c02fb538 100644
--- a/crates/nu-utils/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu-utils/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu-utils"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu-utils"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 [[bin]]
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/README.md b/crates/nu-utils/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de50a8ae93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu-utils/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Collection of small utilities that are shared across Nushell crates.
+
+This crate should compile early in the crate graph and thus not depend on major dependencies or core-nushell crates itself.
+## Internal Nushell crate
+
+This crate implements components of Nushell and is not designed to support plugin authors or other users directly.
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/src/ctrl_c.rs b/crates/nu-utils/src/ctrl_c.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 72719139ad..0000000000
--- a/crates/nu-utils/src/ctrl_c.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-use std::sync::{
-    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
-    Arc,
-};
-
-/// Returns true if Nu has received a SIGINT signal / ctrl+c event
-pub fn was_pressed(ctrlc: &Option<Arc<AtomicBool>>) -> bool {
-    if let Some(ctrlc) = ctrlc {
-        ctrlc.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
-    } else {
-        false
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu-utils/src/lib.rs
index f1a915290b..0c021f1dc9 100644
--- a/crates/nu-utils/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu-utils/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
+#![doc = include_str!("../README.md")]
 mod casing;
-pub mod ctrl_c;
 mod deansi;
 pub mod emoji;
 pub mod filesystem;
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_config.nu b/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_config.nu
index 3b4fbe0dc7..db01e88bb7 100644
--- a/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_config.nu
+++ b/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_config.nu
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Nushell Config File
 #
-# version = "0.95.1"
+# version = "0.96.2"
 
 # For more information on defining custom themes, see
 # https://www.nushell.sh/book/coloring_and_theming.html
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ let dark_theme = {
     shape_flag: blue_bold
     shape_float: purple_bold
     # shapes are used to change the cli syntax highlighting
-    shape_garbage: { fg: white bg: red attr: b}
+    shape_garbage: { fg: white bg: red attr: b }
     shape_glob_interpolation: cyan_bold
     shape_globpattern: cyan_bold
     shape_int: purple_bold
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ let light_theme = {
     shape_flag: blue_bold
     shape_float: purple_bold
     # shapes are used to change the cli syntax highlighting
-    shape_garbage: { fg: white bg: red attr: b}
+    shape_garbage: { fg: white bg: red attr: b }
+    shape_glob_interpolation: cyan_bold
     shape_globpattern: cyan_bold
     shape_int: purple_bold
     shape_internalcall: cyan_bold
@@ -227,9 +228,9 @@ $env.config = {
 
     color_config: $dark_theme # if you want a more interesting theme, you can replace the empty record with `$dark_theme`, `$light_theme` or another custom record
     use_grid_icons: true
-    footer_mode: "25" # always, never, number_of_rows, auto
+    footer_mode: 25 # always, never, number_of_rows, auto
     float_precision: 2 # the precision for displaying floats in tables
-    buffer_editor: "" # command that will be used to edit the current line buffer with ctrl+o, if unset fallback to $env.EDITOR and $env.VISUAL
+    buffer_editor: null # command that will be used to edit the current line buffer with ctrl+o, if unset fallback to $env.EDITOR and $env.VISUAL
     use_ansi_coloring: true
     bracketed_paste: true # enable bracketed paste, currently useless on windows
     edit_mode: emacs # emacs, vi
diff --git a/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_env.nu b/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_env.nu
index a686f6f99a..b43ab981cd 100644
--- a/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_env.nu
+++ b/crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config/default_env.nu
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Nushell Environment Config File
 #
-# version = "0.95.1"
+# version = "0.96.2"
 
 def create_left_prompt [] {
     let dir = match (do --ignore-shell-errors { $env.PWD | path relative-to $nu.home-path }) {
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def create_left_prompt [] {
 
     let path_color = (if (is-admin) { ansi red_bold } else { ansi green_bold })
     let separator_color = (if (is-admin) { ansi light_red_bold } else { ansi light_green_bold })
-    let path_segment = $"($path_color)($dir)"
+    let path_segment = $"($path_color)($dir)(ansi reset)"
 
     $path_segment | str replace --all (char path_sep) $"($separator_color)(char path_sep)($path_color)"
 }
@@ -98,4 +98,4 @@ $env.NU_PLUGIN_DIRS = [
 # $env.PATH = ($env.PATH | uniq)
 
 # To load from a custom file you can use:
-# source ($nu.default-config-dir | path join 'custom.nu')
\ No newline at end of file
+# source ($nu.default-config-dir | path join 'custom.nu')
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_custom_values/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_custom_values/Cargo.toml
index e5f8951429..03811f7fca 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_custom_values/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_custom_values/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ name = "nu_plugin_custom_values"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
 serde = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 typetag = "0.2"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_example/Cargo.toml
index 08ba3e1566..cdb5a727c9 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_exam
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_example"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "nu_plugin_example"
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ bench = false
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/call_decl.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/call_decl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8c8206d90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/call_decl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    IntoSpanned, LabeledError, PipelineData, Record, Signature, Spanned, SyntaxShape, Value,
+};
+
+use crate::ExamplePlugin;
+
+pub struct CallDecl;
+
+impl PluginCommand for CallDecl {
+    type Plugin = ExamplePlugin;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "example call-decl"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(self.name())
+            .required(
+                "name",
+                SyntaxShape::String,
+                "the name of the command to call",
+            )
+            .optional(
+                "named_args",
+                SyntaxShape::Record(vec![]),
+                "named arguments to pass to the command",
+            )
+            .rest(
+                "positional_args",
+                SyntaxShape::Any,
+                "positional arguments to pass to the command",
+            )
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Demonstrates calling other commands from plugins using `call_decl()`."
+    }
+
+    fn extra_usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "
+The arguments will not be typechecked at parse time. This command is for
+demonstration only, and should not be used for anything real.
+"
+        .trim()
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        _plugin: &ExamplePlugin,
+        engine: &EngineInterface,
+        call: &EvaluatedCall,
+        input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, LabeledError> {
+        let name: Spanned<String> = call.req(0)?;
+        let named_args: Option<Record> = call.opt(1)?;
+        let positional_args: Vec<Value> = call.rest(2)?;
+
+        let decl_id = engine.find_decl(&name.item)?.ok_or_else(|| {
+            LabeledError::new(format!("Can't find `{}`", name.item))
+                .with_label("not in scope", name.span)
+        })?;
+
+        let mut new_call = EvaluatedCall::new(call.head);
+
+        for (key, val) in named_args.into_iter().flatten() {
+            new_call.add_named(key.into_spanned(val.span()), val);
+        }
+
+        for val in positional_args {
+            new_call.add_positional(val);
+        }
+
+        let result = engine.call_decl(decl_id, new_call, input, true, false)?;
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/collect_bytes.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/collect_bytes.rs
index 398a1de4b1..e716493785 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/collect_bytes.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/collect_bytes.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Category, Example, LabeledError, PipelineData, Signature, Type,
-    Value,
+    ByteStream, ByteStreamType, Category, Example, LabeledError, PipelineData, Signals, Signature,
+    Type, Value,
 };
 
 use crate::ExamplePlugin;
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for CollectBytes {
             ByteStream::from_result_iter(
                 input.into_iter().map(Value::coerce_into_binary),
                 call.head,
-                None,
+                Signals::empty(),
                 ByteStreamType::Unknown,
             ),
             None,
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/ctrlc.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/ctrlc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9851a451a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/ctrlc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use std::sync::mpsc;
+
+use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
+use nu_protocol::{Category, LabeledError, PipelineData, Signature};
+
+use crate::ExamplePlugin;
+
+/// `example ctrlc`
+pub struct Ctrlc;
+
+impl PluginCommand for Ctrlc {
+    type Plugin = ExamplePlugin;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "example ctrlc"
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Example command that demonstrates registering a ctrl-c handler"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(self.name()).category(Category::Experimental)
+    }
+
+    fn search_terms(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
+        vec!["example"]
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        _plugin: &ExamplePlugin,
+        engine: &EngineInterface,
+        _call: &EvaluatedCall,
+        _input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, LabeledError> {
+        let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel::<()>();
+        let _guard = engine.register_ctrlc_handler(Box::new(move || {
+            let _ = sender.send(());
+        }));
+
+        eprintln!("interrupt status: {:?}", engine.signals().interrupted());
+        eprintln!("waiting for ctrl-c signal...");
+        receiver.recv().expect("handler went away");
+        eprintln!("interrupt status: {:?}", engine.signals().interrupted());
+        eprintln!("peace.");
+
+        Ok(PipelineData::Empty)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/generate.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/generate.rs
index 9938518f4c..c039cc23d5 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/generate.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/generate.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    Category, Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, Signature,
-    SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
+    Category, Example, IntoInterruptiblePipelineData, LabeledError, PipelineData, Signals,
+    Signature, SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
 };
 
 use crate::ExamplePlugin;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for Generate {
                 })
                 .map(|result| result.unwrap_or_else(|err| Value::error(err, head)))
         })
-        .into_pipeline_data(head, None))
+        .into_pipeline_data(head, Signals::empty()))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/mod.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/mod.rs
index dd808616a9..48000677b8 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/mod.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,16 @@ pub use three::Three;
 pub use two::Two;
 
 // Engine interface demos
+mod call_decl;
 mod config;
+mod ctrlc;
 mod disable_gc;
 mod env;
 mod view_span;
 
+pub use call_decl::CallDecl;
 pub use config::Config;
+pub use ctrlc::Ctrlc;
 pub use disable_gc::DisableGc;
 pub use env::Env;
 pub use view_span::ViewSpan;
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/seq.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/seq.rs
index 5652b3ef9a..88254394c1 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/seq.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/commands/seq.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    Category, Example, LabeledError, ListStream, PipelineData, Signature, SyntaxShape, Type, Value,
+    Category, Example, LabeledError, ListStream, PipelineData, Signals, Signature, SyntaxShape,
+    Type, Value,
 };
 
 use crate::ExamplePlugin;
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for Seq {
         let first: i64 = call.req(0)?;
         let last: i64 = call.req(1)?;
         let iter = (first..=last).map(move |number| Value::int(number, head));
-        Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, None).into())
+        Ok(ListStream::new(iter, head, Signals::empty()).into())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/lib.rs
index acbebf9b39..f0f4c71541 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_example/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ impl Plugin for ExamplePlugin {
             Box::new(Env),
             Box::new(ViewSpan),
             Box::new(DisableGc),
+            Box::new(Ctrlc),
+            Box::new(CallDecl),
             // Stream demos
             Box::new(CollectBytes),
             Box::new(Echo),
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/Cargo.toml
index 29e8953f24..f6ad84758f 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,17 +5,19 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_form
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_formats"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
 
 indexmap = { workspace = true }
 eml-parser = "0.1"
 ical = "0.11"
 rust-ini = "0.21.0"
+plist = "1.7"
+chrono = "0.4"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
\ No newline at end of file
+nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/eml.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/eml.rs
index 2630e3b1c2..2b4c33a814 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/eml.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/eml.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::FromCmds;
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
 use eml_parser::eml::*;
 use eml_parser::EmlParser;
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ const DEFAULT_BODY_PREVIEW: usize = 50;
 pub struct FromEml;
 
 impl SimplePluginCommand for FromEml {
-    type Plugin = FromCmds;
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         "from eml"
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl SimplePluginCommand for FromEml {
 
     fn run(
         &self,
-        _plugin: &FromCmds,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
         _engine: &EngineInterface,
         call: &EvaluatedCall,
         input: &Value,
@@ -176,5 +176,5 @@ fn from_eml(input: &Value, body_preview: usize, head: Span) -> Result<Value, Lab
 fn test_examples() -> Result<(), nu_protocol::ShellError> {
     use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 
-    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FromCmds.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromEml)
+    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FormatCmdsPlugin.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromEml)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ics.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ics.rs
index 099b3431fe..bcd7311f8a 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ics.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ics.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::FromCmds;
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
 use ical::{parser::ical::component::*, property::Property};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::io::BufReader;
 pub struct FromIcs;
 
 impl SimplePluginCommand for FromIcs {
-    type Plugin = FromCmds;
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         "from ics"
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl SimplePluginCommand for FromIcs {
 
     fn run(
         &self,
-        _plugin: &FromCmds,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
         _engine: &EngineInterface,
         call: &EvaluatedCall,
         input: &Value,
@@ -274,5 +274,5 @@ fn params_to_value(params: Vec<(String, Vec<String>)>, span: Span) -> Value {
 fn test_examples() -> Result<(), nu_protocol::ShellError> {
     use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 
-    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FromCmds.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromIcs)
+    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FormatCmdsPlugin.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromIcs)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ini.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ini.rs
index cf37ffc3d7..bb44ce1398 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ini.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/ini.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::FromCmds;
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
 use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, SimplePluginCommand};
 use nu_protocol::{
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
 pub struct FromIni;
 
 impl SimplePluginCommand for FromIni {
-    type Plugin = FromCmds;
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         "from ini"
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl SimplePluginCommand for FromIni {
 
     fn run(
         &self,
-        _plugin: &FromCmds,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
         _engine: &EngineInterface,
         call: &EvaluatedCall,
         input: &Value,
@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ b=2' | from ini",
 fn test_examples() -> Result<(), nu_protocol::ShellError> {
     use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 
-    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FromCmds.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromIni)
+    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FormatCmdsPlugin.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromIni)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/mod.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/mod.rs
index 4b4976f391..232dde7d6d 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-pub mod eml;
-pub mod ics;
-pub mod ini;
-pub mod vcf;
+pub(crate) mod eml;
+pub(crate) mod ics;
+pub(crate) mod ini;
+pub(crate) mod plist;
+pub(crate) mod vcf;
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/plist.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/plist.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9894879955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/plist.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use chrono::{DateTime, FixedOffset, Offset, Utc};
+use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand, SimplePluginCommand};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    record, Category, Example, LabeledError, Record, Signature, Span, Value as NuValue,
+};
+use plist::{Date as PlistDate, Dictionary, Value as PlistValue};
+
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
+
+pub struct FromPlist;
+
+impl SimplePluginCommand for FromPlist {
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "from plist"
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Convert plist to Nushell values"
+    }
+
+    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
+        vec![Example {
+            example: r#"'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+        <key>a</key>
+        <integer>3</integer>
+</dict>
+</plist>' | from plist"#,
+            description: "Convert a table into a plist file",
+            result: Some(NuValue::test_record(record!( "a" => NuValue::test_int(3)))),
+        }]
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(PluginCommand::name(self)).category(Category::Formats)
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
+        _engine: &EngineInterface,
+        call: &EvaluatedCall,
+        input: &NuValue,
+    ) -> Result<NuValue, LabeledError> {
+        match input {
+            NuValue::String { val, .. } => {
+                let plist = plist::from_bytes(val.as_bytes())
+                    .map_err(|e| build_label_error(format!("{}", e), input.span()))?;
+                let converted = convert_plist_value(&plist, call.head)?;
+                Ok(converted)
+            }
+            NuValue::Binary { val, .. } => {
+                let plist = plist::from_bytes(val)
+                    .map_err(|e| build_label_error(format!("{}", e), input.span()))?;
+                let converted = convert_plist_value(&plist, call.head)?;
+                Ok(converted)
+            }
+            _ => Err(build_label_error(
+                format!("Invalid input, must be string not: {:?}", input),
+                call.head,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_label_error(msg: impl Into<String>, span: Span) -> LabeledError {
+    LabeledError::new("Could not load plist").with_label(msg, span)
+}
+
+fn convert_plist_value(plist_val: &PlistValue, span: Span) -> Result<NuValue, LabeledError> {
+    match plist_val {
+        PlistValue::String(s) => Ok(NuValue::string(s.to_owned(), span)),
+        PlistValue::Boolean(b) => Ok(NuValue::bool(*b, span)),
+        PlistValue::Real(r) => Ok(NuValue::float(*r, span)),
+        PlistValue::Date(d) => Ok(NuValue::date(convert_date(d), span)),
+        PlistValue::Integer(i) => {
+            let signed = i
+                .as_signed()
+                .ok_or_else(|| build_label_error(format!("Cannot convert {i} to i64"), span))?;
+            Ok(NuValue::int(signed, span))
+        }
+        PlistValue::Uid(uid) => Ok(NuValue::float(uid.get() as f64, span)),
+        PlistValue::Data(data) => Ok(NuValue::binary(data.to_owned(), span)),
+        PlistValue::Array(arr) => Ok(NuValue::list(convert_array(arr, span)?, span)),
+        PlistValue::Dictionary(dict) => Ok(convert_dict(dict, span)?),
+        _ => Ok(NuValue::nothing(span)),
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_dict(dict: &Dictionary, span: Span) -> Result<NuValue, LabeledError> {
+    let cols: Vec<String> = dict.keys().cloned().collect();
+    let vals: Result<Vec<NuValue>, LabeledError> = dict
+        .values()
+        .map(|v| convert_plist_value(v, span))
+        .collect();
+    Ok(NuValue::record(
+        Record::from_raw_cols_vals(cols, vals?, span, span)?,
+        span,
+    ))
+}
+
+fn convert_array(plist_array: &[PlistValue], span: Span) -> Result<Vec<NuValue>, LabeledError> {
+    plist_array
+        .iter()
+        .map(|v| convert_plist_value(v, span))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn convert_date(plist_date: &PlistDate) -> DateTime<FixedOffset> {
+    // In the docs the plist date object is listed as a utc timestamp, so this
+    // conversion should be fine
+    let plist_sys_time: SystemTime = plist_date.to_owned().into();
+    let utc_date: DateTime<Utc> = plist_sys_time.into();
+    let utc_offset = utc_date.offset().fix();
+    utc_date.with_timezone(&utc_offset)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    use chrono::Datelike;
+    use plist::Uid;
+    use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+    use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
+    use nu_protocol::ShellError;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_string() {
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::String("hello".to_owned());
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(
+            result,
+            Ok(NuValue::string("hello".to_owned(), Span::test_data()))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_boolean() {
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::Boolean(true);
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(NuValue::bool(true, Span::test_data())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_real() {
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::Real(3.14);
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(NuValue::float(3.14, Span::test_data())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_integer() {
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::Integer(42.into());
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(NuValue::int(42, Span::test_data())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_uid() {
+        let v = 12345678_u64;
+        let uid = Uid::new(v);
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::Uid(uid);
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(NuValue::float(v as f64, Span::test_data())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_data() {
+        let data = vec![0x41, 0x42, 0x43];
+        let plist_val = PlistValue::Data(data.clone());
+        let result = convert_plist_value(&plist_val, Span::test_data());
+        assert_eq!(result, Ok(NuValue::binary(data, Span::test_data())));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_date() {
+        let epoch = SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH;
+        let plist_date = epoch.into();
+
+        let datetime = convert_date(&plist_date);
+        assert_eq!(1970, datetime.year());
+        assert_eq!(1, datetime.month());
+        assert_eq!(1, datetime.day());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_dict() {
+        let mut dict = Dictionary::new();
+        dict.insert("a".to_string(), PlistValue::String("c".to_string()));
+        dict.insert("b".to_string(), PlistValue::String("d".to_string()));
+        let nu_dict = convert_dict(&dict, Span::test_data()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            nu_dict,
+            NuValue::record(
+                Record::from_raw_cols_vals(
+                    vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()],
+                    vec![
+                        NuValue::string("c".to_string(), Span::test_data()),
+                        NuValue::string("d".to_string(), Span::test_data())
+                    ],
+                    Span::test_data(),
+                    Span::test_data(),
+                )
+                .expect("failed to create record"),
+                Span::test_data(),
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_convert_array() {
+        let mut arr = Vec::new();
+        arr.push(PlistValue::String("a".to_string()));
+        arr.push(PlistValue::String("b".to_string()));
+        let nu_arr = convert_array(&arr, Span::test_data()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            nu_arr,
+            vec![
+                NuValue::string("a".to_string(), Span::test_data()),
+                NuValue::string("b".to_string(), Span::test_data())
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        let plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin {};
+        let cmd = FromPlist {};
+
+        let mut plugin_test = PluginTest::new("polars", plugin.into())?;
+        plugin_test.test_command_examples(&cmd)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/vcf.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/vcf.rs
index 4de20154d7..a751a774d3 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/vcf.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/from/vcf.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::FromCmds;
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
 use ical::{parser::vcard::component::*, property::Property};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
 pub struct FromVcf;
 
 impl SimplePluginCommand for FromVcf {
-    type Plugin = FromCmds;
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
     fn name(&self) -> &str {
         "from vcf"
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl SimplePluginCommand for FromVcf {
 
     fn run(
         &self,
-        _plugin: &FromCmds,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
         _engine: &EngineInterface,
         call: &EvaluatedCall,
         input: &Value,
@@ -164,5 +164,5 @@ fn params_to_value(params: Vec<(String, Vec<String>)>, span: Span) -> Value {
 fn test_examples() -> Result<(), nu_protocol::ShellError> {
     use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
 
-    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FromCmds.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromVcf)
+    PluginTest::new("formats", crate::FormatCmdsPlugin.into())?.test_command_examples(&FromVcf)
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/lib.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/lib.rs
index 2ae24a4971..ce95fcf8c9 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
 mod from;
+mod to;
 
 use nu_plugin::{Plugin, PluginCommand};
 
-pub use from::eml::FromEml;
-pub use from::ics::FromIcs;
-pub use from::ini::FromIni;
-pub use from::vcf::FromVcf;
+use from::eml::FromEml;
+use from::ics::FromIcs;
+use from::ini::FromIni;
+use from::plist::FromPlist;
+use from::vcf::FromVcf;
+use to::plist::IntoPlist;
 
-pub struct FromCmds;
+pub struct FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
-impl Plugin for FromCmds {
+impl Plugin for FormatCmdsPlugin {
     fn version(&self) -> String {
         env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").into()
     }
@@ -20,6 +23,8 @@ impl Plugin for FromCmds {
             Box::new(FromIcs),
             Box::new(FromIni),
             Box::new(FromVcf),
+            Box::new(FromPlist),
+            Box::new(IntoPlist),
         ]
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/main.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/main.rs
index e6c7179781..f36ba3364a 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/main.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use nu_plugin::{serve_plugin, MsgPackSerializer};
-use nu_plugin_formats::FromCmds;
+use nu_plugin_formats::FormatCmdsPlugin;
 
 fn main() {
-    serve_plugin(&FromCmds, MsgPackSerializer {})
+    serve_plugin(&FormatCmdsPlugin, MsgPackSerializer {})
 }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/mod.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f804de5d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub(crate) mod plist;
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/plist.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/plist.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94368c184a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_formats/src/to/plist.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand, SimplePluginCommand};
+use nu_protocol::{Category, Example, LabeledError, Record, Signature, Span, Value as NuValue};
+use plist::{Integer, Value as PlistValue};
+
+use crate::FormatCmdsPlugin;
+
+pub(crate) struct IntoPlist;
+
+impl SimplePluginCommand for IntoPlist {
+    type Plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "to plist"
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Convert Nu values into plist"
+    }
+
+    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
+        vec![Example {
+            example: "{ a: 3 } | to plist",
+            description: "Convert a table into a plist file",
+            result: None,
+        }]
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(PluginCommand::name(self))
+            .switch("binary", "Output plist in binary format", Some('b'))
+            .category(Category::Formats)
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        _plugin: &FormatCmdsPlugin,
+        _engine: &EngineInterface,
+        call: &EvaluatedCall,
+        input: &NuValue,
+    ) -> Result<NuValue, LabeledError> {
+        let plist_val = convert_nu_value(input)?;
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        if call.has_flag("binary")? {
+            plist::to_writer_binary(&mut out, &plist_val)
+                .map_err(|e| build_label_error(format!("{}", e), input.span()))?;
+            Ok(NuValue::binary(out, input.span()))
+        } else {
+            plist::to_writer_xml(&mut out, &plist_val)
+                .map_err(|e| build_label_error(format!("{}", e), input.span()))?;
+            Ok(NuValue::string(
+                String::from_utf8(out)
+                    .map_err(|e| build_label_error(format!("{}", e), input.span()))?,
+                input.span(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_label_error(msg: String, span: Span) -> LabeledError {
+    LabeledError::new("Cannot convert plist").with_label(msg, span)
+}
+
+fn convert_nu_value(nu_val: &NuValue) -> Result<PlistValue, LabeledError> {
+    let span = Span::test_data();
+    match nu_val {
+        NuValue::String { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::String(val.to_owned())),
+        NuValue::Bool { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Boolean(*val)),
+        NuValue::Float { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Real(*val)),
+        NuValue::Int { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Integer(Into::<Integer>::into(*val))),
+        NuValue::Binary { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Data(val.to_owned())),
+        NuValue::Record { val, .. } => convert_nu_dict(val),
+        NuValue::List { vals, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Array(
+            vals.iter()
+                .map(convert_nu_value)
+                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
+        )),
+        NuValue::Date { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Date(SystemTime::from(val.to_owned()).into())),
+        NuValue::Filesize { val, .. } => Ok(PlistValue::Integer(Into::<Integer>::into(*val))),
+        _ => Err(build_label_error(
+            format!("{:?} is not convertible", nu_val),
+            span,
+        )),
+    }
+}
+
+fn convert_nu_dict(record: &Record) -> Result<PlistValue, LabeledError> {
+    Ok(PlistValue::Dictionary(
+        record
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| convert_nu_value(v).map(|v| (k.to_owned(), v)))
+            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
+    ))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+
+    use nu_plugin_test_support::PluginTest;
+    use nu_protocol::ShellError;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        let plugin = FormatCmdsPlugin {};
+        let cmd = IntoPlist {};
+
+        let mut plugin_test = PluginTest::new("polars", plugin.into())?;
+        plugin_test.test_command_examples(&cmd)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_gstat/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_gstat/Cargo.toml
index da1c13a88e..b53560473e 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_gstat/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_gstat/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_gsta
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_gstat"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ name = "nu_plugin_gstat"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 git2 = "0.19"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_inc/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_inc/Cargo.toml
index 0479a47843..6462f96c0c 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_inc/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_inc/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_inc"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_inc"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ name = "nu_plugin_inc"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1", features = ["plugin"] }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2", features = ["plugin"] }
 
 semver = "1.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_nu_example/nu_plugin_nu_example.nu b/crates/nu_plugin_nu_example/nu_plugin_nu_example.nu
index d19cd36c14..3bbf5b965c 100755
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_nu_example/nu_plugin_nu_example.nu
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_nu_example/nu_plugin_nu_example.nu
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 # it also allows us to test the plugin interface with something manually implemented in a scripting
 # language without adding any extra dependencies to our tests.
 
-const NUSHELL_VERSION = "0.95.1"
-const PLUGIN_VERSION = "0.1.0" # bump if you change commands!
+const NUSHELL_VERSION = "0.96.2"
+const PLUGIN_VERSION = "0.1.1" # bump if you change commands!
 
 def main [--stdio] {
   if ($stdio) {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def process_call [
 
   # Create a Value of type List that will be encoded and sent to Nushell
   let value = {
-    Value: {
+    Value: [{
       List: {
         vals: (0..9 | each { |x|
           {
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def process_call [
         }),
         span: $span
       }
-    }
+    }, null]
   }
 
   write_response $id { PipelineData: $value }
@@ -265,4 +265,4 @@ def start_plugin [] {
     }) |
     each { from json | handle_input } |
     ignore
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/Cargo.toml
index 9589c89525..095f33915a 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_polars"
 repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_polars"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ bench = false
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-path = { path = "../nu-path", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-utils = { path = "../nu-utils", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 # Potential dependencies for extras
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = ["std", "unstable-locales"], default-features = false }
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
 sqlparser = { version = "0.47"}
 polars-io = { version = "0.41", features = ["avro"]}
 polars-arrow = { version = "0.41"}
-polars-ops = { version = "0.41"}
+polars-ops = { version = "0.41", features = ["pivot"]}
 polars-plan = { version = "0.41", features = ["regex"]}
 polars-utils = { version = "0.41"}
 typetag = "0.2"
 env_logger = "0.11.3"
 log.workspace = true
-uuid = { version = "1.9", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.10", features = ["v4", "serde"] }
 
 [dependencies.polars]
 features = [
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ optional = false
 version = "0.41"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.95.1" }
-tempfile.workspace = true
+nu-cmd-lang = { path = "../nu-cmd-lang", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-command = { path = "../nu-command", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-plugin-test-support = { path = "../nu-plugin-test-support", version = "0.96.2" }
+tempfile.workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/mod.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/mod.rs
index 509c2b6dc4..6aa37d1ed1 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/mod.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod first;
 mod get;
 mod last;
 mod open;
+mod pivot;
 mod query_df;
 mod rename;
 mod sample;
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ pub(crate) fn eager_commands() -> Vec<Box<dyn PluginCommand<Plugin = PolarsPlugi
         Box::new(FilterWith),
         Box::new(GetDF),
         Box::new(OpenDataFrame),
+        Box::new(pivot::PivotDF),
         Box::new(UnpivotDF),
         Box::new(Summary),
         Box::new(FirstDF),
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/pivot.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/pivot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b72210d011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/pivot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+use nu_plugin::{EngineInterface, EvaluatedCall, PluginCommand};
+use nu_protocol::{
+    Category, Example, LabeledError, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature, Span, SyntaxShape, Type,
+    Value,
+};
+
+use polars_ops::pivot::{pivot, PivotAgg};
+
+use crate::{
+    dataframe::values::utils::convert_columns_string,
+    values::{Column, CustomValueSupport, PolarsPluginObject},
+    PolarsPlugin,
+};
+
+use super::super::values::NuDataFrame;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PivotDF;
+
+impl PluginCommand for PivotDF {
+    type Plugin = PolarsPlugin;
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "polars pivot"
+    }
+
+    fn usage(&self) -> &str {
+        "Pivot a DataFrame from wide to long format."
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
+        Signature::build(self.name())
+            .required_named(
+                "on",
+                SyntaxShape::List(Box::new(SyntaxShape::String)),
+                "column names for pivoting",
+                Some('o'),
+            )
+            .required_named(
+                "index",
+                SyntaxShape::List(Box::new(SyntaxShape::String)),
+                "column names for indexes",
+                Some('i'),
+            )
+            .required_named(
+                "values",
+                SyntaxShape::List(Box::new(SyntaxShape::String)),
+                "column names used as value columns",
+                Some('v'),
+            )
+            .named(
+                "aggregate",
+                SyntaxShape::String,
+                "Aggregation to apply when pivoting. The following are supported: first, sum, min, max, mean, median, count, last",
+                Some('a'),
+            )
+            .switch(
+                "sort",
+                "Sort columns",
+                Some('s'),
+            )
+            .switch(
+                "streamable",
+                "Whether or not to use the polars streaming engine. Only valid for lazy dataframes",
+                Some('t'),
+            )
+            .input_output_type(
+                Type::Custom("dataframe".into()),
+                Type::Custom("dataframe".into()),
+            )
+            .category(Category::Custom("dataframe".into()))
+    }
+
+    fn examples(&self) -> Vec<Example> {
+        vec![
+            Example {
+                example: "[[name subject test_1 test_2]; [Cady maths 98 100] [Cady physics 99 100] [Karen maths 61 60] [Karen physics 58 60]] | polars into-df |  polars pivot --on [subject] --index [name] --values [test_1]",
+                description: "Perform a pivot in order to show individuals test score by subject", 
+                result: Some(
+                    NuDataFrame::try_from_columns(
+                        vec![
+                            Column::new(
+                                "name".to_string(),
+                                vec![Value::string("Cady", Span::test_data()), Value::string("Karen", Span::test_data())],
+                            ),
+                            Column::new(
+                                "maths".to_string(),
+                                vec![Value::int(98, Span::test_data()), Value::int(61, Span::test_data())],
+                            ),
+                            Column::new(
+                                "physics".to_string(),
+                                vec![Value::int(99, Span::test_data()), Value::int(58, Span::test_data())],
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                        None,
+                    )
+                    .expect("simple df for test should not fail")
+                    .into_value(Span::unknown())
+                )
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+    fn run(
+        &self,
+        plugin: &Self::Plugin,
+        engine: &EngineInterface,
+        call: &EvaluatedCall,
+        input: PipelineData,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, LabeledError> {
+        match PolarsPluginObject::try_from_pipeline(plugin, input, call.head)? {
+            PolarsPluginObject::NuDataFrame(df) => command_eager(plugin, engine, call, df),
+            PolarsPluginObject::NuLazyFrame(lazy) => {
+                command_eager(plugin, engine, call, lazy.collect(call.head)?)
+            }
+            _ => Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                error: "Must be a dataframe or lazy dataframe".into(),
+                msg: "".into(),
+                span: Some(call.head),
+                help: None,
+                inner: vec![],
+            }),
+        }
+        .map_err(LabeledError::from)
+    }
+}
+
+fn command_eager(
+    plugin: &PolarsPlugin,
+    engine: &EngineInterface,
+    call: &EvaluatedCall,
+    df: NuDataFrame,
+) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
+    let on_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("on")?.expect("required value");
+    let index_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("index")?.expect("required value");
+    let val_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("values")?.expect("required value");
+
+    let (on_col_string, id_col_span) = convert_columns_string(on_col, call.head)?;
+    let (index_col_string, index_col_span) = convert_columns_string(index_col, call.head)?;
+    let (val_col_string, val_col_span) = convert_columns_string(val_col, call.head)?;
+
+    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &on_col_string, id_col_span)?;
+    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &index_col_string, index_col_span)?;
+    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &val_col_string, val_col_span)?;
+
+    let aggregate: Option<PivotAgg> = call
+        .get_flag::<String>("aggregate")?
+        .map(pivot_agg_for_str)
+        .transpose()?;
+
+    let sort = call.has_flag("sort")?;
+
+    let polars_df = df.to_polars();
+    // todo add other args
+    let pivoted = pivot(
+        &polars_df,
+        &on_col_string,
+        Some(&index_col_string),
+        Some(&val_col_string),
+        sort,
+        aggregate,
+        None,
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
+        error: format!("Pivot error: {e}"),
+        msg: "".into(),
+        span: Some(call.head),
+        help: None,
+        inner: vec![],
+    })?;
+
+    let res = NuDataFrame::new(false, pivoted);
+    res.to_pipeline_data(plugin, engine, call.head)
+}
+
+fn check_column_datatypes<T: AsRef<str>>(
+    df: &polars::prelude::DataFrame,
+    cols: &[T],
+    col_span: Span,
+) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+    if cols.is_empty() {
+        return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+            error: "Merge error".into(),
+            msg: "empty column list".into(),
+            span: Some(col_span),
+            help: None,
+            inner: vec![],
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Checking if they are same type
+    if cols.len() > 1 {
+        for w in cols.windows(2) {
+            let l_series = df
+                .column(w[0].as_ref())
+                .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
+                    error: "Error selecting columns".into(),
+                    msg: e.to_string(),
+                    span: Some(col_span),
+                    help: None,
+                    inner: vec![],
+                })?;
+
+            let r_series = df
+                .column(w[1].as_ref())
+                .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
+                    error: "Error selecting columns".into(),
+                    msg: e.to_string(),
+                    span: Some(col_span),
+                    help: None,
+                    inner: vec![],
+                })?;
+
+            if l_series.dtype() != r_series.dtype() {
+                return Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+                    error: "Merge error".into(),
+                    msg: "found different column types in list".into(),
+                    span: Some(col_span),
+                    help: Some(format!(
+                        "datatypes {} and {} are incompatible",
+                        l_series.dtype(),
+                        r_series.dtype()
+                    )),
+                    inner: vec![],
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn pivot_agg_for_str(agg: impl AsRef<str>) -> Result<PivotAgg, ShellError> {
+    match agg.as_ref() {
+        "first" => Ok(PivotAgg::First),
+        "sum" => Ok(PivotAgg::Sum),
+        "min" => Ok(PivotAgg::Min),
+        "max" => Ok(PivotAgg::Max),
+        "mean" => Ok(PivotAgg::Mean),
+        "median" => Ok(PivotAgg::Median),
+        "count" => Ok(PivotAgg::Count),
+        "last" => Ok(PivotAgg::Last),
+        s => Err(ShellError::GenericError {
+            error: format!("{s} is not a valid aggregation"),
+            msg: "".into(),
+            span: None,
+            help: Some(
+                "Use one of the following: first, sum, min, max, mean, median, count, last".into(),
+            ),
+            inner: vec![],
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use crate::test::test_polars_plugin_command;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_examples() -> Result<(), ShellError> {
+        test_polars_plugin_command(&PivotDF)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_df.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_df.rs
index 62f662e2a8..0747f16613 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_df.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_df.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ impl PluginCommand for ToDataFrame {
                 r#"Polars Schema in format [{name: str}]. CSV, JSON, and JSONL files"#,
                 Some('s'),
             )
+            .switch(
+                "as-columns",
+                r#"When input shape is record of lists, treat each list as column values."#,
+                Some('c'),
+            )
             .input_output_type(Type::Any, Type::Custom("dataframe".into()))
             .category(Category::Custom("dataframe".into()))
     }
@@ -64,6 +69,27 @@ impl PluginCommand for ToDataFrame {
                     .into_value(Span::test_data()),
                 ),
             },
+            Example {
+                description: "Takes a record of lists and creates a dataframe",
+                example: "{a: [1 3], b: [2 4]} | polars into-df --as-columns",
+                result: Some(
+                    NuDataFrame::try_from_columns(
+                        vec![
+                            Column::new(
+                                "a".to_string(),
+                                vec![Value::test_int(1), Value::test_int(3)],
+                            ),
+                            Column::new(
+                                "b".to_string(),
+                                vec![Value::test_int(2), Value::test_int(4)],
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                        None,
+                    )
+                    .expect("simple df for test should not fail")
+                    .into_value(Span::test_data()),
+                ),
+            },
             Example {
                 description: "Takes a list of tables and creates a dataframe",
                 example: "[[1 2 a] [3 4 b] [5 6 c]] | polars into-df",
@@ -182,7 +208,39 @@ impl PluginCommand for ToDataFrame {
             .map(|schema| NuSchema::try_from(&schema))
             .transpose()?;
 
-        let df = NuDataFrame::try_from_iter(plugin, input.into_iter(), maybe_schema.clone())?;
+        let maybe_as_columns = call.has_flag("as-columns")?;
+
+        let df = if !maybe_as_columns {
+            NuDataFrame::try_from_iter(plugin, input.into_iter(), maybe_schema.clone())?
+        } else {
+            match &input {
+                PipelineData::Value(Value::Record { val, .. }, _) => {
+                    let items: Result<Vec<(String, Vec<Value>)>, &str> = val
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(k, v)| match v.to_owned().into_list() {
+                            Ok(v) => Ok((k.to_owned(), v)),
+                            _ => Err("error"),
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    match items {
+                        Ok(items) => {
+                            let columns = items
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|(k, v)| Column::new(k.to_owned(), v.to_owned()))
+                                .collect::<Vec<Column>>();
+                            NuDataFrame::try_from_columns(columns, maybe_schema)?
+                        }
+                        Err(_) => NuDataFrame::try_from_iter(
+                            plugin,
+                            input.into_iter(),
+                            maybe_schema.clone(),
+                        )?,
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => NuDataFrame::try_from_iter(plugin, input.into_iter(), maybe_schema.clone())?,
+            }
+        };
+
         df.to_pipeline_data(plugin, engine, call.head)
             .map_err(LabeledError::from)
     }
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_nu.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_nu.rs
index 72aff7a728..0647b8d4e3 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_nu.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/to_nu.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for ToNu {
     }
 
     fn usage(&self) -> &str {
-        "Converts a dataframe or an expression into into nushell value for access and exploration."
+        "Converts a dataframe or an expression into nushell value for access and exploration."
     }
 
     fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/unpivot.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/unpivot.rs
index c535b54c0e..dafdc65ab4 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/unpivot.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_polars/src/dataframe/eager/unpivot.rs
@@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ impl PluginCommand for UnpivotDF {
     fn signature(&self) -> Signature {
         Signature::build(self.name())
             .required_named(
-                "columns",
+                "index",
                 SyntaxShape::Table(vec![]),
                 "column names for unpivoting",
-                Some('c'),
+                Some('i'),
             )
             .required_named(
-                "values",
+                "on",
                 SyntaxShape::Table(vec![]),
                 "column names used as value columns",
-                Some('v'),
+                Some('o'),
             )
             .named(
                 "variable-name",
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for UnpivotDF {
             .switch(
                 "streamable",
                 "Whether or not to use the polars streaming engine. Only valid for lazy dataframes",
-                Some('s'),
+                Some('t'),
             )
             .category(Category::Custom("dataframe".into()))
     }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for UnpivotDF {
             Example {
                 description: "unpivot on an eager dataframe",
                 example:
-                    "[[a b c d]; [x 1 4 a] [y 2 5 b] [z 3 6 c]] | polars into-df | polars unpivot -c [b c] -v [a d]",
+                    "[[a b c d]; [x 1 4 a] [y 2 5 b] [z 3 6 c]] | polars into-df | polars unpivot -i [b c] -o [a d]",
                 result: Some(
                     NuDataFrame::try_from_columns(vec![
                         Column::new(
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl PluginCommand for UnpivotDF {
             Example {
                 description: "unpivot on a lazy dataframe",
                 example:
-                    "[[a b c d]; [x 1 4 a] [y 2 5 b] [z 3 6 c]] | polars into-lazy | polars unpivot -c [b c] -v [a d] | polars collect",
+                    "[[a b c d]; [x 1 4 a] [y 2 5 b] [z 3 6 c]] | polars into-lazy | polars unpivot -i [b c] -o [a d] | polars collect",
                 result: Some(
                     NuDataFrame::try_from_columns(vec![
                         Column::new(
@@ -208,21 +208,31 @@ fn command_eager(
     call: &EvaluatedCall,
     df: NuDataFrame,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let id_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("columns")?.expect("required value");
-    let val_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("values")?.expect("required value");
+    let index_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("index")?.expect("required value");
+    let on_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("on")?.expect("required value");
 
     let value_name: Option<Spanned<String>> = call.get_flag("value-name")?;
     let variable_name: Option<Spanned<String>> = call.get_flag("variable-name")?;
 
-    let (id_col_string, id_col_span) = convert_columns_string(id_col, call.head)?;
-    let (val_col_string, val_col_span) = convert_columns_string(val_col, call.head)?;
+    let (index_col_string, index_col_span) = convert_columns_string(index_col, call.head)?;
+    let (on_col_string, on_col_span) = convert_columns_string(on_col, call.head)?;
 
-    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &id_col_string, id_col_span)?;
-    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &val_col_string, val_col_span)?;
+    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &index_col_string, index_col_span)?;
+    check_column_datatypes(df.as_ref(), &on_col_string, on_col_span)?;
 
-    let mut res = df
+    let streamable = call.has_flag("streamable")?;
+
+    let args = UnpivotArgs {
+        on: on_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+        index: index_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+        variable_name: variable_name.map(|s| s.item.into()),
+        value_name: value_name.map(|s| s.item.into()),
+        streamable,
+    };
+
+    let res = df
         .as_ref()
-        .unpivot(&val_col_string, &id_col_string)
+        .unpivot2(args)
         .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
             error: "Error calculating unpivot".into(),
             msg: e.to_string(),
@@ -231,28 +241,6 @@ fn command_eager(
             inner: vec![],
         })?;
 
-    if let Some(name) = &variable_name {
-        res.rename("variable", &name.item)
-            .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
-                error: "Error renaming column".into(),
-                msg: e.to_string(),
-                span: Some(name.span),
-                help: None,
-                inner: vec![],
-            })?;
-    }
-
-    if let Some(name) = &value_name {
-        res.rename("value", &name.item)
-            .map_err(|e| ShellError::GenericError {
-                error: "Error renaming column".into(),
-                msg: e.to_string(),
-                span: Some(name.span),
-                help: None,
-                inner: vec![],
-            })?;
-    }
-
     let res = NuDataFrame::new(false, res);
     res.to_pipeline_data(plugin, engine, call.head)
 }
@@ -263,11 +251,11 @@ fn command_lazy(
     call: &EvaluatedCall,
     df: NuLazyFrame,
 ) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
-    let id_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("columns")?.expect("required value");
-    let val_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("values")?.expect("required value");
+    let index_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("index")?.expect("required value");
+    let on_col: Vec<Value> = call.get_flag("on")?.expect("required value");
 
-    let (id_col_string, _id_col_span) = convert_columns_string(id_col, call.head)?;
-    let (val_col_string, _val_col_span) = convert_columns_string(val_col, call.head)?;
+    let (index_col_string, _index_col_span) = convert_columns_string(index_col, call.head)?;
+    let (on_col_string, _on_col_span) = convert_columns_string(on_col, call.head)?;
 
     let value_name: Option<String> = call.get_flag("value-name")?;
     let variable_name: Option<String> = call.get_flag("variable-name")?;
@@ -275,8 +263,8 @@ fn command_lazy(
     let streamable = call.has_flag("streamable")?;
 
     let unpivot_args = UnpivotArgs {
-        on: val_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
-        index: id_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+        on: on_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
+        index: index_col_string.iter().map(Into::into).collect(),
         value_name: value_name.map(Into::into),
         variable_name: variable_name.map(Into::into),
         streamable,
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_python/nu_plugin_python_example.py b/crates/nu_plugin_python/nu_plugin_python_example.py
index 993e619366..55d3204a34 100755
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_python/nu_plugin_python_example.py
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_python/nu_plugin_python_example.py
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ import sys
 import json
 
 
-NUSHELL_VERSION = "0.95.1"
-PLUGIN_VERSION = "0.1.0" # bump if you change commands!
+NUSHELL_VERSION = "0.96.2"
+PLUGIN_VERSION = "0.1.1"  # bump if you change commands!
 
 
 def signatures():
@@ -125,31 +125,31 @@ def process_call(id, plugin_call):
     span = plugin_call["call"]["head"]
 
     # Creates a Value of type List that will be encoded and sent to Nushell
-    def f(x, y): return {
-        "Int": {
-            "val": x * y,
-            "span": span
-        }
-    }
+    def f(x, y):
+        return {"Int": {"val": x * y, "span": span}}
 
     value = {
-        "Value": {
-            "List": {
-                "vals": [
-                    {
-                        "Record": {
-                            "val": {
-                                "one": f(x, 0),
-                                "two": f(x, 1),
-                                "three": f(x, 2),
-                            },
-                            "span": span
+        "Value": [
+            {
+                "List": {
+                    "vals": [
+                        {
+                            "Record": {
+                                "val": {
+                                    "one": f(x, 0),
+                                    "two": f(x, 1),
+                                    "three": f(x, 2),
+                                },
+                                "span": span,
+                            }
                         }
-                    } for x in range(0, 10)
-                ],
-                "span": span
-            }
-        }
+                        for x in range(0, 10)
+                    ],
+                    "span": span,
+                }
+            },
+            None,
+        ]
     }
 
     write_response(id, {"PipelineData": value})
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def tell_nushell_hello():
         "Hello": {
             "protocol": "nu-plugin",  # always this value
             "version": NUSHELL_VERSION,
-            "features": []
+            "features": [],
         }
     }
     sys.stdout.write(json.dumps(hello))
@@ -200,22 +200,26 @@ def write_error(id, text, span=None):
     Use this error format to send errors to nushell in response to a plugin call. The ID of the
     plugin call is required.
     """
-    error = {
-        "Error": {
-            "msg": "ERROR from plugin",
-            "labels": [
-                {
-                    "text": text,
-                    "span": span,
-                }
-            ],
+    error = (
+        {
+            "Error": {
+                "msg": "ERROR from plugin",
+                "labels": [
+                    {
+                        "text": text,
+                        "span": span,
+                    }
+                ],
+            }
         }
-    } if span is not None else {
-        "Error": {
-            "msg": "ERROR from plugin",
-            "help": text,
+        if span is not None
+        else {
+            "Error": {
+                "msg": "ERROR from plugin",
+                "help": text,
+            }
         }
-    }
+    )
     write_response(id, error)
 
 
@@ -230,11 +234,14 @@ def handle_input(input):
     elif "Call" in input:
         [id, plugin_call] = input["Call"]
         if plugin_call == "Metadata":
-            write_response(id, {
-                "Metadata": {
-                    "version": PLUGIN_VERSION,
-                }
-            })
+            write_response(
+                id,
+                {
+                    "Metadata": {
+                        "version": PLUGIN_VERSION,
+                    }
+                },
+            )
         elif plugin_call == "Signature":
             write_response(id, signatures())
         elif "Run" in plugin_call:
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_query/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_query/Cargo.toml
index 551610e390..e3ed5ca2eb 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_query/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_query/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_quer
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_query"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [lib]
 doctest = false
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ name = "nu_plugin_query"
 bench = false
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-plugin = { path = "../nu-plugin", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
 
 gjson = "0.8"
 scraper = { default-features = false, version = "0.19" }
@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ sxd-document = "0.3"
 sxd-xpath = "0.4"
 webpage = { version = "2.0.1", features = ["serde"] }
 serde_json.workspace = true
-serde.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_web.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_web.rs
index 163b320e16..2d57af6021 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_web.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_web.rs
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ pub fn web_examples() -> Vec<Example<'static>> {
         },
         Example {
             example: "http get https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population |
-        query web --as-table [City 'Population(2011)[3]' 'Population(2001)[3][a]' 'State or unionterritory' 'Ref']",
+        query web --as-table [City 'Population(2011)[3]' 'Population(2001)[3][a]' 'State or unionterritory' 'Reference']",
             description: "Retrieve a html table from Wikipedia and parse it into a nushell table using table headers as guides",
             result: None
         },
         Example {
-            example: "http get https://www.nushell.sh | query web --query 'h2, h2 + p' | each {str join} | group 2 | each {rotate --ccw tagline description} | flatten",
+            example: "http get https://www.nushell.sh | query web --query 'h2, h2 + p' | each {str join} | chunks 2 | each {rotate --ccw tagline description} | flatten",
             description: "Pass multiple css selectors to extract several elements within single query, group the query results together and rotate them to create a table",
             result: None,
         },
@@ -99,29 +99,11 @@ pub fn web_examples() -> Vec<Example<'static>> {
 }
 
 pub struct Selector {
-    pub query: String,
+    pub query: Spanned<String>,
     pub as_html: bool,
     pub attribute: Value,
     pub as_table: Value,
-    pub inspect: bool,
-}
-
-impl Selector {
-    pub fn new() -> Selector {
-        Selector {
-            query: String::new(),
-            as_html: false,
-            attribute: Value::string("".to_string(), Span::unknown()),
-            as_table: Value::string("".to_string(), Span::unknown()),
-            inspect: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Default for Selector {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::new()
-    }
+    pub inspect: Spanned<bool>,
 }
 
 pub fn parse_selector_params(call: &EvaluatedCall, input: &Value) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
@@ -136,43 +118,46 @@ pub fn parse_selector_params(call: &EvaluatedCall, input: &Value) -> Result<Valu
         .unwrap_or_else(|| Value::nothing(head));
 
     let inspect = call.has_flag("inspect")?;
-
-    if let Some(query) = &query {
-        if let Err(err) = ScraperSelector::parse(&query.item) {
-            return Err(LabeledError::new("CSS query parse error")
-                .with_label(err.to_string(), query.span)
-                .with_help("cannot parse this query as a valid CSS selector"));
-        }
-    }
+    let inspect_span = call.get_flag_span("inspect").unwrap_or(call.head);
 
     let selector = Selector {
-        query: query.map(|q| q.item).unwrap_or_default(),
+        query: query.unwrap_or(Spanned {
+            span: call.head,
+            item: "".to_owned(),
+        }),
         as_html,
         attribute,
         as_table,
-        inspect,
+        inspect: Spanned {
+            item: inspect,
+            span: inspect_span,
+        },
     };
 
     let span = input.span();
     match input {
-        Value::String { val, .. } => Ok(begin_selector_query(val.to_string(), selector, span)),
+        Value::String { val, .. } => begin_selector_query(val.to_string(), selector, span),
         _ => Err(LabeledError::new("Requires text input")
             .with_label("expected text from pipeline", span)),
     }
 }
 
-fn begin_selector_query(input_html: String, selector: Selector, span: Span) -> Value {
+fn begin_selector_query(
+    input_html: String,
+    selector: Selector,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
     if let Value::List { .. } = selector.as_table {
-        return retrieve_tables(
+        retrieve_tables(
             input_html.as_str(),
             &selector.as_table,
-            selector.inspect,
+            selector.inspect.item,
             span,
-        );
+        )
     } else if selector.attribute.is_empty() {
         execute_selector_query(
             input_html.as_str(),
-            selector.query.as_str(),
+            selector.query,
             selector.as_html,
             selector.inspect,
             span,
@@ -180,7 +165,7 @@ fn begin_selector_query(input_html: String, selector: Selector, span: Span) -> V
     } else if let Value::List { .. } = selector.attribute {
         execute_selector_query_with_attributes(
             input_html.as_str(),
-            selector.query.as_str(),
+            selector.query,
             &selector.attribute,
             selector.inspect,
             span,
@@ -188,7 +173,7 @@ fn begin_selector_query(input_html: String, selector: Selector, span: Span) -> V
     } else {
         execute_selector_query_with_attribute(
             input_html.as_str(),
-            selector.query.as_str(),
+            selector.query,
             selector.attribute.as_str().unwrap_or(""),
             selector.inspect,
             span,
@@ -201,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn retrieve_tables(
     columns: &Value,
     inspect_mode: bool,
     span: Span,
-) -> Value {
+) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
     let html = input_string;
     let mut cols: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
     if let Value::List { vals, .. } = &columns {
@@ -228,11 +213,15 @@ pub fn retrieve_tables(
     };
 
     if tables.len() == 1 {
-        return retrieve_table(
-            tables.into_iter().next().expect("Error retrieving table"),
+        return Ok(retrieve_table(
+            tables.into_iter().next().ok_or_else(|| {
+                LabeledError::new("Cannot retrieve table")
+                    .with_label("Error retrieving table.", span)
+                    .with_help("No table found.")
+            })?,
             columns,
             span,
-        );
+        ));
     }
 
     let vals = tables
@@ -240,7 +229,7 @@ pub fn retrieve_tables(
         .map(move |table| retrieve_table(table, columns, span))
         .collect();
 
-    Value::list(vals, span)
+    Ok(Value::list(vals, span))
 }
 
 fn retrieve_table(mut table: WebTable, columns: &Value, span: Span) -> Value {
@@ -323,15 +312,15 @@ fn retrieve_table(mut table: WebTable, columns: &Value, span: Span) -> Value {
 
 fn execute_selector_query_with_attribute(
     input_string: &str,
-    query_string: &str,
+    query_string: Spanned<String>,
     attribute: &str,
-    inspect: bool,
+    inspect: Spanned<bool>,
     span: Span,
-) -> Value {
+) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
     let doc = Html::parse_fragment(input_string);
 
     let vals: Vec<Value> = doc
-        .select(&css(query_string, inspect))
+        .select(&fallible_css(query_string, inspect)?)
         .map(|selection| {
             Value::string(
                 selection.value().attr(attribute).unwrap_or("").to_string(),
@@ -339,16 +328,16 @@ fn execute_selector_query_with_attribute(
             )
         })
         .collect();
-    Value::list(vals, span)
+    Ok(Value::list(vals, span))
 }
 
 fn execute_selector_query_with_attributes(
     input_string: &str,
-    query_string: &str,
+    query_string: Spanned<String>,
     attributes: &Value,
-    inspect: bool,
+    inspect: Spanned<bool>,
     span: Span,
-) -> Value {
+) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
     let doc = Html::parse_fragment(input_string);
 
     let mut attrs: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
@@ -361,7 +350,7 @@ fn execute_selector_query_with_attributes(
     }
 
     let vals: Vec<Value> = doc
-        .select(&css(query_string, inspect))
+        .select(&fallible_css(query_string, inspect)?)
         .map(|selection| {
             let mut record = Record::new();
             for attr in &attrs {
@@ -373,25 +362,25 @@ fn execute_selector_query_with_attributes(
             Value::record(record, span)
         })
         .collect();
-    Value::list(vals, span)
+    Ok(Value::list(vals, span))
 }
 
 fn execute_selector_query(
     input_string: &str,
-    query_string: &str,
+    query_string: Spanned<String>,
     as_html: bool,
-    inspect: bool,
+    inspect: Spanned<bool>,
     span: Span,
-) -> Value {
+) -> Result<Value, LabeledError> {
     let doc = Html::parse_fragment(input_string);
 
     let vals: Vec<Value> = match as_html {
         true => doc
-            .select(&css(query_string, inspect))
+            .select(&fallible_css(query_string, inspect)?)
             .map(|selection| Value::string(selection.html(), span))
             .collect(),
         false => doc
-            .select(&css(query_string, inspect))
+            .select(&fallible_css(query_string, inspect)?)
             .map(|selection| {
                 Value::list(
                     selection
@@ -404,7 +393,28 @@ fn execute_selector_query(
             .collect(),
     };
 
-    Value::list(vals, span)
+    Ok(Value::list(vals, span))
+}
+
+fn fallible_css(
+    selector: Spanned<String>,
+    inspect: Spanned<bool>,
+) -> Result<ScraperSelector, LabeledError> {
+    if inspect.item {
+        ScraperSelector::parse("html").map_err(|e| {
+            LabeledError::new("CSS query parse error")
+                .with_label(e.to_string(), inspect.span)
+                .with_help(
+                    "cannot parse query `html` as a valid CSS selector, possibly an internal error",
+                )
+        })
+    } else {
+        ScraperSelector::parse(&selector.item).map_err(|e| {
+            LabeledError::new("CSS query parse error")
+                .with_label(e.to_string(), selector.span)
+                .with_help("cannot parse query as a valid CSS selector")
+        })
+    }
 }
 
 pub fn css(selector: &str, inspect: bool) -> ScraperSelector {
@@ -433,15 +443,23 @@ mod tests {
         <a href="https://example.com" target="_self">Example</a>
     "#;
 
+    fn null_spanned<T: ToOwned + ?Sized>(input: &T) -> Spanned<T::Owned> {
+        Spanned {
+            item: input.to_owned(),
+            span: Span::unknown(),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_first_child_is_not_empty() {
         assert!(!execute_selector_query(
             SIMPLE_LIST,
-            "li:first-child",
-            false,
+            null_spanned("li:first-child"),
             false,
+            null_spanned(&false),
             Span::test_data()
         )
+        .unwrap()
         .is_empty())
     }
 
@@ -449,11 +467,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_first_child() {
         let item = execute_selector_query(
             SIMPLE_LIST,
-            "li:first-child",
-            false,
+            null_spanned("li:first-child"),
             false,
+            null_spanned(&false),
             Span::test_data(),
-        );
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         let config = nu_protocol::Config::default();
         let out = item.to_expanded_string("\n", &config);
         assert_eq!("[[Coffee]]".to_string(), out)
@@ -463,11 +482,12 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_nested_text_nodes() {
         let item = execute_selector_query(
             NESTED_TEXT,
-            "p:first-child",
-            false,
+            null_spanned("p:first-child"),
             false,
+            null_spanned(&false),
             Span::test_data(),
-        );
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         let out = item
             .into_list()
             .unwrap()
@@ -492,7 +512,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_multiple_attributes() {
         let item = execute_selector_query_with_attributes(
             MULTIPLE_ATTRIBUTES,
-            "a",
+            null_spanned("a"),
             &Value::list(
                 vec![
                     Value::string("href".to_string(), Span::unknown()),
@@ -500,9 +520,10 @@ mod tests {
                 ],
                 Span::unknown(),
             ),
-            false,
+            null_spanned(&false),
             Span::test_data(),
-        );
+        )
+        .unwrap();
         let out = item
             .into_list()
             .unwrap()
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_webpage_info.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_webpage_info.rs
index e61387c8d1..f38f7241f5 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_webpage_info.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/query_webpage_info.rs
@@ -158,9 +158,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::Serializer for &'a ValueSerializer {
         Ok(Value::nothing(self.span))
     }
 
-    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized>(self, value: &T) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_some<T>(self, value: &T) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         value.serialize(self)
     }
@@ -185,18 +185,18 @@ impl<'a> serde::Serializer for &'a ValueSerializer {
         Ok(Value::nothing(self.span))
     }
 
-    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized>(
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T>(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
         value: &T,
     ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         value.serialize(self)
     }
 
-    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized>(
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T>(
         self,
         _name: &'static str,
         _variant_index: u32,
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'a> serde::Serializer for &'a ValueSerializer {
         value: &T,
     ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         value.serialize(self)
     }
@@ -306,13 +306,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeStruct for MapSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(
-        &mut self,
-        key: &'static str,
-        value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.record
             .insert(key.to_owned(), value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
@@ -328,9 +324,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeMap for MapSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_key<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_key<T>(&mut self, key: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         let value = serde_json::to_value(key).map_err(Error::new)?;
         let key = value
@@ -341,9 +337,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeMap for MapSerializer<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn serialize_value<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_value<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         let key = self.current_key.take().ok_or(Error::new("key expected"))?;
         self.record.insert(key, value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
@@ -359,13 +355,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeStructVariant for MapSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(
-        &mut self,
-        key: &'static str,
-        value: &T,
-    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.record
             .insert(key.to_owned(), value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
@@ -397,9 +389,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeSeq for SeqSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.seq.push(value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
         Ok(())
@@ -414,9 +406,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeTuple for SeqSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_element<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.seq.push(value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
         Ok(())
@@ -431,9 +423,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeTupleStruct for SeqSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.seq.push(value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
         Ok(())
@@ -448,9 +440,9 @@ impl<'a> serde::ser::SerializeTupleVariant for SeqSerializer<'a> {
     type Ok = Value;
     type Error = Error;
 
-    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    fn serialize_field<T>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
     where
-        T: Serialize,
+        T: Serialize + ?Sized,
     {
         self.seq.push(value.serialize(self.serializer)?);
         Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/web_tables.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/web_tables.rs
index 1f69342a3e..fef8f6c37e 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/web_tables.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_query/src/web_tables.rs
@@ -281,6 +281,10 @@ fn select_cells(
         let scraped = element.select(selector).map(cell_content);
         let mut dehtmlized: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
         for item in scraped {
+            if item.is_empty() {
+                dehtmlized.push(item);
+                continue;
+            }
             let frag = Html::parse_fragment(&item);
             for node in frag.tree {
                 if let scraper::node::Node::Text(text) = node {
@@ -411,6 +415,7 @@ mod tests {
     <tr><td>John</td><td>20</td></tr>
     <tr><td>May</td><td>30</td><td>foo</td></tr>
     <tr></tr>
+    <tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
     <tr><td>a</td><td>b</td><td>c</td><td>d</td></tr>
 </table>
 "#;
@@ -425,6 +430,7 @@ mod tests {
             <tr><td>John</td><td>20</td></tr>
             <tr><td>May</td><td>30</td><td>foo</td></tr>
             <tr></tr>
+            <tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
             <tr><td>a</td><td>b</td><td>c</td><td>d</td></tr>
         </table>
         <table>
@@ -432,6 +438,7 @@ mod tests {
             <tr><td>Carpenter</td><td>Single</td></tr>
             <tr><td>Mechanic</td><td>Married</td><td>bar</td></tr>
             <tr></tr>
+            <tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
             <tr><td>e</td><td>f</td><td>g</td><td>h</td></tr>
         </table>
     </body>
@@ -808,7 +815,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(2, WebTable::find_first(TABLE_TD_TD).unwrap().iter().count());
         assert_eq!(1, WebTable::find_first(TABLE_TH_TH).unwrap().iter().count());
         assert_eq!(
-            4,
+            5,
             WebTable::find_first(TABLE_COMPLEX).unwrap().iter().count()
         );
     }
@@ -823,7 +830,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let table = WebTable::find_first(TABLE_COMPLEX).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            vec![false, false, true, false],
+            vec![false, false, true, false, false],
             table.iter().map(|r| r.is_empty()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
         );
     }
@@ -835,7 +842,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let table = WebTable::find_first(TABLE_COMPLEX).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            vec![2, 3, 0, 4],
+            vec![2, 3, 0, 3, 4],
             table.iter().map(|r| r.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
         );
     }
@@ -854,11 +861,11 @@ mod tests {
         let table_1 = tables_iter.next().unwrap();
         let table_2 = tables_iter.next().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(
-            vec![2, 3, 0, 4],
+            vec![2, 3, 0, 3, 4],
             table_1.iter().map(|r| r.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            vec![2, 3, 0, 4],
+            vec![2, 3, 0, 3, 4],
             table_2.iter().map(|r| r.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>()
         );
     }
@@ -911,6 +918,11 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(None, row.get("Age"));
         assert_eq!(None, row.get("Extra"));
 
+        let row = iter.next().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row.get("Name"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row.get("Age"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row.get("Extra"));
+
         let row = iter.next().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Some("a"), row.get("Name"));
         assert_eq!(Some("b"), row.get("Age"));
@@ -955,6 +967,15 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(None, row_table_2.get("Age"));
         assert_eq!(None, row_table_2.get("Extra"));
 
+        let row_table_1 = iter_1.next().unwrap();
+        let row_table_2 = iter_2.next().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_1.get("Name"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_1.get("Age"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_1.get("Extra"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_2.get("Profession"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_2.get("Civil State"));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), row_table_2.get("Extra"));
+
         let row_table_1 = iter_1.next().unwrap();
         let row_table_2 = iter_2.next().unwrap();
         assert_eq!(Some("a"), row_table_1.get("Name"));
@@ -1028,6 +1049,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(&["John", "20"], iter.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&["May", "30", "foo"], iter.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&empty, iter.next().unwrap().as_slice());
+        assert_eq!(&["", "", ""], iter.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&["a", "b", "c", "d"], iter.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
     }
@@ -1045,6 +1067,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(&["John", "20"], iter_1.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&["May", "30", "foo"], iter_1.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&empty, iter_1.next().unwrap().as_slice());
+        assert_eq!(&["", "", ""], iter_1.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&["a", "b", "c", "d"], iter_1.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(None, iter_1.next());
         assert_eq!(&["Carpenter", "Single"], iter_2.next().unwrap().as_slice());
@@ -1053,6 +1076,7 @@ mod tests {
             iter_2.next().unwrap().as_slice()
         );
         assert_eq!(&empty, iter_2.next().unwrap().as_slice());
+        assert_eq!(&["", "", ""], iter_2.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(&["e", "f", "g", "h"], iter_2.next().unwrap().as_slice());
         assert_eq!(None, iter_2.next());
     }
@@ -1109,6 +1133,13 @@ mod tests {
         let mut iter = row.iter();
         assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
 
+        let row = table_iter.next().unwrap();
+        let mut iter = row.iter();
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+
         let row = table_iter.next().unwrap();
         let mut iter = row.iter();
         assert_eq!(Some("a"), iter.next().map(String::as_str));
@@ -1156,6 +1187,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(None, iter_1.next());
         assert_eq!(None, iter_2.next());
 
+        let row_1 = table_1.next().unwrap();
+        let row_2 = table_2.next().unwrap();
+        let mut iter_1 = row_1.iter();
+        let mut iter_2 = row_2.iter();
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_1.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_1.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_1.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(None, iter_1.next());
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_2.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_2.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(Some(""), iter_2.next().map(String::as_str));
+        assert_eq!(None, iter_2.next());
+
         let row_1 = table_1.next().unwrap();
         let row_2 = table_2.next().unwrap();
         let mut iter_1 = row_1.iter();
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/Cargo.toml b/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/Cargo.toml
index 2a53eb6749..5871246587 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nu_plugin_stre
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nu_plugin_stress_internals"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 [[bin]]
 name = "nu_plugin_stress_internals"
diff --git a/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/src/main.rs b/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/src/main.rs
index 96023b44b7..79cbb92549 100644
--- a/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/nu_plugin_stress_internals/src/main.rs
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ fn handle_message(
                             id,
                             {
                                 "PipelineData": {
-                                    "Value": return_value
+                                    "Value": [return_value, null]
                                 }
                             }
                         ]
diff --git a/crates/nuon/Cargo.toml b/crates/nuon/Cargo.toml
index bbb2dfe73c..296f3cc962 100644
--- a/crates/nuon/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/nuon/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ repository = "https://github.com/nushell/nushell/tree/main/crates/nuon"
 edition = "2021"
 license = "MIT"
 name = "nuon"
-version = "0.95.1"
+version = "0.96.2"
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.95.1" }
-nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.95.1" }
+nu-parser = { path = "../nu-parser", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-protocol = { path = "../nu-protocol", version = "0.96.2" }
+nu-engine = { path = "../nu-engine", version = "0.96.2" }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 fancy-regex = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/crates/nuon/README.md b/crates/nuon/README.md
index d11aa8104c..158a9d2e7d 100644
--- a/crates/nuon/README.md
+++ b/crates/nuon/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ The NUON format is a superset of JSON designed to fit the feel of Nushell.
 Some of its extra features are
 - trailing commas are allowed
 - commas are optional in lists
-- quotes are not required around keys or any _bare_ string that do not contain spaces
+- quotes are not required around keys or any _bare_ string that do not contain spaces or special characters
 - comments are allowed, though not preserved when using [`from_nuon`]
 
 ## Example
diff --git a/crates/nuon/src/from.rs b/crates/nuon/src/from.rs
index 2cfeaebc61..ded1512a6a 100644
--- a/crates/nuon/src/from.rs
+++ b/crates/nuon/src/from.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 /// > **Note**  
 /// > [`Span`] can be passed to [`from_nuon`] if there is context available to the caller, e.g. when
 /// > using this function in a command implementation such as
-/// [`from nuon`](https://www.nushell.sh/commands/docs/from_nuon.html).
+/// > [`from nuon`](https://www.nushell.sh/commands/docs/from_nuon.html).
 ///
 /// also see [`super::to_nuon`] for the inverse operation
 pub fn from_nuon(input: &str, span: Option<Span>) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
@@ -329,6 +329,12 @@ fn convert_to_value(
             msg: "glob interpolation not supported in nuon".into(),
             span: expr.span,
         }),
+        Expr::Collect(..) => Err(ShellError::OutsideSpannedLabeledError {
+            src: original_text.to_string(),
+            error: "Error when loading".into(),
+            msg: "`$in` not supported in nuon".into(),
+            span: expr.span,
+        }),
         Expr::Subexpression(..) => Err(ShellError::OutsideSpannedLabeledError {
             src: original_text.to_string(),
             error: "Error when loading".into(),
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
index 0682514ccf..b8ca48435b 100644
--- a/rust-toolchain.toml
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ profile = "default"
 # use in nushell, we may opt to use the bleeding edge stable version of rust.
 # I believe rust is on a 6 week release cycle and nushell is on a 4 week release cycle.
 # So, every two nushell releases, this version number should be bumped by one.
-channel = "1.77.2"
+channel = "1.78.0"
diff --git a/scripts/build.rs b/scripts/build.rs
index beabba80dc..e366b4998c 100644
--- a/scripts/build.rs
+++ b/scripts/build.rs
@@ -14,5 +14,5 @@ fn main() {
     // Tango uses dynamic linking, to allow us to dynamically change between two bench suit at runtime.
     // This is currently not supported on non nightly rust, on windows.
     println!("cargo:rustc-link-arg-benches=-rdynamic");
-    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=scripts/build.rs");
 }
diff --git a/src/config_files.rs b/src/config_files.rs
index 30977a6d0e..1f9e4e9433 100644
--- a/src/config_files.rs
+++ b/src/config_files.rs
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_config_file(
             }
         }
 
-        eval_config_contents(config_path, engine_state, stack);
+        eval_config_contents(config_path.into(), engine_state, stack);
     }
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_loginshell_file(engine_state: &mut EngineState, stack: &mut S
         warn!("loginshell_file: {}", config_path.display());
 
         if config_path.exists() {
-            eval_config_contents(config_path, engine_state, stack);
+            eval_config_contents(config_path.into(), engine_state, stack);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -200,8 +200,7 @@ pub(crate) fn read_vendor_autoload_files(engine_state: &mut EngineState, stack:
         column!()
     );
 
-    // read and source vendor_autoload_files file if exists
-    if let Some(autoload_dir) = nu_protocol::eval_const::get_vendor_autoload_dir(engine_state) {
+    for autoload_dir in nu_protocol::eval_const::get_vendor_autoload_dirs(engine_state) {
         warn!("read_vendor_autoload_files: {}", autoload_dir.display());
 
         if autoload_dir.exists() {
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_config_path(
         Some(s) => canonicalize_with(&s.item, cwd).ok(),
         None => nu_path::config_dir().map(|mut p| {
             p.push(NUSHELL_FOLDER);
-            let mut p = canonicalize_with(&p, cwd).unwrap_or(p);
+            let mut p = canonicalize_with(&p, cwd).unwrap_or(p.into());
             p.push(default_config_name);
             canonicalize_with(&p, cwd).unwrap_or(p)
         }),
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 6eb65276b9..a5c5c5d8ef 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -32,11 +32,7 @@ use nu_std::load_standard_library;
 use nu_utils::perf;
 use run::{run_commands, run_file, run_repl};
 use signals::ctrlc_protection;
-use std::{
-    path::PathBuf,
-    str::FromStr,
-    sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc},
-};
+use std::{path::PathBuf, str::FromStr, sync::Arc};
 
 fn get_engine_state() -> EngineState {
     let engine_state = nu_cmd_lang::create_default_context();
@@ -74,9 +70,8 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         report_error_new(&engine_state, &err);
     }
 
-    let ctrlc = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
     // TODO: make this conditional in the future
-    ctrlc_protection(&mut engine_state, &ctrlc);
+    ctrlc_protection(&mut engine_state);
 
     // Begin: Default NU_LIB_DIRS, NU_PLUGIN_DIRS
     // Set default NU_LIB_DIRS and NU_PLUGIN_DIRS here before the env.nu is processed. If
@@ -84,7 +79,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // there is an error reading it, these values will be used.
     let nushell_config_path = if let Some(mut path) = nu_path::config_dir() {
         path.push("nushell");
-        path
+        path.into()
     } else {
         // Not really sure what to default this to if nu_path::config_dir() returns None
         std::path::PathBuf::new()
@@ -104,8 +99,9 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
                         default: nushell_config_path.display().to_string(),
                     },
                 );
-            } else if let Some(old_config) =
-                nu_path::get_canonicalized_path(dirs_next::config_dir()).map(|p| p.join("nushell"))
+            } else if let Some(old_config) = dirs::config_dir()
+                .and_then(|p| p.canonicalize().ok())
+                .map(|p| p.join("nushell"))
             {
                 let xdg_config_empty = nushell_config_path
                     .read_dir()
@@ -130,7 +126,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let default_nushell_completions_path = if let Some(mut path) = nu_path::data_dir() {
         path.push("nushell");
         path.push("completions");
-        path
+        path.into()
     } else {
         std::path::PathBuf::new()
     };
@@ -225,7 +221,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
     set_config_path(
         &mut engine_state,
-        &init_cwd,
+        init_cwd.as_ref(),
         "config.nu",
         "config-path",
         parsed_nu_cli_args.config_file.as_ref(),
@@ -233,7 +229,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     set_config_path(
         &mut engine_state,
-        &init_cwd,
+        init_cwd.as_ref(),
         "env.nu",
         "env-path",
         parsed_nu_cli_args.env_file.as_ref(),
@@ -262,7 +258,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
     // First, set up env vars as strings only
-    gather_parent_env_vars(&mut engine_state, &init_cwd);
+    gather_parent_env_vars(&mut engine_state, init_cwd.as_ref());
     perf!("gather env vars", start_time, use_color);
 
     engine_state.add_env_var(
@@ -397,7 +393,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
             );
         }
 
-        LanguageServer::initialize_stdio_connection()?.serve_requests(engine_state, ctrlc)?
+        LanguageServer::initialize_stdio_connection()?.serve_requests(engine_state)?
     } else if let Some(commands) = parsed_nu_cli_args.commands.clone() {
         run_commands(
             &mut engine_state,
diff --git a/src/run.rs b/src/run.rs
index 6bb02451b9..10a5043b25 100644
--- a/src/run.rs
+++ b/src/run.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ pub(crate) fn run_commands(
     let mut stack = Stack::new();
     let start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
 
+    if stack.has_env_var(engine_state, "NU_USE_IR") {
+        stack.use_ir = true;
+    }
+
     // if the --no-config-file(-n) option is NOT passed, load the plugin file,
     // load the default env file or custom (depending on parsed_nu_cli_args.env_file),
     // and maybe a custom config file (depending on parsed_nu_cli_args.config_file)
@@ -109,6 +113,10 @@ pub(crate) fn run_file(
     trace!("run_file");
     let mut stack = Stack::new();
 
+    if stack.has_env_var(engine_state, "NU_USE_IR") {
+        stack.use_ir = true;
+    }
+
     // if the --no-config-file(-n) option is NOT passed, load the plugin file,
     // load the default env file or custom (depending on parsed_nu_cli_args.env_file),
     // and maybe a custom config file (depending on parsed_nu_cli_args.config_file)
@@ -184,6 +192,10 @@ pub(crate) fn run_repl(
     let mut stack = Stack::new();
     let start_time = std::time::Instant::now();
 
+    if stack.has_env_var(engine_state, "NU_USE_IR") {
+        stack.use_ir = true;
+    }
+
     if parsed_nu_cli_args.no_config_file.is_none() {
         setup_config(
             engine_state,
diff --git a/src/signals.rs b/src/signals.rs
index 9247ccb095..857f639843 100644
--- a/src/signals.rs
+++ b/src/signals.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
-use nu_protocol::engine::EngineState;
+use nu_protocol::{
+    engine::{ctrlc::Handlers, EngineState},
+    Signals,
+};
 use std::sync::{
     atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
     Arc,
 };
 
-pub(crate) fn ctrlc_protection(engine_state: &mut EngineState, ctrlc: &Arc<AtomicBool>) {
-    let handler_ctrlc = ctrlc.clone();
-    let engine_state_ctrlc = ctrlc.clone();
+pub(crate) fn ctrlc_protection(engine_state: &mut EngineState) {
+    let interrupt = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+    engine_state.set_signals(Signals::new(interrupt.clone()));
+
+    let ctrlc_handlers = Handlers::new();
+    engine_state.ctrlc_handlers = Some(ctrlc_handlers.clone());
 
     ctrlc::set_handler(move || {
-        handler_ctrlc.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        interrupt.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        ctrlc_handlers.run();
     })
     .expect("Error setting Ctrl-C handler");
-
-    engine_state.ctrlc = Some(engine_state_ctrlc);
 }
diff --git a/tests/const_/mod.rs b/tests/const_/mod.rs
index 04db29d3dd..f736b785ca 100644
--- a/tests/const_/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/const_/mod.rs
@@ -415,3 +415,9 @@ fn const_raw_string() {
     let actual = nu!(r#"const x = r#'abc'#; $x"#);
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "abc");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn const_takes_pipeline() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#"const list = 'bar_baz_quux' | split row '_'; $list | length"#);
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "3");
+}
diff --git a/tests/eval/mod.rs b/tests/eval/mod.rs
index f3af92376a..e9afd401e9 100644
--- a/tests/eval/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/eval/mod.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-use nu_test_support::nu;
+use nu_test_support::{nu, playground::Playground};
+use regex::Regex;
 
 #[test]
-fn source_file_relative_to_file() {
+fn record_with_redefined_key() {
     let actual = nu!("{x: 1, x: 2}");
 
     assert!(actual.err.contains("redefined"));
@@ -16,3 +17,455 @@ fn run_file_parse_error() {
 
     assert!(actual.err.contains("unknown type"));
 }
+
+enum ExpectedOut<'a> {
+    /// Equals a string exactly
+    Eq(&'a str),
+    /// Matches a regex
+    Matches(&'a str),
+    /// Produces an error (match regex)
+    Error(&'a str),
+    /// Drops a file that contains these contents
+    FileEq(&'a str, &'a str),
+}
+use self::ExpectedOut::*;
+
+fn test_eval(source: &str, expected_out: ExpectedOut) {
+    Playground::setup("test_eval_ast", |ast_dirs, _playground| {
+        Playground::setup("test_eval_ir", |ir_dirs, _playground| {
+            let actual_ast = nu!(
+                cwd: ast_dirs.test(),
+                use_ir: false,
+                source,
+            );
+            let actual_ir = nu!(
+                cwd: ir_dirs.test(),
+                use_ir: true,
+                source,
+            );
+
+            match expected_out {
+                Eq(eq) => {
+                    assert_eq!(actual_ast.out, eq);
+                    assert_eq!(actual_ir.out, eq);
+                    assert!(actual_ast.status.success());
+                    assert!(actual_ir.status.success());
+                }
+                Matches(regex) => {
+                    let compiled_regex = Regex::new(regex).expect("regex failed to compile");
+                    assert!(
+                        compiled_regex.is_match(&actual_ast.out),
+                        "AST eval out does not match: {}\n{}",
+                        regex,
+                        actual_ast.out
+                    );
+                    assert!(
+                        compiled_regex.is_match(&actual_ir.out),
+                        "IR eval out does not match: {}\n{}",
+                        regex,
+                        actual_ir.out,
+                    );
+                    assert!(actual_ast.status.success());
+                    assert!(actual_ir.status.success());
+                }
+                Error(regex) => {
+                    let compiled_regex = Regex::new(regex).expect("regex failed to compile");
+                    assert!(
+                        compiled_regex.is_match(&actual_ast.err),
+                        "AST eval err does not match: {}",
+                        regex
+                    );
+                    assert!(
+                        compiled_regex.is_match(&actual_ir.err),
+                        "IR eval err does not match: {}",
+                        regex
+                    );
+                    assert!(!actual_ast.status.success());
+                    assert!(!actual_ir.status.success());
+                }
+                FileEq(path, contents) => {
+                    let ast_contents = std::fs::read_to_string(ast_dirs.test().join(path))
+                        .expect("failed to read AST file");
+                    let ir_contents = std::fs::read_to_string(ir_dirs.test().join(path))
+                        .expect("failed to read IR file");
+                    assert_eq!(ast_contents.trim(), contents);
+                    assert_eq!(ir_contents.trim(), contents);
+                    assert!(actual_ast.status.success());
+                    assert!(actual_ir.status.success());
+                }
+            }
+            assert_eq!(actual_ast.out, actual_ir.out);
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_bool() {
+    test_eval("true", Eq("true"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_int() {
+    test_eval("1", Eq("1"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_float() {
+    test_eval("1.5", Eq("1.5"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_filesize() {
+    test_eval("30MiB", Eq("30.0 MiB"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_duration() {
+    test_eval("30ms", Eq("30ms"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_binary() {
+    test_eval("0x[1f 2f f0]", Matches("Length.*1f.*2f.*f0"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_closure() {
+    test_eval("{||}", Matches("<Closure"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_range() {
+    test_eval("0..2..10", Matches("10"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_list() {
+    test_eval("[foo bar baz]", Matches("foo.*bar.*baz"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_record() {
+    test_eval("{foo: bar, baz: quux}", Matches("foo.*bar.*baz.*quux"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_table() {
+    test_eval("[[a b]; [1 2] [3 4]]", Matches("a.*b.*1.*2.*3.*4"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_string() {
+    test_eval(r#""foobar""#, Eq("foobar"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_raw_string() {
+    test_eval(r#"r#'bazquux'#"#, Eq("bazquux"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_date() {
+    test_eval("2020-01-01T00:00:00Z", Matches("2020"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_nothing() {
+    test_eval("null", Eq(""))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_spread() {
+    test_eval("[foo bar ...[baz quux]] | length", Eq("4"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn record_spread() {
+    test_eval("{foo: bar ...{baz: quux}} | columns | length", Eq("2"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn binary_op_example() {
+    test_eval(
+        "(([1 2] ++ [3 4]) == [1 2 3 4]) and (([1 2 3] ++ 4) == ([1] ++ [2 3 4]))",
+        Eq("true"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn range_from_expressions() {
+    test_eval("(1 + 1)..(2 + 2)", Matches("2.*3.*4"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn list_from_expressions() {
+    test_eval(
+        "[('foo' | str upcase) ('BAR' | str downcase)]",
+        Matches("FOO.*bar"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn record_from_expressions() {
+    test_eval("{('foo' | str upcase): 42}", Matches("FOO.*42"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn call_spread() {
+    test_eval(
+        "echo foo bar ...[baz quux nushell]",
+        Matches("foo.*bar.*baz.*quux.*nushell"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn call_flag() {
+    test_eval("print -e message", Eq("")) // should not be visible on stdout
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn call_named() {
+    test_eval("10.123 | into string --decimals 1", Eq("10.1"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_call() {
+    test_eval("nu --testbin cococo foo=bar baz", Eq("foo=bar baz"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_call_redirect_pipe() {
+    test_eval(
+        "nu --testbin cococo foo=bar baz | str upcase",
+        Eq("FOO=BAR BAZ"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_call_redirect_capture() {
+    test_eval(
+        "echo (nu --testbin cococo foo=bar baz) | str upcase",
+        Eq("FOO=BAR BAZ"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn external_call_redirect_file() {
+    test_eval(
+        "nu --testbin cococo hello out> hello.txt",
+        FileEq("hello.txt", "hello"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn let_variable() {
+    test_eval("let foo = 'test'; print $foo", Eq("test"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn let_variable_mutate_error() {
+    test_eval(
+        "let foo = 'test'; $foo = 'bar'; print $foo",
+        Error("immutable"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn constant() {
+    test_eval("const foo = 1 + 2; print $foo", Eq("3"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn constant_assign_error() {
+    test_eval(
+        "const foo = 1 + 2; $foo = 4; print $foo",
+        Error("immutable"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_variable() {
+    test_eval("mut foo = 'test'; $foo = 'bar'; print $foo", Eq("bar"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mut_variable_append_assign() {
+    test_eval(
+        "mut foo = 'test'; $foo ++= 'bar'; print $foo",
+        Eq("testbar"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bind_in_variable_to_input() {
+    test_eval("3 | (4 + $in)", Eq("7"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn if_true() {
+    test_eval("if true { 'foo' }", Eq("foo"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn if_false() {
+    test_eval("if false { 'foo' } | describe", Eq("nothing"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn if_else_true() {
+    test_eval("if 5 > 3 { 'foo' } else { 'bar' }", Eq("foo"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn if_else_false() {
+    test_eval("if 5 < 3 { 'foo' } else { 'bar' }", Eq("bar"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_empty_fallthrough() {
+    test_eval("match 42 { }; 'pass'", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_value() {
+    test_eval("match 1 { 1 => 'pass', 2 => 'fail' }", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_value_default() {
+    test_eval(
+        "match 3 { 1 => 'fail1', 2 => 'fail2', _ => 'pass' }",
+        Eq("pass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_value_fallthrough() {
+    test_eval("match 3 { 1 => 'fail1', 2 => 'fail2' }", Eq(""))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_variable() {
+    test_eval(
+        "match 'pass' { $s => { print $s }, _ => { print 'fail' } }",
+        Eq("pass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_variable_in_list() {
+    test_eval("match [fail pass] { [$f, $p] => { print $p } }", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn match_passthrough_input() {
+    test_eval(
+        "'yes' | match [pass fail] { [$p, ..] => (collect { |y| $y ++ $p }) }",
+        Eq("yespass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn while_mutate_var() {
+    test_eval("mut x = 2; while $x > 0 { print $x; $x -= 1 }", Eq("21"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn for_list() {
+    test_eval("for v in [1 2 3] { print ($v * 2) }", Eq(r"246"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn for_seq() {
+    test_eval("for v in (seq 1 4) { print ($v * 2) }", Eq("2468"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn early_return() {
+    test_eval("do { return 'foo'; 'bar' }", Eq("foo"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn early_return_from_if() {
+    test_eval("do { if true { return 'pass' }; 'fail' }", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn early_return_from_loop() {
+    test_eval("do { loop { return 'pass' } }", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn early_return_from_while() {
+    test_eval(
+        "do { let x = true; while $x { return 'pass' } }",
+        Eq("pass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn early_return_from_for() {
+    test_eval("do { for x in [pass fail] { return $x } }", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn try_no_catch() {
+    test_eval("try { error make { msg: foo } }; 'pass'", Eq("pass"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn try_catch_no_var() {
+    test_eval(
+        "try { error make { msg: foo } } catch { 'pass' }",
+        Eq("pass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn try_catch_var() {
+    test_eval(
+        "try { error make { msg: foo } } catch { |err| $err.msg }",
+        Eq("foo"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn try_catch_with_non_literal_closure_no_var() {
+    test_eval(
+        r#"
+            let error_handler = { || "pass" }
+            try { error make { msg: foobar } } catch $error_handler
+        "#,
+        Eq("pass"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn try_catch_with_non_literal_closure() {
+    test_eval(
+        r#"
+            let error_handler = { |err| $err.msg }
+            try { error make { msg: foobar } } catch $error_handler
+        "#,
+        Eq("foobar"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn row_condition() {
+    test_eval(
+        "[[a b]; [1 2] [3 4]] | where a < 3 | to nuon",
+        Eq("[[a, b]; [1, 2]]"),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn custom_command() {
+    test_eval(
+        r#"
+            def cmd [a: int, b: string = 'fail', ...c: string, --x: int] { $"($a)($b)($c)($x)" }
+            cmd 42 pass foo --x 30
+        "#,
+        Eq("42pass[foo]30"),
+    )
+}
diff --git a/tests/plugins/call_decl.rs b/tests/plugins/call_decl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06aded3f42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/plugins/call_decl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use nu_test_support::nu_with_plugins;
+
+#[test]
+fn call_to_json() {
+    let result = nu_with_plugins!(
+        cwd: ".",
+        plugin: ("nu_plugin_example"),
+        r#"
+            [42] | example call-decl 'to json' {indent: 4}
+        "#
+    );
+    assert!(result.status.success());
+    // newlines are removed from test output
+    assert_eq!("[    42]", result.out);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn call_reduce() {
+    let result = nu_with_plugins!(
+        cwd: ".",
+        plugin: ("nu_plugin_example"),
+        r#"
+            [1 2 3] | example call-decl 'reduce' {fold: 10} { |it, acc| $it + $acc }
+        "#
+    );
+    assert!(result.status.success());
+    assert_eq!("16", result.out);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn call_scope_variables() {
+    let result = nu_with_plugins!(
+        cwd: ".",
+        plugin: ("nu_plugin_example"),
+        r#"
+            let test_var = 10
+            example call-decl 'scope variables' | where name == '$test_var' | length
+        "#
+    );
+    assert!(result.status.success());
+    assert_eq!("1", result.out);
+}
diff --git a/tests/plugins/env.rs b/tests/plugins/env.rs
index c5a2ccc7af..8b307999b3 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/env.rs
+++ b/tests/plugins/env.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ fn get_env_by_name() {
         cwd: ".",
         plugin: ("nu_plugin_example"),
         r#"
-            $env.FOO = bar
+            $env.FOO = 'bar'
             example env FOO | print
-            $env.FOO = baz
+            $env.FOO = 'baz'
             example env FOO | print
         "#
     );
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ fn get_envs() {
     let result = nu_with_plugins!(
         cwd: ".",
         plugin: ("nu_plugin_example"),
-        "$env.BAZ = foo; example env | get BAZ"
+        "$env.BAZ = 'foo'; example env | get BAZ"
     );
     assert!(result.status.success());
     assert_eq!("foo", result.out);
diff --git a/tests/plugins/mod.rs b/tests/plugins/mod.rs
index 605f78b564..cdcf3a9c94 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/mod.rs
+++ b/tests/plugins/mod.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+mod call_decl;
 mod config;
 mod core_inc;
 mod custom_values;
diff --git a/tests/plugins/nu_plugin_nu_example.rs b/tests/plugins/nu_plugin_nu_example.rs
index f178c64316..afeb487b60 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/nu_plugin_nu_example.rs
+++ b/tests/plugins/nu_plugin_nu_example.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use assert_cmd::Command;
 fn call() {
     // Add the `nu` binaries to the path env
     let path_env = std::env::join_paths(
-        std::iter::once(nu_test_support::fs::binaries()).chain(
+        std::iter::once(nu_test_support::fs::binaries().into()).chain(
             std::env::var_os(nu_test_support::NATIVE_PATH_ENV_VAR)
                 .as_deref()
                 .map(std::env::split_paths)
diff --git a/tests/plugins/registry_file.rs b/tests/plugins/registry_file.rs
index c0f0fa0724..2cb1473b6f 100644
--- a/tests/plugins/registry_file.rs
+++ b/tests/plugins/registry_file.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ fn plugin_rm_then_restart_nu() {
         contents.upsert_plugin(PluginRegistryItem {
             name: "foo".into(),
             // this doesn't exist, but it should be ok
-            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo"),
+            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo").into(),
             shell: None,
             data: valid_plugin_item_data(),
         });
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ fn plugin_rm_from_custom_path() {
         contents.upsert_plugin(PluginRegistryItem {
             name: "foo".into(),
             // this doesn't exist, but it should be ok
-            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo"),
+            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo").into(),
             shell: None,
             data: valid_plugin_item_data(),
         });
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ fn plugin_rm_using_filename() {
         contents.upsert_plugin(PluginRegistryItem {
             name: "foo".into(),
             // this doesn't exist, but it should be ok
-            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo"),
+            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_foo").into(),
             shell: None,
             data: valid_plugin_item_data(),
         });
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ fn warning_on_invalid_plugin_item() {
         contents.upsert_plugin(PluginRegistryItem {
             name: "badtest".into(),
             // this doesn't exist, but it should be ok
-            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_badtest"),
+            filename: dirs.test().join("nu_plugin_badtest").into(),
             shell: None,
             data: PluginRegistryItemData::Invalid,
         });
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_config.rs b/tests/repl/test_config.rs
index 005ae63171..6c0ba6180f 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_config.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_config.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ fn mutate_nu_config_nested_ls() -> TestResult {
 fn mutate_nu_config_nested_table() -> TestResult {
     run_test_std(
         r#"
-            $env.config.table.trim.methodology = wrapping
+            $env.config.table.trim.methodology = 'wrapping'
             $env.config.table.trim.wrapping_try_keep_words = false
             $env.config.table.trim.wrapping_try_keep_words
         "#,
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_config_path.rs b/tests/repl/test_config_path.rs
index 534ac38a27..6bee043765 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_config_path.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_config_path.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-use nu_path::canonicalize_with;
+use nu_path::{AbsolutePath, AbsolutePathBuf, Path};
 use nu_test_support::nu;
 use nu_test_support::playground::{Executable, Playground};
 use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;
 use std::fs::{self, File};
-use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
 fn adjust_canonicalization<P: AsRef<Path>>(p: P) -> String {
@@ -24,21 +23,26 @@ fn adjust_canonicalization<P: AsRef<Path>>(p: P) -> String {
 /// Make the config directory a symlink that points to a temporary folder, and also makes
 /// the nushell directory inside a symlink.
 /// Returns the path to the `nushell` config folder inside, via the symlink.
-fn setup_fake_config(playground: &mut Playground) -> PathBuf {
-    let config_dir = "config_real";
+fn setup_fake_config(playground: &mut Playground) -> AbsolutePathBuf {
+    let config_real = "config_real";
     let config_link = "config_link";
     let nushell_real = "nushell_real";
-    let nushell_config_dir = Path::new(config_dir).join("nushell").display().to_string();
+    let nushell_link = Path::new(config_real)
+        .join("nushell")
+        .into_os_string()
+        .into_string()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let config_home = playground.cwd().join(config_link);
+
     playground.mkdir(nushell_real);
-    playground.mkdir(config_dir);
-    playground.symlink(nushell_real, &nushell_config_dir);
-    playground.symlink(config_dir, config_link);
-    playground.with_env(
-        "XDG_CONFIG_HOME",
-        &playground.cwd().join(config_link).display().to_string(),
-    );
-    let path = Path::new(config_link).join("nushell");
-    canonicalize_with(&path, playground.cwd()).unwrap_or(path)
+    playground.mkdir(config_real);
+    playground.symlink(nushell_real, &nushell_link);
+    playground.symlink(config_real, config_link);
+    playground.with_env("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", config_home.to_str().unwrap());
+
+    let path = config_home.join("nushell");
+    path.canonicalize().map(Into::into).unwrap_or(path)
 }
 
 fn run(playground: &mut Playground, command: &str) -> String {
@@ -79,47 +83,55 @@ fn run_interactive_stderr(xdg_config_home: impl AsRef<Path>) -> String {
         .to_string();
 }
 
-fn test_config_path_helper(playground: &mut Playground, config_dir_nushell: PathBuf) {
+fn test_config_path_helper(
+    playground: &mut Playground,
+    config_dir_nushell: impl AsRef<AbsolutePath>,
+) {
+    let config_dir_nushell = config_dir_nushell.as_ref();
+
     // Create the config dir folder structure if it does not already exist
     if !config_dir_nushell.exists() {
-        let _ = fs::create_dir_all(&config_dir_nushell);
+        let _ = fs::create_dir_all(config_dir_nushell);
     }
 
-    let config_dir_nushell =
-        std::fs::canonicalize(&config_dir_nushell).expect("canonicalize config dir failed");
+    let config_dir_nushell = config_dir_nushell
+        .canonicalize()
+        .expect("canonicalize config dir failed");
     let actual = run(playground, "$nu.default-config-dir");
     assert_eq!(actual, adjust_canonicalization(&config_dir_nushell));
 
     let config_path = config_dir_nushell.join("config.nu");
     // We use canonicalize here in case the config or env is symlinked since $nu.config-path is returning the canonicalized path in #8653
     let canon_config_path =
-        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&config_path).unwrap_or(config_path));
+        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&config_path).unwrap_or(config_path.into()));
     let actual = run(playground, "$nu.config-path");
     assert_eq!(actual, canon_config_path);
 
     let env_path = config_dir_nushell.join("env.nu");
     let canon_env_path =
-        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&env_path).unwrap_or(env_path));
+        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&env_path).unwrap_or(env_path.into()));
     let actual = run(playground, "$nu.env-path");
     assert_eq!(actual, canon_env_path);
 
     let history_path = config_dir_nushell.join("history.txt");
-    let canon_history_path =
-        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&history_path).unwrap_or(history_path));
+    let canon_history_path = adjust_canonicalization(
+        std::fs::canonicalize(&history_path).unwrap_or(history_path.into()),
+    );
     let actual = run(playground, "$nu.history-path");
     assert_eq!(actual, canon_history_path);
 
     let login_path = config_dir_nushell.join("login.nu");
     let canon_login_path =
-        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&login_path).unwrap_or(login_path));
+        adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&login_path).unwrap_or(login_path.into()));
     let actual = run(playground, "$nu.loginshell-path");
     assert_eq!(actual, canon_login_path);
 
     #[cfg(feature = "plugin")]
     {
         let plugin_path = config_dir_nushell.join("plugin.msgpackz");
-        let canon_plugin_path =
-            adjust_canonicalization(std::fs::canonicalize(&plugin_path).unwrap_or(plugin_path));
+        let canon_plugin_path = adjust_canonicalization(
+            std::fs::canonicalize(&plugin_path).unwrap_or(plugin_path.into()),
+        );
         let actual = run(playground, "$nu.plugin-path");
         assert_eq!(actual, canon_plugin_path);
     }
@@ -152,8 +164,9 @@ fn test_default_symlink_config_path_broken_symlink_config_files() {
         |_, playground| {
             let fake_config_dir_nushell = setup_fake_config(playground);
 
-            let fake_dir = PathBuf::from("fake");
-            playground.mkdir(&fake_dir.display().to_string());
+            let fake_dir = "fake";
+            playground.mkdir(fake_dir);
+            let fake_dir = Path::new(fake_dir);
 
             for config_file in [
                 "config.nu",
@@ -172,7 +185,7 @@ fn test_default_symlink_config_path_broken_symlink_config_files() {
             // Windows doesn't allow creating a symlink without the file existing,
             // so we first create original files for the symlinks, then delete them
             // to break the symlinks
-            std::fs::remove_dir_all(playground.cwd().join(&fake_dir)).unwrap();
+            std::fs::remove_dir_all(playground.cwd().join(fake_dir)).unwrap();
 
             test_config_path_helper(playground, fake_config_dir_nushell);
         },
@@ -235,7 +248,7 @@ fn test_xdg_config_empty() {
         playground.with_env("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", "");
 
         let actual = run(playground, "$nu.default-config-dir");
-        let expected = dirs_next::config_dir().unwrap().join("nushell");
+        let expected = dirs::config_dir().unwrap().join("nushell");
         assert_eq!(
             actual,
             adjust_canonicalization(expected.canonicalize().unwrap_or(expected))
@@ -250,7 +263,7 @@ fn test_xdg_config_bad() {
         playground.with_env("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", xdg_config_home);
 
         let actual = run(playground, "$nu.default-config-dir");
-        let expected = dirs_next::config_dir().unwrap().join("nushell");
+        let expected = dirs::config_dir().unwrap().join("nushell");
         assert_eq!(
             actual,
             adjust_canonicalization(expected.canonicalize().unwrap_or(expected))
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_custom_commands.rs b/tests/repl/test_custom_commands.rs
index 1f36b0e90c..1710b35913 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_custom_commands.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_custom_commands.rs
@@ -186,8 +186,12 @@ fn help_present_in_def() -> TestResult {
 #[test]
 fn help_not_present_in_extern() -> TestResult {
     run_test(
-        "module test {export extern \"git fetch\" []}; use test `git fetch`; help git fetch | ansi strip",
-        "Usage:\n  > git fetch",
+        r#"
+            module test {export extern "git fetch" []};
+            use test `git fetch`;
+            help git fetch | find help | to text | ansi strip
+        "#,
+        "",
     )
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_engine.rs b/tests/repl/test_engine.rs
index e452295f42..90dd1e86b0 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_engine.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_engine.rs
@@ -52,6 +52,39 @@ fn in_and_if_else() -> TestResult {
     )
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn in_with_closure() -> TestResult {
+    // Can use $in twice
+    run_test(r#"3 | do { let x = $in; let y = $in; $x + $y }"#, "6")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn in_with_custom_command() -> TestResult {
+    // Can use $in twice
+    run_test(
+        r#"def foo [] { let x = $in; let y = $in; $x + $y }; 3 | foo"#,
+        "6",
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn in_used_twice_and_also_in_pipeline() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"3 | do { let x = $in; let y = $in; $x + $y | $in * 4 }"#,
+        "24",
+    )
+}
+
+// #13441
+#[test]
+fn in_used_in_range_from() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(r#"6 | $in..10 | math sum"#, "40")
+}
+#[test]
+fn in_used_in_range_to() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(r#"6 | 3..$in | math sum"#, "18")
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn help_works_with_missing_requirements() -> TestResult {
     run_test(r#"each --help | lines | length"#, "72")
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_known_external.rs b/tests/repl/test_known_external.rs
index 96ea677d37..c0278cc863 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_known_external.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_known_external.rs
@@ -137,3 +137,39 @@ fn known_external_aliased_subcommand_from_module() -> TestResult {
         String::from_utf8(output.stdout)?.trim(),
     )
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn known_external_arg_expansion() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"
+            extern echo [];
+            echo ~/foo
+        "#,
+        &dirs::home_dir()
+            .expect("can't find home dir")
+            .join("foo")
+            .to_string_lossy(),
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn known_external_arg_quoted_no_expand() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"
+            extern echo [];
+            echo "~/foo"
+        "#,
+        "~/foo",
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn known_external_arg_internally_quoted_options() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"
+            extern echo [];
+            echo --option="test"
+        "#,
+        "--option=test",
+    )
+}
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_parser.rs b/tests/repl/test_parser.rs
index a7a25e1c67..ea983ff82c 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_parser.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_parser.rs
@@ -295,6 +295,22 @@ fn assign_expressions() -> TestResult {
     )
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn assign_takes_pipeline() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"mut foo = 'bar'; $foo = $foo | str upcase | str reverse; $foo"#,
+        "RAB",
+    )
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn append_assign_takes_pipeline() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(
+        r#"mut foo = 'bar'; $foo ++= $foo | str upcase; $foo"#,
+        "barBAR",
+    )
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn string_interpolation_paren_test() -> TestResult {
     run_test(r#"$"('(')(')')""#, "()")
diff --git a/tests/repl/test_type_check.rs b/tests/repl/test_type_check.rs
index 87216e6672..8a00f2f486 100644
--- a/tests/repl/test_type_check.rs
+++ b/tests/repl/test_type_check.rs
@@ -129,3 +129,16 @@ fn transpose_into_load_env() -> TestResult {
         "10",
     )
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn in_variable_expression_correct_output_type() -> TestResult {
+    run_test(r#"def foo []: nothing -> string { 'foo' | $"($in)" }"#, "")
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn in_variable_expression_wrong_output_type() -> TestResult {
+    fail_test(
+        r#"def foo []: nothing -> int { 'foo' | $"($in)" }"#,
+        "expected int",
+    )
+}
diff --git a/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/external.rs b/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/external.rs
index d138b65766..ff851a3293 100644
--- a/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/external.rs
+++ b/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/external.rs
@@ -149,17 +149,26 @@ fn command_substitution_wont_output_extra_newline() {
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "bar");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn basic_err_pipe_works() {
-    let actual =
-        nu!(r#"with-env { FOO: "bar" } { nu --testbin echo_env_stderr FOO e>| str length }"#);
+#[rstest::rstest]
+#[case("err>|")]
+#[case("e>|")]
+fn basic_err_pipe_works(#[case] redirection: &str) {
+    let actual = nu!(
+        r#"with-env { FOO: "bar" } { nu --testbin echo_env_stderr FOO {redirection} str length }"#
+            .replace("{redirection}", redirection)
+    );
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "3");
 }
 
-#[test]
-fn basic_outerr_pipe_works() {
+#[rstest::rstest]
+#[case("out+err>|")]
+#[case("err+out>|")]
+#[case("o+e>|")]
+#[case("e+o>|")]
+fn basic_outerr_pipe_works(#[case] redirection: &str) {
     let actual = nu!(
-        r#"with-env { FOO: "bar" } { nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err FOO FOO o+e>| str length }"#
+        r#"with-env { FOO: "bar" } { nu --testbin echo_env_mixed out-err FOO FOO {redirection} str length }"#
+            .replace("{redirection}", redirection)
     );
     assert_eq!(actual.out, "7");
 }
@@ -200,6 +209,12 @@ fn run_glob_if_pass_variable_to_external() {
     })
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn subexpression_does_not_implicitly_capture() {
+    let actual = nu!("(nu --testbin cococo); null");
+    assert_eq!(actual.out, "cococo");
+}
+
 mod it_evaluation {
     use super::nu;
     use nu_test_support::fs::Stub::{EmptyFile, FileWithContent, FileWithContentToBeTrimmed};
diff --git a/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/internal.rs b/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/internal.rs
index 84f0bf146f..59c9f31fce 100644
--- a/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/internal.rs
+++ b/tests/shell/pipeline/commands/internal.rs
@@ -1161,3 +1161,11 @@ fn command_not_found_error_shows_not_found_2() {
             && actual.err.contains("Did you mean `for`?")
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn error_on_out_greater_pipe() {
+    let actual = nu!(r#""foo" o>| print"#);
+    assert!(actual
+        .err
+        .contains("Redirecting stdout to a pipe is the same as normal piping"))
+}